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By Frederic Dewey

IT IS common to blame irregular assay results upon volatilization and much has been written upon the subject, but there is no. real evidence that, in a properly conducted assay, the loss of either gold or silver by volatilization is sufficient to affect appreciably the result, even when, arsenic or antimony may be present. Bulk assays of flue dust from assay muffles have been published, but the data given are totally insufficient to even approximate the volatilization from a single assay; and such figures as we have indicate the volatilization to be extremely small. Diligent search in the literature and wide inquiry among assayers and instructors have failed to produce a single case where the litharge volatilized in making an assay has been collected and assayed for gold and silver. Having attempted to do this, with most indifferent success, I am not surprised that this has not been done. While various textbooks give volatilization as a cause of loss in cupellation, it may safely be said that in the rare cases where this volatilization is sufficient to affect appreciably the result it is due to excessive temperature. Percy1 says "The loss of silver by volatilization during cupellation is very slight (unless the temperature has been much too high), and may be disregarded." This statement is repeated by the Beringers2 and Smith,3 who includes gold with silver. Mitchell4 says the litharge fume rarely contains over one ten-thousandth of silver. Campredon5 says that at a proper temperature no silver is lost by volatilization.

Jan 2, 1920

By R. H. Wightman, C. D. Chandler, P. B. Nalle

SURFACE quarrying at the Crestmore Div. of Riverside Cement Co. in California was started in 1909. In the early 1920's it was considered that these deposits were nearly exhausted for the equipment available at that time, and in 1927 the company began a block caving system. This mine continued operating until February 1954. In 1941 trucks and crawler-mounted shovels had reached a stage of development that permitted reopening the quarries in conjunction with the underground mine. In 1948 surface reserves and the well developed limestone of the caving system neared depletion. To go deeper with the caving system was unattractive because of the economics, changes in physical structure of the rock at depth, and the perched water table

Jan 4, 1957

There are not many data about early coal production in Kentucky, but some legislative reports, early geological studies and occasional newspaper articles have left some figures. The earliest production with any authentic record is that of Lee County, the coal being boated down the Kentucky River to Frankfort. While never a large producer, this county has the longest record in the State. Production is recorded in several of the western coal counties in 1820, and in several others a few years later. The early production in Greenup County was for the iron furnaces operating there. Clay County had a large salt output in the early days and this required a large output, for those days, of coal; the amount of fuel is based on the quantity of salt. It will be noticed that several counties on the Ohio River produced considerable quantities of coal before the Civil War, much of it being consumed by the river steamers. Since the end of the war, these counties have never occupied the relatively important position they had prior to that time. All of the coal produced in the eastern mountain counties moved out of them by water before the war, and during that struggle nearly all mining was stopped. The growth of the railroads after the war greatly reduced the river traffic from these counties, and in some cases it was never renewed. The coal shipped from Lawrence County prior to 1861 all moved by water; after that date there was no production excepting for local use until 1879, and since that time, all shipments have been by rail. Some of the early railroad reports have been helpful in reporting shipments, but for the early years very few of them can be found, and after about 1879 the quantities reported cannot be identified as to origin. Pres. J. B. Hill, Louisville and Nashville Railroad, furnished all of the data available for his line. Sources of data are shown on Table 61; other figures are estimated. A list of early Kentucky mines is given in Table 13.

Jan 1, 1942

Members whose deaths were reported from Apr 7, 1923, to Apr 5, 1924 Elected Died 1918 ADKINSON, HENRY M 1923 1900 AGNEW, WILLIAM C 1923 1894 ASHLEY, H H 1923 1897 AUSTIN, KENNETH 1924 1903 AYERS, EMMA L C 1923 1913 BAECHTOLD, CHARLES A 1924 1900 BAIN, HUGH A 1924 1919 BASHORE, E GORGAS 1923 1920 BATTELLE, GORDON 1923 1923 BAYLES, GERARD L 1924 1881 BROCK, CHARLES 1923 1903 BROOKE, HENRY 1923 1876 BROWN, HARVEY H 1923 1904 BROWN, THOMAS E 1923 1919 BUCK, DANIEL M 1924 1906 CHALMERS, THOMAS S 1924 1881 CLEMES, JOHN H 1923 1896 COLLINS, HENRY F 1924 1871 COURTIS, WILLIAM M 1923 1915 CRESSON, B F, JR 1923 1921 CROWE, WALDO P 1923 1920 DARNELL, J ORA 1923 1911 DAVIS, HENRY G 1924 1918 DAVIS, ROBERT S 1923 1916 DEANE, WILLARD A 1924 1901 DEMPSTER, WILLIAM 1924 1911 DEVEREUX, W B, JR 1923 1895 DICKENSON, F M 1924 1904 DRUM, FRANK G 1924 1875 DUDLEY, P H 1924 1916 EATON, ARTHUR 1923 1919 EATON,SHERMAN 1924 1911 GRIFFITH, WILLIAM 1924 1919 HILSDALE, PAUL 1923 1922 HODGES, I F 1923 1916 HOFIUS, MAX, T 1924 1914 HUGHES, HOWARD R 1924 1919 HUMMEL, CARL B 1923 1874 HUNT, ROBERT W 1923 1921 JONES, ERNEST EVANS 1923 1917 JOSLIN, CHARLES T 1923 1918 KASJENS, JACOB G 1923 1899 KIRKEGAARD, PETER 1924 1920 KLAUS, HARRY C 1923 1892 KNOERTZER, HENRI1924

Jan 1, 1923

The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as com- pared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams. Coal at Wales, in Sanpete county, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it "rock that would burn." In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe. New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.

Jan 1, 1925

By L. A. Morley, W. T. Parry

Engineering design problems encountered by mining engineers often depend on the properties of natural granular materials such as soil, poorly consolidated sediment, fault gouge, and hydrothermally produced clay. The physical properties of such granular materials frequently are determined by the properties of silicate clays. In most mining applications, the clays are in contact with water. Swelling of clay due to water infiltration can interfere with underground support and haulage systems. Water-saturated clay on fault, fracture, and bedding planes causes slope failures in open pit mines, roof falls and heaving of weak underclays in coal mines. Water may be removed and cementing agents may be produced in clays by electrical methods. When an electrical potential gradient is applied to a charged capillary by two electrodes, water moves toward the negative electrode.1 This electrokinetic phenomena is known as electroosmosis and has been used to successfully dewater clay minerals which lack strength because of water. A consolidation effect occurs when the flow of water is accompanied by a decrease in water content. Electrochemical changes in the clay result in cementing and irreversible hardening. Theory A mathematical basis of electroosmotic phenomena is presented by Helmholtz.3 Smoluchowski5 modifies Helmholtz’ model and presents Eq. 1 to describe fluid flow velocity due to electroosmosis. For this formula, the zeta potential can be measured experimentally. The Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model is reasonably valid for clay aggregates with large pores saturated with fresh water or dilute electrolyte solutions.° An assumption used for Eq. 1 (equations are given Table 1; terms are defined in Table 2) is that the thickness of the electrical double layer surrounding the clay particles is small compared with the pore radii. Because this is generally not the case, Schmid7 presents Eq. 2. The volume charge density in the pore may be approximated from cation exchange capacity and porosity measurements. Casagrande8 offers a semi-empirical relationship (Eq. 3) for volume rate of electroosmotic flow and finds that k, is relatively constant for most clays with an average

Jan 1, 1972

By Ferit Gurses

EXTENSIVE coal and lignite deposits exist in Turkey. Bituminous coal is the nation's principal mineral resource; important not only as fuel for the industrial development of the country, but also as a means of obtaining foreign exchange. Of the electrical power generated during 1939, 82.8 per cent was derived from coal.1 It is anticipated that the lignite deposits will be one of the major sources of power for the electrification of the country. BITUMINOUS COAL The locations of the four principal bituminous-coal2 basins are indicated on Fig. 1. The Eregli-Zonguldak basin lies on the Black Sea northwest of Ankara; the Canakkale basin lies near the junction of the Dardannelles; the Trakya basin is in European Turkey northwest of the Bosphorus and the Erzurum basin lies far to the east. The Eregli-Zonguldak basin is the most important of the four. This coal basin was discovered in 1829 but did not arouse interest until 1848; up to 1865, its annual production had not exceeded 50,000 metric tons. In 1865, during the Sultanate, working of coal mines was started by the Navy department, and the annual production was 61,145 metric tons. In 1908, the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture was authorized to develop the whole coal basin. Production reached 264,397 metric tons in 1910, and during 1915-1922, preceding the revolution, the total production of the basin was 2,676,043, or an average of 334,000 metric tons annually. The period of national revolution that followed was marked by a steady increase in coal production in Turkey, although world production decreased, because of the crisis of 1929-1932, about 52 per cent. AREA AND GEOLOGY OF THE COAL BASIN The geology of the Eregli-Zonguldak area is not yet completely known. The basin begins at Gungazi, to the west of Eregli, and extends to Sogutozu, a distance of about 106 miles. The coal beds, however, appear only in places and the overlying Cretaceous strata hide them elsewhere. This area includes the most important centers, such as Kandilli, Alacaagzi, Teflenli, Kozlu, Gelik (see Fig. 2). The geological sequence of the district is correlated with the Cretaceous of the Balkans; which is, in turn, a prolongation of the Alpine zone. Geological surveys made by G. Ralli, R. Zeiller and P. Arni3 show that the Eregli-Zonguldak formations fall into three natural divisions. Series a, The Alacaagzi in the district of that name (Fig. 2), is of the Culm stage. The strata strike generally east-west and dip about 30° south. This series appears also around Kandilli and Camli, with a steeper angle of dip, but the deposits there lack regularity. The Alacaagzi stage appears also farther east, to the south of Kozlu and Gelik. The Alacaagzi series contains 15 seams of an average thickness of 2 ½ ft. of good coal. Series b, the Kozlu, best represented in Zonguldak, Kilimli, Catalagzi, and between

Jan 1, 1944

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By H. W. Becker, C. C. Frye, A. V. Degau, A. Masuda

Natural gas containing 25.65 per cent hydrogen sulfide and 4.75 per cent carbon dioxicle is gathered frorn eight \veih arid tratzsporrcd 26 miles at a flow rate of 160 MMcf/D and at operating pressures of frotrl 1,200 to 1,800 psig. Dry desiccant dehydrators at each wellsite tnaintaitz the dew point of the gas below 17F. Telemetering facililies permit control of field operations from a central instrunlent console. Corrosion control ineasures, design coilsiderations and material specifications pertainitz to these specia1 conditions are cliscussed. INTRODUCTION Natural gas containing 25.65 per cent H2S and 4.75 pcr cent CO, is produced from the Pine Creek field, Alta. It is dehydrated at wellheads, gathered at 2.200 psig and transported 26 miles to the Windfall field where it is delivered to the inlet of injection compressors at 1,800 psig. The daily average volume of gas transported is 160 MMcf. The project is believed to be unique in its combination of percentage of hydrogen sulfide, operating pressure and transportation distance. This paper describes the project and presents details of some of the design features, corrosion control program and centralized automatic operational control. The Pine Creek field project is one phase of a joint operation of two fields—thc other being the Windfall field. The two fields lie about 30 miles north of Edson, Alta. and 20 miles west of Whitecourt, Alta., respectively, as shown on the map (Fig. 1). They are owned by the same interests and operated according to a plan for maximum economic recovery of products. The Windfall Leduc D-3 reservoir contains a rich condensate-bearing gas containing 15.5 per cent HIS. The gas from the Pine Creek field contains only very small quantities of butane and heavier products. The Windfall reservoir is being cycled to obtain maximum condensate recovery using gas from the Pine Creek field as the displacing fluid, while producing the residue sales gas for both fields from the Windfall field. The Pine Creek field development and gas-gathering facilities are shown on the map (Fig. 2). The producing formation is the Leduc D-3 reef at a depth of 11,300 ft. The original reservoir pressure was 4,590 psia at 7,400 ft subsea and the temperature is 245F. Eight wells are equippcd with dry desiccant dehydrators with the following capacity ratings: three at 35 MMcf/D; three at 20 MMcf/D; and two at 10 MMcf/D. WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT Dry desiccant dehydrators were designed to reduce the water content of the saturated wellhead stream to 2.5 lb of water/MMcf at 2,000 psig. This specification was necessary to prevent hydrates and corrosion forming in the pipeline which will operate at temperatures as low as 20F. A typical flow diagram is shown in Fig. 3, and Fig. 4 is a photograph of one of the wellhead installations. Some of the design details given below are subject to modification in the field. The well-stream flowing temperatures range from 135 to 170F. Wellhead flowing pressures up to 3,200 psig are reduced to the dehydrator-operating pressure of about 2,100 psig by throttling through a pressure control valve. The gas is then passed through an aerial cooler where its temperature is reduced to 105F. thus removing over half

The great additional clue given to professional books by adequate alphabetical and analytical indexes has been recognized from the beginning in the publication of the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers The bust ten volumes, edited by Dr Thomas M Drown, the secretary, were provided with indexes, as well as tables of contents Moreover, he included in Vol V (published in 1877), a consolidated index of Vols I to V , inclusive, and, at the triune of his resignation in 1884, he had prepared a similar index of Vols I to X , inclusive, which was published in the following year The indexes of the annual volumes from Vol XI on were made much more extensive than their predecessors Casual mentions, as well as important discussions, were included, the geographical localities of mines of works alluded to in the text were added in the index, and numerous cross-references were introduced, with the purpose of making it easy for the student to discover at once what the Transactions contained, either of thorough treatment or of hints and clues to further inquiry, concerning any topic, locality, or person within their scope In order to extend the advantages of this larger scheme to the earlier volumes a consolidated index of Vols I to XV , inclusive (published in 1888), was prepared by compiling the several annual indexes and introducing additional items for those preceding Vol XI Vol XX , issued in 1892, contained a similar consolidated index for Vols XVI to XX , inclusive, in 1897, a sepal ate index-volume, covering Vols XXI to XXV, inclusive, was published, and on 1902 appeared another for Vols XXVI to XXX These four indexes, for Vols I to XV, XVI to XX, XXI to XXV , and XXVI to XXX, respectively, bound together into a book of about 950 octavo pages have constituted for the last five year s a consolidated index to the Transactions which they cover-with the single difference that the book had to be consulted four times, where a single comprehensive index would require to be consulted but once This disadvantage, however, was relatively small, compared with the great convenience of finding by four trials m one book what would otherwise call for 30 separate searches in 30 books Moreover, the possession of the one might be most useful to a student who did not possess the 30, by indicating to him what they con-

Jan 1, 1907

By R. G. Knickerbocker

A most important research and development item on ferroalloys in the calendar year of 1949 was the increase of interest in the recovery of secondary manganese. Owing to the importance of manganese to the nation's welfare, it is Ferroalloys most necessary that all possible avenues of research and development on the recovery of this vital metal be investigated. The principal objective of this new development is to recover manganese from steel furnace slags. Steel furnace slags contain a total of approximately 772,000 tons of metallic manganese which is compared to the 680,000 tons of metallic manganese as ferromanganese that is estimated to be used by the steel industry, annually, at this time.

Jan 6, 1950

By R. E. Head, E. L. Tucker

Previous investigations of E. L. Tucker and R. E. Head' related in particular to the effect of cyanogen compounds on galena, sphalerite, and pyrite, and their behavior in the presence of such compounds. The present contribution deals with the floatability of the copper minerals and of pyrite. All experiments were performed on minus 200-mesh material, the method of preparation being the same as that described in the previous article. Flotation tests were made in a small mechanically agitated machine of 50-gm. capacity designed in this laboratory by Gates and Jacobsen.2 General Naval Stores pine oil No. 5 and potassium xanthate were used in constant amount in all of the experiments; these agents were selected because of their present wide use in the flotation of copper minerals. Time additions were varied to secure four final hydrogen ion concentrations, namely, neutral, 0.0005 per cent. CaO, 0.003 per cent. CaO, and 0.02 per cent. CaO. The variation in lime addition was introduced to include the range of alkalinities employed in actual flotation practice. The minerals employed were the purest obtainable. Their analyses are shown in the following tabulation: Table 1.—Analyses of Minerals Employed in Experiments mineral Cu Fe Cao S MgO Insol. Chalcocite .............. 77 02 0.49 0.29 21.70 0.08 0.28 Chalcopyrite............. 34.50 29.20 0.23 34.10 0.07 1.42 Bornite................. 64.30 9.30 0.12 23.70 0.10 1.95 Pyrite....................... 36.90 1.12 49.70 .... 1.51

Jan 1, 1926

The production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania started a few years after that in Virginia. For forty-five years all the production came from the Pittsburgh bed, and since that time its total output in value has exceeded that of any other single mineral deposit in the world. It has been impossible to separate the outputs of the four counties producing it at that time, as none of it came from Greene County until many years later, and the figures in the first column of Table 49 represent all the coal coming from Allegheny, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland Counties. The years prior to 1790 are grouped on account of space limitations, they were made in the same manner as the later ones. All outputs have been rounded into hundreds, or thousands of tons because their accuracy does not warrant further subdivision. All figures are net tons, and all represent production and not shipments; this distinction in the early days when transportation facilities were scarce meant a great deal. In the period 1820-1835, more coal was used in salt-making in western Pennsylvania than for any other single purpose, but not a ton of such coal was handled by any transport agency. Later the iron industry used large quantities of local coal without shipment, and other instances can be cited. Prior to 1832, the only means of shipment of coal, excepting by wagons, was by the rivers, and this tonnage was larger than is generally believed. In Table 23, all of the available data about production from the Pittsburgh bed have been shown. After 1844 the river shipments above Pittsburgh are accurately reported by the Monongahela Navigation Company, but its figures do not include tonnage loaded on the river below Dam No. 1, nor that brought down Saw Mill Run. Prior to 1844 no tonnage records were kept although the amount moved was considerable. The information about local production, not shipped, whether used domestically or for manufacturing is necessarily incomplete. Column 7, shipments by railroad, river and canal, includes the figures in column 4, and until at least 1857 are quite evidently too low. The figures in column 9 are largely estimates based on the data shown and prior to 1870, and perhaps later, are much more likely to be lower, rather than higher, than the actual ones. This table was prepared over a period of years, and as additional data were found the revisions necessary were almost always upward. Clearfield County was the next producer in the state, shipments-in small amounts going down the Susquehanna River; some were made later via the West Branch Canal. Railroad facilities became available in 1862, and the growth in production increased rapidly and steadily. All available data and the estimated totals are in Table 24. Butler County began mining a few years after Clearfield, the early output

Jan 1, 1942

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman,. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. - WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. HENRY A. WENTWORTH, Secretary-Treasurer, 60 India St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. FRANK A. ROSS, Chairman. RUSH J. WHITE, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. FREDERIC KEFFER, FRANCIS A. THOMSON.

Jan 5, 1915

By Leon Dominian

I. INTRODUCTION APART from local needs in the country's development, the interest attached to Turkish fuels grows chiefly out of the importance of the railway industry in Asiatic Turkey. Geographical conditions make of the tracks in this region the most essential link in a chain of world-girdling lines. By its position Asia Minor can be likened to a bridge in the through routes destined to connect European factories with Asiatic and African markets. An uninterrupted right-of-way from points in central Europe to populous Indian cities must necessarily pass through the valleys A Anatolia. Crossing thence the Taurus Mountains its natural passage is indicated as the Mesopotamian lowland and the shores of the Indian Ocean. Similarly land connection between Europe and Africa can be obtained only by passage through Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. The occurrence of fuel within an area of such significance from the

Jan 6, 1916

By O. W. Ellis

IN VIEW of the extensive use of the brasses and bronzes in engineering practice it is indeed surprising that so little scientific work has been done on the oxides in these alloys. Recognition of the ill effects of these compounds is universally accorded, both in foundry procedure and in such specifications as cover the melting of these useful mixtures. In the latter, limits, for example, are placed on the proportions of scrap metal in the charge, and clauses governing the use of fluxes are included, the addition of fluxes to the charge being made with the object of avoiding oxidation during the process of melting and of subducing and separating non-metallic matter from the melt.1 In the manufacture of brass it occasionally, though rarely, occurs that the virgin metals, copper and zinc, alone are used. In the event of virgin metals being employed, that of the higher melting point is always melted first. If it is melted under suitable conditions, little or no oxidation will occur. Whether oxidation has occurred or not, however, can best be determined by microscopic examination of a sample taken from the melt.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. P. Mathewson

THE OLD Pueblo smelter is being dismantled after 43 years of continuous operation, from 1878 to 1921. It was built by Mather and Geist, on a bluff overlooking the Arkansas River just below the, city of Pueblo. At the time of its construction Pueblo was considered a most favorably situated town for a custom smelter. Coal, coke, fuel, limestone, iron ore, lead, silver, and, gold ores were plentiful. It was a "downhill pull" from all directions to Pueblo. Labor, both common and skilled, was plentiful and efficient. Leadville was in bonanza and there were not sufficient furnaces in Colorado to handle the ore offered. The plant prospered from the start. It soon required more capital; so the owners; with the assistance of Thomas Nickerson of Boston, at that time prominent in the affairs of the A., T. & S. F. railway, formed the Pueblo Smelting & Refining Co. About this time, also, very heavy shipments of rich silver ore from New Mexico began to come in. Agencies were established for the purchase of ores in the most important mining camps in the country from Kingman, Ariz., to Butte, Mont. Highly siliceous silver-bearing ores from Butte were shipped to Pueblo in train loads. This was used chiefly in the concentration of leady mattes. RECOLLECTIONS OF MR. GEIST, FOUNDER OF PLANT Mr. Geist is living in Guadalajara and has sent the following brief letter: "Early in 1878 the firm of Mather & Geist, which had been operating in Utah and had then closed their smelter there, after diligent search for a new location selected Pueblo. We erected the first smelter in the valley, blowing in the first furnace in 1878. Mather & Geist carried on until January, 1882, when they transferred all their business to the Pueblo Smelting & Refining Co., which had been organized in December, 1881. Full details of this transfer are given in the enclosed Report, which was issued early in 1882, for the purpose of interesting more capital, in which we succeeded admirably. "I personally did all the work of manager and super-intendent, some job in these days. My technical quali-fications were that I was a member of the class of 1866, Yale Sheffield Scientific. I was born in 1848, so was the youngest member of the class.

Jan 11, 1923

By J. Parke Channing

IT IS most appropriate for mining engineers and in fact for all engineers to perfect themselves in leader-ship, because in the last ten years there has been a growing realization on the part of capital that there is no man who by capacity and training is better fitted to manage industrial production than the engineer. In high places the engineer and particularly the mining engineer is coming into his own. We have Mr. Hoover as Secretary of Commerce, Mr. Hammond as the head of the Federal Fact-finding Coal Commission, and Prince Caetani as Royal Italian Ambassador, all mining engineers. More and more in all industries is the manager more likely to be an engineer than he was five, ten, fifteen or twenty years ago, and the feeling is that the man who has had a technical training, whether from going to a school or from burning the midnight oil, makes a better manager than the man who has not. We find in mining that the best man for a manager is one who has had engineering, training. The manager who comes up from the office, from the purchasing department or from the transportation department may make a fairly good manager but he is never so good as the man who has had a technical training. He cannot speak the language of his staff.

Jan 5, 1923

By Yves Dardel

INTRODUCTION SINCE the first determination of Dumas1 in 1880, many authors have tried to measure the solubility of hydrogen in solid aluminum, or at least the amount of dissolved gas in it. However, the interpretation of the results which have been obtained is still difficult. Sieverts,2 then Baukloh and Oesterlen,3 during their gassing experiments could not determine any solubility of hydrogen in solid aluminum. On the other hand, Portevin, Chaudron and Moreau,4 leaving the determination of the hydrogen solubility beyond the scope of their experiments, measured only the amount of gas that they could extract by high voltage positive ion bombardment and found up to 151 cm3 of gas per 100 g of metal. Winterhager,5 by repeated vacuum extraction during severe cold rolling, extracted up to 161 cm3 per 100 g. In both series of experiments, the extracted gas contained chiefly hydrogen with a small amount of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methan. Later, Schmidt and von Schweinitz6 as well as Chaudron and Moreau7 showed the importance of the adsorbed layer of hydrogen, the extracted quantities being proportional to the surface and not to the weight of the sample, when its cleaning was not perfect. In earlier experiments, Steinhauser8 extracted from more massive samples nothing but a little amount (< 0. 5 cm3 per 100 g) of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. Thus, according to these experiments the quantity of dissolved gas is probably very small and the effect of the surface could falsify the results of the extraction. However, owing to the care taken by Chaudron and his coworkers, it was clear that all the hydrogen extracted could not come from the superficial layer, or that the links which bound hydrogen to the surface were so strong that the usual method of cleaning could not destroy them. After the main parts of the experiments reported here had already been carried out, Eborall and Ransley9 published the results which they obtained with an analysor having an accuracy of 0.03 cm3 per 100 g, while that of the usual apparatus was only about 0.2 cm3 per 100 g. During all their experiments the adsorbed layer would have been a difficulty, for the value of the adsorbed hydrogen was approximately equal to that of the dissolved amount. [ ] Since always keeping the same adsorbed layer is very difficult, an error in the correction for the adsorption can be made when using the apparatus of Eborall and Ransley, as well as the earlier apparatus,

Jan 1, 1948