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By Luciana Lezira Pereira de Almeida

With the increasing use of ornamental rocks, mainly in civil construction, sundry problems were identified in relation to rocks cutting, such as efficiency in the cutting process and rock quality lumber. In recent years several composites have been developed to solve these problems. In this context, the study of the binomial matrix metal-diamond interaction is of paramount importance for the development of new composite materials to improve the efficiency of the cutting tool. The diamond impregnated matrix metal often reveals a reaction between the diamond surface and the matrix. Besides the mechanical connection, chemical reactions can sometimes occur. Therefore, this study aims to assess the achievement of diamond composites in the system Fe / Cu / Ni / Sn via powder metallurgy, with added CRB2. Analyzes have been performed to characterize chemical / physical and mechanical. The results have showed that addition of CRB2 promote significant changes in the properties of composites, especially in wear resistance and fracture toughness. Furthermore, the presence of the composite CRB2 causes a significant improvement in thermal stability.

Aug 16, 2017

By Lesli Peterson

Spraying Systems Co® has continued to develop and evolve descale nozzles through the years. The most recent addition to the descale nozzle line, the DescaleJet® Pro, provides more impact and a more uniform distribution than previous descale nozzles. The improved performance has been achieved through multiple design changes such as a smoother approach, updated vane design and improved carbide orifice. In addition to providing improved spray performance the nozzle also lasts longer than previous versions. The new technology has been thoroughly tested in the lab using impact measurements and accelerated wear testing. In addition to lab testing the nozzle has provided improved performance and longer wear life for those that have made the change to the new technology. The new nozzle technology and the benefits to the rolling mill will be discussed.

Jul 30, 2018

By Thamiris Auxiliadora Gonçalves Martins, Isabela Falconi Brandolis Alves, Viviane Tavares de Moraes

Reverse flotation process is a method used for remove impurities from the most abundant iron ore; the itabirite. In this process, amines surfactant are used which may prevent the reuse of water in processes. The Fenton oxidative processes and the synthesis of nanoparticles are highlighted in catalysts application and in organic substances degradation. This study performed the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) to employ them as catalysts of the modified Fenton reaction to degrade an amine surfactant used in reverse flotation and compared with the classic Fenton (Fe2+) reaction. CuNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction, pH 11 with copper sulfate and ascorbic acid. They were characterized by UV-Vis, DRX and DLS and Zeta potential. The nanoparticles had diameters of 125.00 to 17.22nm and stability during 50 days. The tests were prepared with 180mg/L of amine and 1890mg/L of H2O2 in 150 minutes. The degradation was assessed by UV-Vis and FT IR. The results showed that CuNPs degraded 84% of the surfactant while Fe2+ reached 89%. In this way, both processes can be used for surfactant degradation, although the CuNPs method is easier to operate at neutral pH.

Oct 3, 2019

By Douglas Glenn Stalheim

The uniformity of the final cross sectional microstructure and subsequent final mechanical properties and shape of structural steels is dependent on the type or types of recrystallization behaviors that are created. There are three main recrystallization behaviors that are the foundation of the metallurgy created during production. Alloy design and subsequent processing design strategy drive how much of each recrystallization behavior is created through the cross section of the product. Carbon manganese steels create only one basic behavior while the addition of microalloys, in particular niobium, can add two additional behaviors. The behaviors are intertwined with each other and build upon each other. The three behaviors are Type I, static recrystallization, Type II, no-recrystallization, and Type III, metadynamic/dynamic recrystallization. How much of each behavior is generated through the cross section through the production influences the final transformed microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties and shape performance. This paper will discuss the three behaviors, how they are generated, how to identify which behavior is occurring through modeling or actual mill data. Actual examples from production will be discussed.

Aug 16, 2017

By José Francisco Cabello Russo, Denilson Rodrigues de Araújo, Elias Fonseca de Castro, Henrique Dias Gatti Turrer

The Minas-Rio project of the Anglo American group was designed to produce pellet feed from a low-grade itabirite. The comminution circuit has three HPGR’s and two ball mills. This type of circuit, with HPGR (open circuit) followed by ball milling (closed circuit), is called a hybrid circuit. The literature shows this hybrid circuit as being more energy efficient. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the benefits of using the HPGR in the energy consumption of the grinding and regrinding and the secondary objective was to show the impact of the press on mass recovery of desliming and flotation, in view of a possible higher generation resulting from the pressing of the material. The results obtained in this work showed that the HPGR reduced the specific energy consumption in the comminution stages existing downstream of the press, increased the recovery of the flotation and did not decrease the recovery of the desliming stage.

Oct 3, 2019

By Humberto Almeida de La Serna, Kayleigh Meneghini, Gabriel Rubio Pirillo, Maurício Guimarães Bergerman

The Mining Annual Report (RAL) is an obligation for every current owner of a brazilian mining process which is already undergoing extraction. This document is basically composed by the company’s annual book balance, where is possible to educe informations that allow to evaluate the mineral market behavior. This research gathered filtered data linked with RAL production and technical responsability between 2010 and 2017, gotten by the Information Access Law, without the real CNPJ of each company, in order to preserve their identity. The results allow to quantify the Brazilian mining production during the period, illustrating that approximately 46% of the companies can be classified as micro, 30% as small, 20% as medium and 4% as large mining companies. It was observed that the micros concentrate the most part of technical responsibles who sign for more than three mines.

Oct 3, 2019

By Luís Marcelo Tavares, Henrique Dias Gatti Turrer, Luciana Pereira Alves

Desliming is a method of classifying mineral particles, which aims at removal of slimes so as to prepare the slurry to downstream concentration processes. It is a common item in mineral processing flowsheets, being mostly carried out in hydrocyclones, in which separation is result of complex fluid flow and its interaction with the mineral particles. When dealing with particles contained in size ranges relevant to desliming, the challenge in describing the process is even greater. The work deals with the fitting of the Narasimha-Mainza model of classification in hydrocyclones to data from desliming an itabirite iron ore, for prediction of feed slurry flowrate, corrected cut size and short-circuit to the underflow. As such, tests were conducted at both pilot and industrial plants in KREBS 2.7” and 4” cyclones operating under a variety of conditions. In the validation of the model, deviations between the predicted and measured values were lower than 34% for feed slurry flowrate, less than 22% for corrected cut size and less than 18% for short-circuit for underflow.

Oct 3, 2019

By Priscilla Messias Pereira, Wellington Bonelar dos Santos, Alex Dalapicola Veronez, Maurício do Santos Rocha Junior, Leandro Resinentti Zanon

The pelletizing process allows inputs to be added to the mixture resulting in better control of the physical, chemical and metallurgical characteristics desired by the pellet. Anthracite is incorporated as input of the pellets as an alternative form of fuel, making the burning more homogeneous, "from the inside out", benefiting the physical resistance of the burned pellets and aiming to reduce the cost of natural gas during the stage of hardening. However, the amount of anthracite should not exceed an optimum value, which may cause an adverse effect on the physical quality of the pellets. Hence, it is very important an accurate control of the coal dosage. Based on that, the present study presents the implementation of a control using advanced control system that applies, using linear regression of historical data, the optimum relationship between anthracite and ore (respecting the physical quality of the pellets during processing in pelletizing furnaces). After the implementation of this control, it was possible to adjust the anthracite dosage automatically, measured in percentage of fixed carbon in the mixture, when the process is able, thus reducing the specific consumption of natural gas.

Oct 1, 2019

By Emerson Sena Balbino, Emylle Alves Leitão, Gabriel Arthur Guieiro, Lucas van Melis

The deployment of autonomous haulage system causes several impacts in mining production chain, being necessary an appropriate change management policy, crucial to observe and gather all the benefits brought by the technology. The change management is also necessary to guarantee the adaptability of the organization in the long term. This paper briefly presents the technology deployed in the autonomous trucks at Vale's iron ore Brucutu mine, the changes that the operation team faces in the adoption of autonomous technology and the required training path to develop new procedures to deal with the sensitivity of the autonomous haulage system, besides the new operational dynamics from a process point of view, with safer, more consistent and more productive operations.

Oct 3, 2019

By Marco Antonio Meggiolaro

Most cyclic plasticity models used in multiaxial fatigue life predictions are based on a concept of a yield surface, which divides the elastic and plastic domains. Plastic straining occurs when the stress state reaches the surface and tries to move outward. Subsequent plastic straining causes the stress state to remain on the yield surface, which will translate to prevent the stress point from moving outside it according to a kinematic hardening rule that models the Bauschinger effect. The accurate modeling of the yield surface shape is fundamental to predict stress-strain relations. In this work, the main yield surface equations for isotropic materials are compared. Even though most materials can be modeled using Mises and Tresca surfaces, other need to consider the effect on the yield strength of the hydrostatic stress or the normal stress acting on a critical plane. It is shown that pressure-sensitive models originally devised for concrete can be applied to predict yielding in some materials, and even fatigue life for metallic structures with short cracks.

Aug 8, 2018

By Alana Pereira Ramos

O efeito de memória de forma tem como principal objetivo a recuperação da forma por meio de aquecimento acima das temperaturas críticas de transformação. Fitas da liga Ti43,5Cu37,8Ni18,7 foram preparadas através do processo melt spinnig com velocidade da roda de 21 m/s e 63 m/s. As fitas foram tratadas termicamente numa temperatura de 700°C por 15 minutos em forno e resfriadas ao ar. A caracterização das fitas foi feita por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e análise por difração de raios X (DRX). Foi observado que com uma menor velocidade de rotação da roda (21 m/s) a fita apresentou-se totalmente cristalina, e quando aumentou-se a velocidade linear da roda para 63 m/s a fita apresentou-se completamente amorfa. Após o tratamento térmico todas as fitas apresentaram as transformações martensíticas e auteníticas. Observou-se que a velocidade da roda tem grande influência nas temperaturas de transformação, chegando à variação de aproximadamente 7°C. O tratamento térmico remove todos os defeitos produzidos pelo processo de solidificação rápida e produz um rápido crescimento de grão, favorecendo ao aumento das temperaturas de transformação.

Aug 8, 2018

By Eleir Mundim Bortoleto

A finite element modeling approach was developed to study adhesion phenomena during the unidirectional contact between a two-dimensional plane-strain square and a flat slab. Surfaces were metallic or ceramic, different pairs of materials were analyzed and their adhesion was considered by means of a FORTRAN subroutine (DLOAD), which was connected with commercial finite element code Abaqus and provided surface attractive forces based on the Lennard-Jones interatomic potential. Adhesive loads were considered both during approximation and separation of the surfaces. During the separation step, material transfer between surfaces, due to adhesion, was modeled by means of damage initiation and propagation at the flat slab. The parameters considered in the simulations were normal load, chemical affinity and system size and the different conditions were analyzed by comparison of the interaction forces during approach and withdrawal. This work also presents detailed descriptions of: (i) the evolution of energy dissipation due to adhesion hysteresis, (ii) the formation-growth-breakage of adhesive junctions and (iii) the evolution of stress distribution during the process. Results have indicated that chemical affinity between the bodies in contact is more relevant for adhesion than the applied load. Besides, smaller asperities are less prone to promote adhesive wear, but they may be subjected to high stress concentration effects.

Jul 31, 2018

By Leonardo Semedo de Mattos Siqueira, Renata Ferreira Muller

The Granulometric Ratio (RG) is one of the most important indicators related to the pelletizing product. Through it, it guarantees good permeability of the bed of pellets, optimization of the thermal cycle and, thus, better results of physical quality and consumption of the energy matrix. To guarantee this indicator, it is necessary that the processes of agglomeration of pellets, classification of raw pellets and screening of burned pellets are under control of certain parameters and with a level of stability assured.

Oct 1, 2019

By Giuseppe Pintaude

The use of two-dimensional shape parameters to characterize abrasive particles is a possible approach to express their angularity. Nonetheless, in sliding abrasion, especially in pin abrasion testing, coated papers structure plays an important role and even its damage during the wear process should not be neglected. This manuscript discuss the limitations of two-dimensional shape descriptors in distinguishing wear caused by relatively hard particles, indicating that the wear data obtained in sliding abrasion tests are unable to distinguish different types of coated papers used when only the two-dimensional particle projection is considered for shape characterization.

Jul 31, 2018

By Samuel F. Rodrigues, Clodualdo Aranas Jr., Fulvio Siciliano

The application of thermo-mechanical control processing (TMCP) in hot rolling of steels has become a common routine since the last 60 years. The understanding of the physical metallurgy behind TMCP played a major role in the early developments. Physical and numerical simulation works are performed firstly to derive the fundamental metallurgical knowledge and secondly to conceive existing TMCP practices. In this paper, a summary TMCP techniques is presented. The occurrence of dynamic transformation of ferrite in the austenite region is shown by means of synchrotron light diffraction methods. This phase transformation mechanism is taken into consideration and its effects on TMCP are proposed in an exploratory way.

Oct 1, 2019

By Roberto Balarini Junior

Tribological behavior of Si3N4 balls sliding against Al2O3 discs in water was investigated by studying the influence of parameters such as initial surface roughness and circular axial run-out of the discs. The objective was to relate these parameters with the occurrence of the phenomenon known as ultra-low friction coefficient (ULFC), which is characterized by µ < 0.01, including the correlation with running-in duration. As a general trend, greater initial surface roughness and circular axial run-out resulted in greater running-in duration. In addition, it was verified that a mixed lubrication regime (hydrodynamic and boundary) is required to guarantee the occurrence of ULFC by comparing the calculated minimum film thickness with the composite roughness of the worn surfaces. Also, ICQ-OES analysis of the water after the tests indicated that a silicon concentration greater than 1.3 mg/l should be fundamental for the occurrence of µ < 0.01.

Jul 31, 2018

By Patrícia Freitas Rodrigues

Um comparativo entre dois métodos para determinação das temperaturas de transformação de fase, tendo como base análises de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC) em amostras de uma liga de NiTi equiatômica submetida a tratamentos térmicos para envelhecimento, foram utilizados neste trabalho. Sendo aplicado o método clássico comumente utilizado para análise desses resultados e o método utilizando da integral do pico de transformação de fase. Com base nas avaliações feitas, o método de integral por apresentar uma relação direta da fração de transformação demonstra-se mais eficaz para determinar o início e o fim da transformação por levar em consideração a forma do pico em função da trajetória de transformação.

Aug 8, 2018

By Anderson Ayres Bittencourt

O monitoramento de sistemas e ativos de automação sempre existiu de forma rudimentar e descentralizada. A análise desses dados tanto quanto sua obtenção é um desafio para as empresas atuais. Foi a partir deste princípio que nosso projeto foi desenvolvido.Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a solução de Monitoramento online e preditivo implementada na ArcelorMittal Aços Planos da América do Sul, onde desde o início de sua implementação pudemos capturar benefícios operacionais, melhoria dos processos, otimização, eliminação e/ou diminuição de indisponibilidade de plantas, entre diversos outros retornos que serão apresentados.

Oct 30, 2017

By Vítor Covre Evangelista da Silva

Esta proposta objetivou desenvolver uma análise teórico/experimental da influência de 2% Ag (em peso) em uma liga de solda Sn-40%Bi solidificada unidirecionalmente em regime transitório de fluxo de calor. Correlações experimentais entre os parâmetros térmicos de solidificação como velocidade de deslocamento da isoterma liquidus - VL, taxa de resfriamento - ?L e parâmetros microestruturais como espaçamentos dendríticos secundários – l2 foram determinados. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por meio de microscopia ótica e eletrônica, difração de raios-x, além de fluorescência de raios-x para obtenção dos perfis de macrossegregação dos solutos (Bi, Ag). Para determinação do perfil de dureza foram realizados ensaios de dureza Vickers. As microestruturas brutas de fusão da liga Sn-40%Bi-2%Ag são compostas de dendritas ricas em Sn decoradas com partículas de Bi circundadas por uma mistura eutética (Sn+Bi) e partículas primárias de Ag3Sn. Os parâmetros térmicos decresceram com aumento da camada solidificada, permitindo uma ampla variação: ?L ? 0,1 a 10,0°C/s, VL ? 0,2 a 0,9mm/s e GL ? 0,4 a 11,0°C/mm. O teor de bismuto não variou significativamente, ao passo que a prata variou de forma efetiva, concentrando-se no início do lingote (até próximo de 35mm). O surgimento de braços dendríticos terciários em 15mm conteve a diminuição da microdureza Vickers, esperada para as posições mais afastadas da interface metal/molde.

Aug 16, 2017

By Ádria Rocha Corrêa

Durante a solidificação de ligas metálicas, o produto fundido se contrai, o qual provoca o surgimento de espaçamentos vazios na interface metal/molde chamados de “gaps”. Estes gaps causam o aumento da resistência térmica influenciando em toda a cinética da solidificação. A transferência de calor durante a solidificação depende do conhecido parâmetro chamado de coeficiente global de transferência de calor ( hg). Este parâmetro é representado pela equação do tipo: hg =C.t-n, a qual indica que a eficiência térmica na interface metal/molde decai com o tempo. Muitos parâmetros podem influenciar o coeficiente global de transferência de calor (hg), neste estudo, os percentuais de Sn em ligas do sistema Al-Sn são analisados (10,20,30 e 40%Sn). Portanto, o principal objetivo deste estudo é propor uma relação matemática que descreva, para o sistema Al-Sn, a evolução hg em função do teor de Sn. A relação matemática foi obtida através do método dos mínimos quadrados

Aug 17, 2017