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By Cláudio Antunes de Oliveira

O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o vasto banco de dados de informações de processo armazenadas pelo InfoPlus.21, que é um exemplo de sistema PIMS - Plant Information Managment System, para implementar um sensor virtual a partir de um modelo neural visando obter a tendência de resposta da variável consumo específico de uma caldeira. Propõe-se também, extrair diagnósticos do processo através do emprego da Lógica Fuzzy. As etapas de treinamento da rede neural e o desenvolvimento do diagnóstico envolveram simulações no software Matlab. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram-se bastante satisfatórios. Destaca-se a tendência de resposta do sensor virtual que apontou 97% de confiabilidade. Por fim entende-se que as propostas deste trabalho foram alcançadas, principalmente pela implementação inovadora do sensor virtual no InfoPlus.21 por meio da ferramenta SQLPlus, a qual possibilitará novas aplicações no meio industrial.

Jul 30, 2018

By Alexandre Bellegard Farina

O sistema MgO-NiO é um dos importantes sistemas para o entendimento das reações metal-escória na elaboração das ligas de à base níquel. As ligas à base de níquel usualmente apresentam adições de magnésio com o intuito de melhoria da plasticidade destas o que permite o seu processamento através de processos de conformação mecânica. Neste trabalho foi realizada a modelagem termodinâmica deste sistema utilizando o modelo de células de Kapoor-Frohberg-Gaye e o módulo PARROT® do pacote Thermo-Calc® com objetivo de complementar o banco de dados SLAG®. Como resultado foi obtido um conjunto de parâmetros termodinâmicos que descrevem as fases deste sistema.

Aug 17, 2017

By Paulo Santiago

Redução dos custos de operação e a produção de aço com menor impacto ambiental são diretrizes unânimes na siderurgia atual. A tecnologia das Turbinas de Recuperação de Topo (Top Recovery Turbines – TRT) é um aliado importante para seguir nessas direções. As TRTs produzem energia elétrica a partir do gás de alta pressão proveniente do topo dos Altos Fornos, gerando energia elétrica sem impacto em emissões. Durante a campanha de operação da turbina, a mesma pode perder eficiência operacional devido a, dentre outros, deposição sobre as palhetas. Com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho da turbina estabilizando sua geração durante toda sua campanha, foi desenvolvido um trabalho de dosagem de polímero dispersante na água de spray da turbina (para turbinas com tecnologia de água de spray na admissão do gás). A dosagem do polímero dispersante visa reduzir a deposição e incrustração nas palhetas, reduzindo assim a perda de performance durante a campanha causadas pelo incremento de massa nas palhetas. Os resultados alcançados em um teste de campo em uma siderúrgica no Brasil foram um incremento de 52% na geração durante a campanha onde o polímero dispersante foi aplicado. Com a aplicação do polímero, uma melhora significativa na confiabilidade e performance da turbina assim como a possibilidade da redução no consumo de água foram atingidos

Oct 30, 2017

By Jan Lampke

Increasingly pelletizing discs are used for the recycling of dust and sludge. The applied pellet feed is highly variable, for example in terms of chemical composition, grain size distribution and raw density. These raw materials related factors lead to a destabilized pelletizing process, which initially must be homogenized through special mixtures, as well as the use of binders or additives. There are many possibilities to reach stringent restriction of material related target factors. On the one hand it is helpful to be flexible by changing the process parameters of the pelletizing disc. On the other hand, it is necessary to use a material-binder-formulation, which leads to a highly stable pelletizing process. The paper deals with an example of the use of agglomerating device, pelletizing disc, to prepare different dusts and sludges for material recycling. These dusts und sludges are mostly generated in metallurgical processes, e.g. sinterplant, blast furnace and steelworks.

Aug 16, 2017

By Marcus Vinicius Laudares Mendonça

SMS calculates and improves tooth and flank profiles individually to realise a homogeneous pressure distribution over the complete load flank. With a tooth profile and flank profile according to AGMA, ISO or DIN standard the contact pressure varies along the load flank. To realize a homogeneous distribution of the contact pressure and to avoid a premature mesh, SMS improves the tooth profile and flank profile in three steps. First SMS is doing a preliminary calculation and design according ISO, DIN or AGMA standard, with safety factors based on more than 125 years of experience. Second SMS calculates and checks the local contact pressure at the load flank under consideration of shaft, gearing and housing deformation, as well as the bearing behaviour. Finally SMS calculates and designs an improved tooth profile and flank profile to receive a homogeneous contact pressure at the load flank. The result is an increase of the torque transmitting capacity of up to 30% of the SMS advanced gears with the same outer dimensions than traditional gears.

Aug 17, 2017

By Florian Markus Penz

The increase in Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) plants in steelmaking has given rise to renewed interest in a dynamic simulation of the BOF process. Material and process costs can be saved with optimized process times and targeted charging of scrap and slag formers. Beside hot metal, scrap is the main source of iron in the BOF process. Furthermore, scrap is used as a coolant during the process due to exothermal chemical reactions occurring in the BOF. In this paper, the melting and dissolution behaviour of scrap in the BOF process is discussed. A new dynamic thermodynamic and kinetic Matlab® model used to simulate scrap melting behaviour as a function of various scrap surface parameters and particle size is presented, as well as the influence of scrap properties on liquid bath temperature and final crude steel composition after a defined blowing period.

Oct 30, 2017

By Pedro Augusto David Machado

The hot metal produced in small blast furnaces runs with a highly heterogeneous charcoal. The result is a significantly higher hot metal chemical composition variation, especially for the silicon content, which varies from 0.4 to 1.5% in Mini Blast Furnaces - MBFs, designed to feed an EAF and/or a BOF. These MBFs operate with frequent variation in their productivities to feed preferably only one of the steelmaking reactors, that is, EAF or BOF. The hot metal suitable amount, chemical composition and temperature, to be delivered at the steelmaking vessel, become the major concerns in the integrated operation MBF to EAF or BOF. In order to cope with those undesirable frequent variations, a solution has been proposed based on the existing technologies of oxygen jets and ladle refining techniques adapted to a hot metal ladle or to a Torpedo Car. The proposed technique is not only able to adjust hot metal temperature and chemical composition, but it also generates the adequate conditions for refinement from P and S, as well as “cleaning” hot metal ladles and Torpedo Cars by melting pig iron skulls. Therefore, this new technique development results in high hot metal yield, an adequate chemical composition and bigger campaign of hot metal ladle.

Aug 17, 2017

By Gláucio Barros Barcelos

Os sistemas de automação Nível 2 da LTQ da Aperam estão em operação a mais de uma década. Esses sistemas foram desenvolvidos sobre plataforma de hardware Alpha Server DS20E e sistema operacional OpenVMS 7.2. Apesar da confiabilidade da plataforma utilizada, atualmente está descontinuada pelo fabricante, bem como o serviço de suporte ao sistema operacional utilizado que também foi encerrado. Com a evolução da tecnologia Intel, apresentando baixo custo de hardware, suporte, manutenção e desempenho, foi tomada a decisão de migração dos sistemas de automação de Nível 2 da LTQ para a arquitetura de hardware Intel e sistema operacional Linux. Esta migração teve como objetivo a eliminação da obsolescência a que os sistemas estavam submetidos. A migração envolveu uma estratégia que minimiza riscos e reduz modificações necessárias nos sistemas de automação envolvidos. Dessa forma, bibliotecas de funções com funcionalidades semelhantes as disponíveis no sistema OpenVMS foram desenvolvidas. Este artigo descreve todo esforço envolvido na migração dos sistemas e os resultados obtidos.

Aug 16, 2017

By G. Martino, F. Silva, Emmanuel Marchal

The definition of the chemical specification at multiple steps of the steelmaking process is very common in the industry. Among all elements and compounds, the Sulphur content has a special control over several stages, from the coal blend to the final products. Coke, iron and steelmaking specialists usually agree on a static specification for each intermediate product according to their local operation capacity and production cost. However, local decisions have major impacts on the whole production chain and many global factors should be considered in order to make the best decision. In this study, we will exemplify focusing on Sulphur content concepts and techniques that could be applied to many decisions in an integrated carbon steel plant. The variation of coal and coke prices, the desulphurization cost and time, the processes operating points, the hot metal rate at converters, prices and demands of low and ultra-low Sulphur steel grades are some of the integrated factors that are usually disregarded during the specification process. Mathematical modeling presents itself as a proper option into dealing with all the complexity that emerges from integrating all these processes' trade-offs and decisions. This study presents the results of a mathematical model that encompasses economic, thermal, chemical, and mass balances, physical quality of materials and productivity constraints of all processes of a hypothetical integrated carbon steel plant. It optimizes the iron and steelmaking process on a global and unique objective, dynamically defining targets for product quality to achieve the lowest steel production cost. This study details multiple market-plant scenarios in order to compare economic and operating results of a static vs dynamic specification practice.

Oct 1, 2019

By Gabriel Oliveira Glória

Como uma boa alternativa a outros materiais, o número de materiais ecológicos está aumentando. As fibras naturais estão substituindo fibras sintéticas, por exemplo, a fibra de vidro. Além dos aspectos ambiental, as fibras naturais são mais baratas do que os sintéticos. A caracterização do FTIR é um indicativo sobre a possibilidade de integração de fibras com as matrizes de polímeros e compósitos ambientais. Portanto, o presente estudo analisou a fibra de PALF por meio de espectroscopia FTIR. O espectro mostrou principais bandas de absorção típicas de interacções moleculares específicas de fibras PALF. A análise FTIR do permitiu a identificação de grupos funcionais moleculares de fibras PALF e as suas características de vibração.

Aug 17, 2017

By Mirko Jurkovic, Thomas Hueper, Jens Kempken

The high competition scenario pushes the steel producers business. Zero defect requirements from customers force the operators for additional efforts in process control and quality management. PQA® has been developed as an advanced process and quality management assurance solution. It is focusing on the analysis of process data, equipment information, inline quality measurement devices and trend analysis. The paper describes the structure of the advanced process and quality management assurance solution PQA®; it gives insights on the expert know-how, process and quality evaluation and points out the benefits like cost reduction, improvement yield and customer satisfaction increase.

Oct 1, 2019

By Daniel Augusto Godinho de Carvalho

Since the beginning of BOF process, slag formation has been subjected to extensive development. During the initial stages of the blow, fast slag formation is primordial for the process performance. This is mainly to allow oxidizing reactions, and also to protect the refractory. A modeling of BOF process for the purpose of process optimization requires precise knowledge concerning the dissolution of CaO and MgO based materials. Using this knowledge, the optimal process conditions can be ensured by a controlling of the slag formation during the converter steelmaking process. Taking into account an application of large amount of different raw materials, as well as location-specific process conditions, the characterization of the dissolution behavior of different additives is an important key to improve the technological process. Thereby, in the frames of this project, an appropriate model for slag formation is established and compared to operational results for a 330t BOF, operating at ThyssenKrupp CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil.

Aug 16, 2017

By Alcides José de Lucena Silva

Tudo parece ir bem com o sistema de automação antigo, mas sabe-se que conforme o tempo passa, uma falha neste sistema pode acontecer e/ou uma falta de sobressalente por obsolescencia. Modernizando o, conseguimos realizar a migração de forma escalonada, administrando tempos e orçamentos, inclusive aproveitando parte da arquitetura existente. O trabalho em questão irá demostrar o desenvolvimento da migração do sistema de automação do Alto-forno#3, incluindo troca de controladores, segregação das redes de automação e substituição dos supervisórios, aumentando a capacidade do sistema e tornando o mais robusto e confiavel para manter um dos principais ativos da CSN funcionando atualizado até o fim da sua vida util.

Aug 17, 2017

By Peter Fajfa, Heinz Palkowski, Jakob Kraner, Matjaž Godec

The study of asymmetric rolling on the AA 5454 aluminium alloy plates was carried out. The plates were taken directly from the industrial hot rolled sheet. They were cold rolled on the laboratory mill with different rotation speed of the upper and the lower work roller with the strains around 33 % and 44 %. To get closer to the industrial conditions the maximal dimensions of the rolled plates for laboratory rolling mill and the special industrial lubricant were used. After deformation the plates were annealed to the soft condition. This research was focused on all possible effects of asymmetric rolling: The reduction of rolling force, the increase of strain at same set roll gap, bending of workpiece, finer microstructure, more heterogeneous textures and as a consequence of that better mechanical properties. The asymmetric rolling with favourable mechanisms in the deformation zone has created the material with the homogeneous hardness in the cross section and with lower anisotropy, which is crucial for improvement of formability properties of aluminium work hardened alloys and to get closer to properties of steels. In the presented paper the general impact and different effects of speed difference of rollers was investigated on cold rolled aluminium alloy. Obtained and analysed results explain the function of asymmetry in rolling process and the options to implement the asymmetric rolling in industrial plant.

Oct 1, 2019

By Henrique Silva Furtado

This paper presents the results obtained on the exchange of an original old blow charge model for a new up-to-date state of art global model, employing optimization techniques and process modelling, and, the results obtained in terms of fluxes consumption reduction and the introduction of user friendly tools and practices.

Aug 17, 2017

By Jean Igor Margem

Nestes dias materiais ecológicos como compósitos com fibras naturais em matriz polimérica estão chamando a atenção de pesquisadores científicos, devido ao seu bom desempenho na substituição de materiais como madeira, polímeros à base de petróleo e outros. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as propriedades de tração de compósitos de matriz poliéster reforçados com diferentes espécimes de fibras lignocelulósicas. Compósitos reforçados com até 30% em volume de fibras longas, contínuas e alinhadas de malva, sisal e bambu foram testados em uma máquina Instron a temperatura ambiente. A fratura foi analisada por SEM. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas nas propriedades mecânicas com a quantidade dessas fibras. Estas propriedades mecânicas foram comparados com outros resultados em compósitos testados em ensaio de tração. Como esperado, a análise da fratura revelou uma fraca interação da interface fibra / matriz, o que corrobora o comportamento típico das fibras naturais quando incorporadas em matriz polimérica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Thales Renó Grilo

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as diferentes microestruturas do aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304 obtidas pelo processo de soldagem Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). As regiões do metal base, zona fundida e zona afetada pelo calor foram investigadas nos corpos de prova com diferentes aportes térmicos. As microestruturas obtidas foram caracterizadas utilizando-se a microscopia óptica (MO). As imagens de Mo obtidas na zona afetada pelo calor mostram que a fração de austenita aumentou com o aumento do aporte térmico. Este aumento está relacionado ao alto teor de cromo e molibdênio presentes no metal de adição utilizado na soldagem. Na zona fundida, a fração de austenita de widmansttaten foi observada com maior frequência na microestrutura do corpo de prova soldado com o aporte térmico de 1,87KJ/mm. Essa maior fração de austenita de widmansttaten observada para o aporte térmico de 1,87KJ/mm está relacionada com o maior tempo de permanência em altas temperaturas deste corpo de prova em relação aos outros corpos de prova investigados. Vale ressaltar que a adição de nitrogênio também promove a formação desta fase. De modo geral, os resultados da metalografia quantitativa mostram que a porcentagem de ferrita foi superior a 65% nas zonas termicamente afetadas e fundidas.

Aug 17, 2017

By Alessandro Martinis

The performance requirements for modern steelmaking facilities are ever more stringent, as customers and markets are continuously pushing for technologies which allow having high quality steel produced in an economic and sustainable way. In the details, this paper has the aim to present the excellent results obtained by integrated steel plant where an EAF is fed with high quality hot ENERGIRON DRI. The recent technology developments, combined with the affirmed basic process design, contributed to further maximize the energy of the DRI, reaching the EAF at temperatures above 600°C with a carbon content up to 3.5%, as confirmed by plant data. These improved input material characteristics resulted in reduced electrical energy consumption and increased liquid steel production.

Aug 16, 2017

By D. F. Rodríguez-Pérez, J. Salinas-Reyes, Luis R. Salazar-Garza, C. A. Gómez-De-La-Garza

The Pickling Line Tandem Cold Mill (PLTCM) from Ternium Pesquería started in 2013. It is a line with 5 stands, 6 high; focused mainly on the exposed automotive market, with a wide spread of products with high quality requirements. In addition the operational continuity is very important, for this, one of the greatest challenges is to ensure operational discipline, the order of production, the quality of the input (hot band), operational interruptions, equipment failure, breakage of strip in the mill, among others. In relation to this, it has a strong impact on productivity, customer compliance, damage to equipment, rolls, safety, quality, reprocessing among others. Here is present the results obtained in the project "decrease of strip breaks" which focused on several fronts, discipline in the order of production, previous review of raw material in surface and dimensional defects with automatic inspection equipment in the hot mill, as well as in PLTCM, generation of logic in the redundant systems of alerts and prevention to avoid or minimize strip breaks that were high impact in the past. All these multidisciplinary actions led as a whole to a significant improvement in the performance indicators of the PLTCM, in productivity, compliance, reprocessing and quality in the cold rolled mill.

Oct 1, 2019

By Gabriel Oliveira Glória

Due to growing concern about the ambient impacts, lignocellulosic fibers are been investigated to replace the synthetic ones in polymer composites The giant bamboo fiber, a relatively unknown lignocellulosic fiber with potential for composite reinforcement, still needs to characterize for possible engineer applications. However the giant bamboo fiber has low adhesion with the polymeric matrix. In order to understand the interaction that occurs between the bamboo fiber and the polymer matrix is necessary to evaluate its physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, the present work analyzed the giant bamboo fiber by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectrum revealed main absorption bands typical of giant bamboo fiber specific molecular interactions.

Aug 16, 2017