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Jan 1, 1928

By Andrew L. Mular, K. K. Humphreys

Introduction Estimates performed on potential future plants must by their very nature be either order-of-magnitude or budget (preliminary) estimates. Of the three types of estimates recognized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Standard Z94.2), order-of-magnitude and budget estimates are the least accurate. Order-of-magnitude estimates have an expected accuracy of plus 50 percent to minus 30 percent. In other words, it is anticipated that actual project cost will be no more than 50 percent above the estimate and no less than 30 percent below the estimate. Budget estimates, or preliminary estimates as they are often called, have an expected accuracy of plus 30 percent to minus 15 percent. The reason that greater accuracy cannot be expected in performing estimates on proposed new facilities is simply that insufficient data is generally available to permit performance of a highly accurate estimate. As stated in ANSI Standard Z94.2, a definitive estimate, i.e., an estimate with an expected accuracy of plus 15 percent to minus 5 percent," . . is an estimate prepared from very defined engineering data . . . (including). . .as a minimum, fairly complete plot plans and elevations, piping and instrument diagrams, one line electrical diagrams, equipment data sheets and quotations, structural sketches, soil data and sketches of major foundations, building sketches and a complete set of specifications." In other words, the engineering of the project must be fairly well underway to permit a definitive estimate to be performed. Such is the case only after the construction decision has been made, all potential alternatives evaluated, and major expenditures committed for a particular course of action. This situation is beyond the scope of this chapter. The chapter is directed to comparison of various technological alternatives for which site specific engineering data is not generally available. Accordingly, such comparisons can be made only by utilizing preliminary or order-of-magnitude estimating techniques.

Jan 1, 1982

FOREWORD5 INTRODUCTION 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS II BERGBÜCHLEIN TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 17 HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE Berghüchlein 49 NOTES ON TRANSLATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 63 THREE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE EARLIER UNDATED EDITION 65 [ ]

Jan 1, 1949

Jan 1, 1909

By John Lohrenz

Consider an investor who, knowing future costs and revenues, can choose how rapidly to produce from a given mineral source. If the investor elects to make that choice to maximize present value of future profits, how do policies affect the choice? Various alternative policies are examined. Some, such as higher royalty rates, lead to slower production rates than would otherwise obtain. Clearly, the chosen rates of production are policy-dependent. One is wisely counseled to consider how mineral policies affect the rate of production from given sources when analyzing current and alternative policies.

Jan 1, 1982

Meeting, of Jan. 22, 1915.-Dr. Albert R. Ledoux was unanimously nominated-by the Board as one of the representatives of this Institute upon the Engineering Foundation Board. The following Tellers to count the votes for officers and directors on Feb. 16, 1915, were appointed: David H. Browne; Arthur S. Dwight, and Bradley Stoughton; and the following Tellers to count the ballots, on the amendments to the Constitution: Arthur L. Walker, Max Roesler, and Burr A. Robinson. Karl Eilers was appointed a member of the Library Board of the United, Engineering Society, representing this Institute in place of C. R. Corning, ;resigned. The Pick and Hammer Club of the University of Oklahoma was established as an Affiliated Student Society. The sum of $150 was appropriated to the Columbia Local Section. The sum of $29.50 was appropriated to the Chicago Local Section.

Jan 3, 1915

Jan 1, 1917

By Howard Eavenson

IN a discussion in the Transactions of the Institute (vol. xl, page 835 et seq.) the writer gave some data about explosions of gas and dust in the coal mines of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, among which was a table showing all explosions in the countries mentioned, in which five or more fatalities occurred, which had been reported from Oct. 2, 1871, to Mar. 28, 1908. Since the elate of publication of this discussion, as opportunity has presented, this table has been extended by the addition of explosions occurring since that time, by including several explosions which occurred prior to 1871, and by adding to the list all explosions of gas or dust in which less than five fatalities occurred, this having been clone by a search through the various mine reports, partly by the author and partly by the Librarian of the United Engineering Societies, and by correspondence with mine inspection officials of the various States, to all of whom acknowledgment of assistance is made: The accompanying list, Table I, is believed to be as nearly correct as such a statement can be made, and, while only extending to Dec. 20, 1912, contains all of the data now available in reports. An analysis of Table I, showing the occurrence by months of all explosions of gas or dust, including those in which less as well as those in which more than five fatalities occurred, is given in Table II. The statements are frequently made, in technical papers, that the number of explosions, particularly the larger ones, is increasing more rapidly than the number of mines, and that the number of fatalities caused by mine explosions, particularly the more disastrous ones, is increasing faster, proportionally, than the production of coal. To investigate the correctness of these statements Table III was prepared, in which the number of accidents and fatalities is taken from Table I, using those in the United States only, on account of lack of other data for Canada and Mexico; the production is from the records of the U.S. Geological Survey, and the number of mines, from 1909, from the same source; previous to 1909, the number of mines, for the decennial periods, was furnished by the U. S. Census records.

Jan 10, 1914

By W. P. Sykes

SEVEN years ago, Dr. S. L. Hoyt1 presented a masterful discussion of the hard metal carbides and cemented tungsten carbide. His lecture summarized most of the data then available in the field; many of the details relating to the production, properties and structure of cemented tungsten carbide had never been previously published, for, in fact, this information was only then being acquired. During the intervening years, the cemented carbides have assumed a place of real importance in the commercial field, with an ever widening variety of applications due to constant improvement in the control of production technique and the unremitting search for new compositions that might better the performance of the alloys in one or another type of service. The most recent summary of production methods, properties and guides for the successful application of the cemented carbides appears in the 1936 edition of the Metals Handbook. Of necessity, much detailed information relating to structures and physical properties is not included in such a summary, and it is with such details that the present discussion is concerned.

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1918

Jan 4, 1953

By Samuel S. Wyer

Discussion of the paper of SAMUEL S. WYER, presented at the New York meeting February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 110, February, 1916, pp. 263 to 279. DAVID T. DAY, Washington, D. C.-I would like to ask whether the court decisions quoted in the paper are general, or do they represent one side of the case; if so, are there any decisions that represent more than one side of the case? Are they of general application, or do they affect only one side? Also, what is the difference between a pump and a compressor from the standpoint of the natural-gas industry? I notice stress is laid on the word "pump" in. connection with some of the legal decisions, and then it is stated. that they must not pump or compress above 300 lb. The question is, is a pump a compressor and a compressor a pump, under certain conditions? SAMUEL S. WYER, Columbus, Ohio.-Answering the first question, I will say that the decisions cover both sides of the case very thoroughly, and are uniformly on the side that a company is justified in the use of gas compressors; in other words, there are no decisions holding it to be illegal to use gas compressors, with the exception noted in Indiana, Kansas, and Oklahoma where you cannot go below atmospheric pressure. In regard to the second question, I think the engineers and the gas operators themselves are responsible for the confusion. It is because the use of the term "pump" is almost universal, and so many people have obtained the idea that the primary function of a gas compressor is to pump air into the gas, in order to increase the consumers' gas bills. I appreciate that it is very hard to draw a clear line of demarcation. between a pump and a compressor. The distinction I have always made myself, and which I think is a logical one, is that you do not get the pumping action until you get below atmospheric pressure. As far as the compression end is concerned, there is only one State, namely, Indiana, that has any statutory limitation with regard to how high the pressure may be increased in order to put the gas into the transmission lines. The State law in Indiana limits the maximum pressure to 300 lb. per square inch.

Jan 5, 1916

By C. W. Washburne

THE waters of many oil fields have been regarded as buried sea water which has been retained in the sediments since the time of their deposition. The preservation of connate water through geological time has seemed improbable to only a few geologists, but there is room for doubt that buried sea water could remain in the strata during their periods of deformation and during the many subsequent epochs of. the circulation of meteoric ground-water. Some have even suggested that the calcium chloride water in the deep mines of the Lake Superior region is ancient sea water buried in the Algonkian lavas, but it is hard to understand how such water could be derived from the highly sodic and sulphatic water of the sea. It would seem more plausible to connect the calcium chloride with the highly calcic magmas of the greenstones in which it is found. Chemical analyses of waters associated with oil differ widely from the composition of sea water, requiring extensive alteration of the latter, if the former is truly its derivative. The first notable difference is the general absence of sulphates from oil-field waters, but this has been explained satisfactorily through reduction by hydrocarbons and organic matter. Oil reduces sulphates with the production of hydrogen sulphide (or sulphur), water, and carbonates (or carbon dioxide). The second striking difference is in the high ratio of chlorine to sodium. An examination of the analyses of chloride waters from oil fields shows that they contain a large relative excess of chlorine over that in sea water. Moreover, there is difficulty in finding chemical reactions that are probable in nature, by which sea water could be converted into anything like the chloride waters of oil fields. In the latter a large part of the chlorine occurs as calcium acid magnesium chloride. This condition might be produced by the removal of sodium carbonate, which; however, cannot be precipitated in the presence of much calcium or, magnesium.

Jan 3, 1914

Jan 1, 1924

By Bailey, Lewis Newton

Bailey, Lewis Newton, Master Engineer, Senior Oracle, 4th Regiment, U. S. Engineers, Headquarters Company, died of pneumonia, at Camp Merritt, N. J., on April 30, 1918. Baird, Louis, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, died on the battlefield in 1915. Ballamy, John H., Capt., 103d Engineers, killed in action near Fismes, Aug. 9, 1918. Burt, Andrew, died in active service, 1916. Cobeldick, William Morley, Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning on October 7, 1915. Dougall, Ralph, 4th University Co., Princess Patricia Regiment, killed in action early in the war. Evans, Alfred Winter, Lieut.-Col., New Zealand Rifle Brigade, D. S. 0., D. C. M. killed in action on October 12, 1917. Gorman, Thomas C., Lieut., Canadian Engineers, killed in France, Mar. 18, 1918. Hague, William, 1st Lieut., Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps, died in active service, Jan. 1,, 1918. Hall, William T., Capt., Royal Flying Corps, killed in action, May 19, 1917.

Jan 11, 1918

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1959

Jan 1, 1941

The Institute maintains a dual relationship with students: (1) an individual relationship with a Student Associate; and (2) a relationship with local organizations of students, known as Affiliated Student Societies or Student Chapters. 1. The conditions of Student Associateship are set forth in Section 9, Article I, of the Bylaws of the Institute (see page 61 and following pages). During 1934, sundry amendments were made for the purpose of improving

Jan 1, 1939