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Planning for a surface coal mine includes selecting the best means and equipment for uncovering the coal, loading it, and transporting it to the preparation plant. The machines and methods that will ensure optimum production will depend upon the location and characteristics of the seam to be mined. Stripping Techniques The choice of stripping units is influenced primarily by the system of mining, such as contour or out-crop mining as contrasted to mining in a region of rolling terrain with relatively flat upland surfaces. Factors such as the life of the mining operations production requirements, types of overburden, local and regional dip of coal, and land reclamation are other important considerations.

Jan 10, 1967

An ore search for commercial titanium-bearing ore deposits is in progress by the Crane Co., manufacturers of valves, because they expect this metal to be important in valve manufacturing in the future. The company will eventually be mining and making titanium sponge. At present they are buying titanium tetrachloride from the Stauffer Chemical Co, at Niagara Falls and making titanium by reaction with magnesium. Production from the Babbitt concentrator of Reserve Mining Co. is scheduled to begin in late 1951 or early 1952. The capacity is to be 300,000 tons of pellets per year made from magnetic taconite concentrates.

Jan 7, 1951

By A. D. Hughes

A relatively small area in Malaya, about 200 miles long by 40 miles wide, is the most important source of tin in the world. Some tin is recovered in other parts of the peninsula. Of the tin mined, 98 pct is recovered from alluvial deposits. From 1935 to 1941 the average annual world production of tin was 190,000 tons. The average annual production from Malaya during the same period was 62,000 tons or about one third of the total. Other producing countries, in order of importance, were the Netherlands East Indies 34,000 tons, Bolivia 30,000, Belgian Congo, Nigeria, Siam, Burma, China, and a few others with smaller amounts. The serious shortage of tin during the war period was due to the fact that the Japanese were occupying Malaya, Netherlands East Indies, Siam, Burma, and China which, together, formerly were producing 65 pct of the world supply. Because of the importance of tin in the world economy, and because of the fact that little is generally known in this country regarding the methods of recovering the tin in Malaya, it is believed that a short description of the industry, as carried on there, may be of interest to many of the readers. In addition you may be interested in the effect of the Japanese occupation, subsequent recovery of the properties and conditions existing at that time. The Malay Peninsula lies at the southeast tip of Asia. Singapore, a British colony, is situated on a small island at the southern end of the peninsula. It is a city of nearly a million population, an important world port, the site of a large British naval base and of one of the tin smelters. The Federation of Malaya consists of nine states, plus Penang, Malacca, and other small areas formerly part of the Straits Settlements, and it now covers the entire peninsula. The civil administration is controlled by the British. A constitution was adopted recently after reaching agreement with the Malay Sultans of the various states, who retain control of religious matters. The Capital is at Kuala Lumpur, a city of about 200,000 population, 250 miles north of Singapore and about half way to Penang. The country covers an area of 51,000 square miles, an area about equal to that of Florida and about one third that of California. It has a population of about seven million consisting of Malays, Chinese, East Indians, and a relatively small number of Europeans. The principal products are tin and rubber. There are over three million acres of planted rubber. The country is not self-supporting agriculturally as about one third of the necessary food supplies is imported. Rice is the principal food of the Asiatic population and some of the recent unrest is caused by a shortage of rice and the consequent high price. Good highways have been built through the settled part of the country. A railway, Government owned, extends from Singapore northward through the entire peninsula. The climate is tropical but health conditions are good for a tropical country. I was in Malaya from 1939 until January 1942, during the time of the simultaneous air attacks on Pearl Harbor, Manila, Hongkong, and Singa-

Jan 1, 1950

By W. K. Hardy, H. H. Stadelmaier, L. J. Huetter

The ternary system Co-Sn-C was studied in the cobalt-rich region. The liquidus projection ulas established and two fonr -phase reactions were found. An isothermal section at 950°C was worked out. In the region studied the following phases were observed: cobalt-rich solid solution, graphite, binary compound y -cobalt-tin, and a ternary compound. As a result of the limited solubility of carbon in liquid cobalt-tin alloys, the investigation was limited to the cobalt-rich region. Tin contents up to 32 at. pct were studied. Cobalt of 99.99 pct purity, tin of 99.97 pct purity and synthetic graphite of 99.93 pct minimum purity prepare the alloys. Carbon determinations of all alloys were obtained by gas volumetric analysis. Samples were investigated microscopically and by X-ray diffraction using CoK, and FeK, radiation. Cooling curves were obtained with a number of alloys to determine the temperature of the four-phase reactions. The thermocouple was calibrated with the melting points of high-purity silver and copper. In the region studied the following phases were observed: Cobalt-rich solid solution (face-centered cubic) Graphite. Binary compound y (solidifies congruently at composition Cop~n)'. Ternary compound k which is face-centered cubic with superlattice and nonferromagnetic.' In Fig. 1 the fields representing the projections of the liquidus surfaces were determined by microscopic investigation and are labled by their primary phase. In the field labled C graphite is the primary phase. During solidification in this field much of the primary graphite was expelled through the surface of the melt. It could not always be established microscopically whether the remaining graphite was primary or purely eutectic. Therefore it was not possible to determine accurately the boundary curve which drops from the binary eutectic el at 1309 "~~ to the point of the four-phase reaction at F. The ter-nary carbide is the primary phase in the field labled k. To the right of this field the primary graphite is consistently nodular whereas flake graphite is observed at tin contents somewhat below F. The ternary carbide does not appear to solidify congruently. The graphite is attacked in a peritectic reaction along the boundary between k and C. Thus no graphite is observed in alloys in the k field. In alloys right of the boundary between k and C the graphite nodules are located in the center of the k crystallites, further documenting the peritectic nature of the reaction with the graphite. A four-phase reaction was found at F and 1120 &3"C. The most likely reaction is L+ CY-Co + C — k. Below the temperature of the binary eutectic ez at 1112" a second four-phase reaction was observed at E and 1100 lt3"C. It is the ternary eutectic L — CY-Co + k + y. Figs. 2(a ) to (e) show microstructures of the ternary alloys in the as-cast condition. Fig. 2(a) shows the eutectic a-Co + C (with some primary graphite) with the carbide k in the grain boundaries. Fig. 2(b) shows primary cobalt (dark areas) and the eutectic a-Co + k which is formed along F-E.

Jan 1, 1961

By C. W. Mason

TIN has long been cited as offering a classic example of polymorphism, second in repute only to the allotropy of sulphur. The notorious "tin disease," which Cohen1 has studied so exhaustively in terms of the enantiotropic transformation of tetragonal white 0 tin to cubic gray a tin, has apparently encouraged the expectation that one or more addi-tional polymorphic modifications might exist. The search for confirma-tion of this idea has, as might be anticipated, led to the accumulation of a body of miscellaneous evidence, much of which would probably never have been sought, or taken seriously even by its discoverers, but for previous assumptions. The ball apparently was started rolling in 1880 by Trechmann,' who reported a new modification of tin (y tin), which was brittle and found in "hard head," a highly arsenical, slaggy material produced in a certain stage of tin smelting. A mixture of two kinds of crystals was obtained from a Cornish tin furnace, and those thought to be y tin were studied crystallographically. The results indicated that these crystals were rhombic and of different density from the tetragonal tin prepared electrolytically by Miller.3 Their analysis was given as 98.7 per cent Sn, 1.3 per cent Fe, and traces of As, Sb, Bi and S. In 1881 von Foullon4 obtained similar crystals from a Bohemian tin furnace. Headden5 examined crystals similar to those of Trechmann and von Foullon and reported them to be monoclinic, but of analysis corresponding to stannous sulphide. Later, Stevanovic,6 by goniometric measurements, proved that these crystals of SnS were really rhombic. Groth7 pictures and describes both "rhombic tin" (Fig. 9, vol. 1) and stannous sulphide (Fig. 84, vol. 1); their faces and angles correspond within the accuracy of measurement. Spencer3 in 1921 examined the above evidence critically; he found similar crystals from Cornish tin furnaces, proved them to be SnS, and even was able to analyze some of Trechmann's original specimens, finding high sulphur content. (Apparently Trechmann's analysis had been based on a second lot of crystals, not described crystallographically.)

Jan 1, 1939

By Edwin M. Chance

During the past 10 years, the safe and efficient lighting of the coal mines of this country has received an ever-increasing amount of attention. Several States have passed laws attempting to regulate the type of lamp to be used and the nature of the fuel to be burned, and the mining departments of coal-mining States have generally shown a keen and intelligent interest in this subject. The passage of the recent Employers' Liability Act in Pennsylvania has made it necessary for many coal-mining companies to take out liability insurance, and the companies underwriting such insurance have made it desirable for the insured to permit the use of none but illuminants of established worth. While these conditions have not obtained for a sufficient length of time to permit the statement that the illumination of coal mines by portable lamps has been standardized, still, considerable progress has been made and the direction of future practice in this branch of coal-mining technology is very evident. Under these conditions it seemed that a review of the methods now used in coalmine illumination, together with a brief consideration of the principles underlying these methods, might be of some interest. Miners' lamps may be divided into three classes: The open light, the electric cap lamp, and the flame safety lamp. It will be desirable to consider each of these classes separately, as each has properties peculiar to itself and one class is hardly comparable with another. In this country, without question, the open light is the most generally used of all miners' lamps. This fact is explained by the relative freedom of a large proportion of our mines from gaseous conditions, and by the admirable systems of ventilation installed in those that show a tendency toward such conditions. In the metal mines, the miner's candle has had and still has considerable vogue. Because of the small amount of ventilation usually supplied in metal mines, the freedom of the candle from any tendency to produce noxious gases or offensive odors, and the small amount of air it consumes, are valuable assets, while, because of the light color of the rocks in which workings are driven, the meager light is not a serious handicap.

Jan 1, 1918

ALASKA Established November 19, 1947 Meets fourth Monday monthly except June through August Term of office ends October Peter O Sandvik, Chairman Denny G Breaid, Vice-Chairman Douglas W Huber, Secretary-Treasurer School of Mines University of Alaska P O Box 337 College, Alaska

Jan 1, 1958

By D. K. Atwood

Experiments resulted in a satisfactory laboratory method for restoring permeability to clay-containing cores damaged by fresh water. Clay contents of a number of field cores were measured, and permeabilities of plugs from these same cores were then deliberately reduced with fresh water. This damage is attributed to swollen and dispersed clays occupying the pore space. After damaging, a number of experiments were performed to meaJure the amount of damage and to establish some means by which permeability could be restored. The experiments included flooding the damaged cores with water-miscible fluids such as salt water, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol. Permeability was not successfully restored in these experiments. However, part of the damage was repaired by flooding with oil; when water was removed by distillation in the presence of immiscible fluids such as air or toluene, permeability was completely restored. This evidence suggested that swollen and dispersed clays could be collapsed to their original volume by strong interfacial and capillary forces. It was further postulated that the required forces could be generated by flooding the damaged cores with a solvent partially miscible with water. The flooding experiments were repeated using n-hex-an01 as the partially miscible solvent. Permeability was restored to five of six damaged cores and substantially increased in the sixth. A large fraction of the restored permeability was retained even after water saturation was raised to its original value with 12 per cent salt water. INTRODUCTION Sharp reductions in permeability often occur when relatively fresh water contacts clay-containing formations during drilling and workover operations. These permeability losses are caused by removing inorganic ions from the environment surrounding the clay, and consequent swelling and/or dispersion of clay minerals into the available pore space.' This phenomenon is generally termed clay damage, fresh-water damage, or simply formation damage; it causes large losses in current revenue by preventing oil wells from making their allowable production. Attempts to repair the damage and restore permeability by flowing salt water solutions or brines through clay-damaged cores containing montmorillonite have been unsuccessful.' This irreversibility is thought to result from formation of brush-heap, or edge-to-face, structures when the dispersed clay is flocculated. The brush-heap structures occupy much more space than the close packed domains present before damage.' One solution of the problem is to destroy the clay-water brush-heap and thus restore permeability. Because no satisfactory method existed for restoring permeability to clay-containing formations damaged by fresh water, the work described in this paper was under taken. The laboratory experiments generally consisted of deliberately damaging fresh cores containing clay and then attempting to repair this damage by various means. Results indicate that generating strong interfacial forces within the pore space of damaged cores collapses the clay brush-heap and restores permeability. These forces are most conveniently generated by flowing partially water-miscible solvents, such as n-hexanol, through a core. THEORY OF THE DAMAGE PROCESS The most common clay mineral groups known to cause permeability damage to formations are the mont-morillonites, kaolins, chlorites and illites. These clays are constructed of particles which can adsorb water on their surfaces and edges and, in the case of montmorillonite, between layers of the basic particle itself. This adsorption increases as water salinity decreases. At low salinities the particles disperse into the aqueous phase. When the clays present in the formation are kaolin, chlorite and illite, dispersion accounts completely for permeability damage to porous media. However, unlike the other clays, montmorillonite particles can imbibe water and adsorb ions between layers of sub-particles, or platelets. These platelets have net negative charges on their faces and are held together by exchangeable (or removable) cations such as Na and Ca decrease in ion concentration (salinity) in the fluid surrounding a particle causes migration of water into the clay layers and disperses the basic particle, while diffusion removes the original exchangeable ions from between the platelets. Once these ions are removed, the facing negative platelets repel each other, causing the montmorillonite to swell until, for all practical purposes, the individual platelets are dispersed. For this reason, fresh-water* damage is much more severe in sands containing montmorillonite than it is in sands containing other clays. Many investigators have shown that even trace amounts of montmorillonite can be responsible for marked reduction in the permeability of reservoir sands in the presence of fresh water." ." Monaghan and others have shown that fresh-water damage in montmorillonite-containing cores cannot be

Jan 1, 1965

By R. E. Reed-Hill

A simple accurate graphical method for orienting fcc crystals using (111) slip traces on a single surface is described. Solutions placing the pole of the surface in a unit stereographic triangle are obtained using a Wulffnet, a (111) standard projection showing the four (111) planes, and a (111) standard projection ruled into unit stereogmphic triangles. The multiplicity of solutions is described in relation to this method. AN accurate, rapid single-surface technique for orienting fcc crystals, using (111) slip or twin traces, has been a matter of continuing interest, as evidenced by the periodic appearance of papers on this subject.'-4 This note presents a new method possessing some advantages over those previously reported. It is an analog to the technique for hcp metals5 where the solution is based upon a stereographic rotation of the specimen surface on a (0002) standard projection that contains the planes of the possible features that might account for the observed traces. In the hexagonal solution, the axis of rotation is the basal-plane trace in the surface. In the fcc case, the axis of rotation is one of the observed ( 111) slip or twin traces. It has been observed that the solution is greatly facilitated if the indicated movements of the (111) traces during the rotation of the surface are plotted directly on a paper copy of a Wulff net as shown schematically in Fig. 1. The trace selected to represent the axis of rotation is assumed to fall at the north-south poles of the Wulff net. The directions of the other traces are then plotted as points at the proper angles around one-half of the basic circle of the net. The loci of points corresponding to the movements of these traces (directions) during a 90-deg rotation of the surface, about the polar axis of the net, are then easily and accurately drawn by following the appropriate small circles on the Wulff net. The solutions to the problem are obtained with the aid of a (111) standard projection of the (111) planes, see Fig. 2. This is normally a Xerox copy of a carefully drawn master made on high-quality tracing paper. The (111) standard projection is superimposed over the Wulff net and rotated about its center until the points of intersection of the loci of surface traces, drawn on the Wulff net, and the great circles representing the (111) traces, all lie along a common meridian of the Wulff net as demonstrated in Fig. 3. This latter great circle represents a possible position of the surface. The pole of this plane is then plotted on the (111) standard projection. Its location in a unit stereographic triangle may be readily obtained by superimposing (over the standard projection) another tracing paper (111) standard projection subdivided into unit stereographic triangles. The result of this last operation is shown in Fig. 4. MULTIPLICITY OF THE SOLUTIONS The maximum possible number of (111) traces on a single grain surface is four. Any one may be selected as the axis about which the surface is rotated. Corresponding to each such choice are three possible surface-pole orientations, related to each other by a simple 120-deg rotation about the pole of the (111) basic circle. This is a direct result of the threefold symmetry of the (111) standard projection. Since each of the four rotations will normally give a different set of three-pole positions, there are, accordingly, twelve possible solutions. Each of these twelve solutions places the surface pole in the same relative position in a stereographic triangle so that all are crystallo-graphically equivalent. Accordingly, only a single solution is required to obtain a basic orientation of the crystal. It should be noted, however, that the orientations obtained by reflecting* any of these twelve orien- *The reflected orientations may be obtained by a 90-deg rotation of the opposite sense to that shown in Fig. 1. This rotation places the correspond-ing trace loci in the lower hemisphere of the Wulff net rather than in the upper hemisphere. tations through the surface are also possible orientations that could account for the surface traces. Thus, a given set of four traces always corresponds to a pair of basic orientations related by reflection through the specimen surface. This ambiguity can only be re-

Jan 1, 1967

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Jan 1, 1918

By Frank A. Hill

A visitor to the Northern anthracite coal-field in 1844 wrote: " History and song have hallowed the valley of Wyoming, and everything pertaining to it seems wrapped in an atmosphere of romance." Song and history have since been almost forgotten in the rush of enterprise and business energy, while the invested capital which has built 160 colliery plants, producing last year 17,031,826 tons of coal and giving employment to 50,000 men and boys, lends an atmosphere the inspiration of which is the very sustenance of prosperity and progress. The fundamental cause of this great valley's financial strength, however, rests on the fulness of its mineral wealth. Its mountains surround and its cities are built upon anthracite coal. Its foundation, physically, financially and socially, is coal. Its geology has governed its growth and developed its greatness. In 1768, ten years, prior to the celebrated Wyoming massacre, two Connecticut Yankees, named Gore, settled near Wilkesbarre, Luzerne County, and, burning Pennsylvania anthracite in their blacksmith's forges, were the first to utilize it as a fuel. Its first use in the household was also at Wilkesbarre, where, in 1808, Judge Fell burned it in an open grate. Carbondale, Wilkesbarre, and Scranton were early recognized as the coal centers of the field.

Jan 1, 1887

By Frank T. Wheby

The cost of tunneling is highly sensitive to the rock characteristics through which the tunnel is to be driven. These characteristics affect in a major way the rates at which tunnels and shafts can be driven and the degree to which the openings must be supported to maintain them in a permanent stable condition. Tunnel and shaft design and cost criteria have been computerized, permitting estimates of tunnel-shaft systems to be made directly from inputs of rock mechanics characteristics and other data. Curves of quantities of steel, rock bolts, and other rock support items as related to tunnel size and rock quality designation are presented. An illustrative example of the use of the program in calculating the cost of a hypothetical tunnel system is included.

Jan 1, 1971

By G. L. Gates

The comments by George L. Gates are appropriate to the characteristics that we sought to feature in our study and they are appreciated by the authors. In our laboratory deposition tests the smoothness of the surface seemed to be more important than the type of surface. However, we also noted that even where very smooth glass, plastic or polished metal coupons were used, scale deposition still occurred though the rate varied. Much more information is needed, however, and new work to solve the mineral scale deposition problem by mechanical and chemical means is expected to continue.

By R. C. Ferguson, B. Bernstrom

R.C. Ferguson (District Manager, Hardinge Company Inc., Hibbing, Minn.) — In the opening paragraph of Mr. Bernstrom's paper he stated that the Cascade mill performance information is preliminary. With the completion of the 1962 operating season, more reliable performance information became available. The main bearings, which had been damaged, were reconditioned at the factory. New Gatke bearing bushings with a 120° are of contact were supplied. Provision was made to introduce high pressure lubricant at two points in each bearing. New spherical bearing balls that operate in spherical seats were aligned at the factory and held in place by several setscrews to aid in installing the bearings in the field. The screws were not loosened prior to, or during, operation; therefore, the bearings operated as rigid bearings. The lubricant cooling system was changed to the cooling tower type to provide lubricating water of a suitable temperature. Another refinement consisted of installing a device to add a set percentage of soluble oil to the make-up water.

Jan 1, 1963

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Jan 1, 1938

By Arthur F. Taggart

ENGINEERING education today is like a crazy quilt of somber wools and gaudy shoddy, chain-stitched on an academic assembly line, and sold at ever mounting prices to inexperienced youths for lifetime use. Each engineering school offers a half-dozen or so patterns with essentially the same skimpy wool content. Sales appeal is in the color of the shoddy, denoted by the hopeful adjectives chemical, civil and the like. This article is argument for an all wool product made by slow, careful handwork. Bluntly it proposes a thorough four-year undergraduate drill in fundamental science and general engineering empirics, leavened by continuing study of the third of the engineer's troubles: Man. It is not contended that existing methods of engineering education have failed to start men on the path to successful engineering practice (too many of you have started that way); rather, social conditions and the bounds of knowledge have changed tremendously, and corresponding alterations in the pattern of engineering education are overdue. We'll Teach the Specifics The first part of this contention is illustrated by excerpts from a letter received recently from an officer of one of the largest corporations: "We are interested in employing two or three outstanding young engineers to be placed on a special training program to develop them as design and construction engineers.... "We propose to put these men on a four-month indoctrination and orientation course after which they would be given job-training assignments for a period that will vary from about six months to about a year and a half depending upon the aptitudes, abilities and intelligence of the candidates.... "I am not too fussy about what kind of engineers the men might be insofar as academic courses are concerned. They could be.. . in almost any engineering classification.... We can furnish the additional training beyond the academic fundamentals. "The starting rate for these jobs would be $326 per month...." This letter is not unique; rather it is representative of a practice that has become common. It is industry's enforced response to the general refusal by young graduates to submit to union domination in order to gain operating experience at the labor level. The message to engineering schoolteachers is plain: You teach the fundamentals; we'll teach our practice and pay the graduate to learn it. The letter means to the student that time spent in school studying the specific practices of particular industries is waste compounded. The school can't give the equivalent of what industry teaches, wherefore industry will still demand apprenticeship. The student must pay for the specific instruction at school instead of being paid to take it later. And time-consuming specifics crowd out drill in basic scientific and technical subjects as well as liberal arts.

Jan 1, 1952

For his achievement in building the Panama Canal, Major-Gen. George W. Goethals was presented, on May 22, the John Fritz medal, the highest mark of distinction in the engineering profession. In the absence, in Europe, of Clemens Herschel, chairman of the Board of Award, Charles F. Rand presided over the meeting. Col. John J. Carty, who was chairman of the Board of Award at the time the medal was awarded to Gen. Goethals, and who ordinarily would have presented the medal, was detained in Paris by Government work, so the presentation was made by Ambrose Swasey. When calling the assembly to order, the Chairman said: This medal has been awarded by a Board representing four of the National Engineering Societies: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Institute of Electrical Engineers. The medal was established in 1902, in honor of that great American engineer, John Fritz, and has never been awarded except to very distinguished men. In. 1902, the first award was made to John Fritz for scientific and industrial achievement. In 1905, to Lord Kelvin for his work in cable telegraphy and other scientific attainments. In 1906, to George Westinghouse for the invention and development of the air brake. In 1907, to Alexander Graham Bell for the invention and introduction of the telephone. In 1908, to Thomas A. Edison for the invention of the duplex and quadruplex telegraph, the phonograph, the development of a commercially practical incandescent lamp, the development of a complete system of electric lighting, including dynamos, regulating devices, underground system protective devices and meters. In 1909, to Charles T. Porter for his work in advancing the knowledge of steam engineering and in improvements in engine construction. In 1910, to Alfred Noble for notable achievements as a civil engineer. In 1911, to Sir William H. White for notable achievements in naval architecture. In 1912, to Robert W. Hunt for his contributions to the early development of the Bessemer process. In 1914, to Professor John E. Sweet for his achievements in machine design. In 1915, to Dr. James Douglas for notable achievement in mining, metallurgy, education, and industrial welfare. In 1916, to Dr. Elihu Thomson for achievement in electrical invention, in electrical engineering and industrial development, and in scientific research. In. 1917, to Dr. Henry M. Howe for his investigations in metallurgy, especially in the metallography of iron and steel. In 1918, to J. Waldo Smith for achievement as engineer in providing the City of New York with a supply of water. And now to General Goethals for achievement as the builder of the Panama Canal_

Jan 7, 1919

Jan 1, 1928

By J. A. Corbyn

An analysts of mining investment from the point of view of financial optimization is presented. The method uses differential equations to describe financial performance rather than the more usual method of modeling mine accounts from year to year. The analysis shows there is a optimum mine life that can be easily determined if certain simplifications are made. Tables are given to facilitate computation of the optimum life.

Jan 1, 1985

The plan recently started for the organization of a Division of Re-search and Statistics in the American Petroleum Institute will probably shortly be consummated. It is proposed to expend $500,000 annually for this research work. The organization's work, as now outlined, pro-vides for a Technical Director, who is to be in general charge of all the work. He is to be assisted by Consulting Technical Experts, who are to be distinguished specialists in the industry and are to serve without pay. In addition, there is to be an advisory committee made up of one representative from the Bureau of Standards, Bureau of Mines, Geo-logical Survey, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi-neers, Society of Automotive Engineers, National Automobile Chamber, of Commerce, American Society for Testing Materials, American Chem-ical Society, and the National Research Council. This committee is to meet regularly to discuss the problems of the petroleum industry. An engineer and chief economist are to assist the Director.- The econ-omist is to be in charge of statistics, economic phases of the industry, and publicity. It is the intention to centralize in the Institute all infor-mation that may be required by the States or Federal Government, which would be of value to members of the Institute. This includes prices of crude oil, refined products, and natural gas. The engineer of the division is to coordinate the research work to be undertaken by, the subdivisions of production, chemical engineering, utilization, and special research. Systematic study is to be made of the

Jan 12, 1919