Minor Element Behavior In Copper Smelting And Converting

Accurately predicting the minor element content of an anode product is an important part of an evaluation of copper smelting processes. A general review of the minor element behavior in copper smelting is presented with the techniques to predict anode quality as a function of important process variables. Among variables considered are concentrate composition; recycle of dust, sludges and other intermediate byproducts from smelters and refineries; and other important smelting variables, including matte grade and the slag cleaning process. To evaluate the complex nature of minor element behavior relative to these variables, special techniques have been developed and are described.