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By C. G. Brehm

THE anthracite-producing region is in the northeastern section of Pennsylvania, and has an area of approximately 484 square miles. It is divided geographically into three separate fields, known as the Northern, Middle and Southern. The Northern field, with Wilkes-Barre approximately at its center, is a basin about 60 miles long and almost 6 miles wide at its greatest distance across. Generally speaking, it may be said that the coal meas-ures in this field lie horizontally, or on slight pitches, and consist of from 11 to 19 veins of coal, varying in thickness from several inches to several feet. The intervening strata between veins may be composed of slate, clay, rock or shale, or a combination of several, and are sometimes very thin. This condition often causes a treacherous roof, therefore roof sup-port and the attending hazard of mining are problems of concern. The Middle field is made up of a number of small basins of not very great depth, and the measures, which are in like number to those of the Northern field, are varying inclinations running from nearly flat to steep pitches.

Jan 1, 1938

By G. S. Hume

Petroleum is produced in Canada in the provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario and Alberta and in the Northwest Territories. The total production, however, is relatively small in comparison with the consumption, the value of imports exceeding 40 million dollars a year. Production figures are given in Tables 1 and 2. In Turner Valley, still the largest producing gas and oil field in Canada, five wells were completed during the year. The largest of these

Jan 1, 1936

By G. S. Hume

Petroleum is produced in Canada in the provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario and Alberta and in the Northwest Territories. The total production, however, is relatively small in comparison with the consumption, the value of imports exceeding 40 million dollars a year. Production figures are given in Tables 1 and 2. In Turner Valley, still the largest producing gas and oil field in Canada, five wells were completed during the year. The largest of these

Jan 1, 1936

By Henry N. Toler

Activity in the search for oil and gas in Mississippi was greater than it had been for several years. Interest manifested and exploration work in wildcat areas were at an all-time peak. Drilling activity in the state's two proven fields continued to decline; there being only four wells drilled in the Jackson field during the year. At the end of 1937 it seems very likely that 1938 will be a big year in the search for oil in Mississippi. Deilling Activity Jackson Gas Field.—The four wells drilled in the Jackson field during 1937 resulted in three producers and one dry hole. Nine producing gas wells were abandoned during the year because of salt-water encroachment. The total production for 1937 was 14,248,000,000 cu. ft., which was a billion and a quarter increase over 1936, the highest year prior to 1937. The grand total produced from the field is 72,341,000,000 cu. ft. of gas and over 15,000 bbl. of oil. The three wells that had produced oil the past few years were also abandoned during the year because of the small quantity of oil and the large volume of salt water.

Jan 1, 1938

The surface area that mining requires is a minuscule fraction of the total land mass of the United States, according to the US Bureau of Mines' latest report "Land Utilization and Reclamation in the Mining Industry, 1930-71." During the 42-year period from 1930 to 1971, the mining industry utilized 3.65 million acres-only 0.16% of a total 2.27 billion acres of land-and reclaimed 1.46 mil- lion acres, or 40% of what it used. Which leaves, as still unreclaimed, 0.096% of the nation's total land mass.

Jan 10, 1974

By W. E. Anderson, T. M. Brady

As part of a larger study to identify factors influencing the practical operating life of wire rope used on large draglines in surface coal mining, field trips to operating surface coal mines were made during late 1975. Wire rope performance information was obtained from personnel at 13 mine sites west of the Appalachians. Seventeen pieces of equipment, utilizing bucket sizes ranging from 30 to 220 cu yd (23 to 168 m), were documented. Draglines at large US surface coal mines can be represented as 120 machines having 60-cu yd (46-m3) buckets, moving 1.8 x 10[9] cu yd (1.4 X 10[9] m3) of overburden during 6650 hours of productive availability per year. Based on the limited field study, the calculated downtime resulting from rope-related causes averages 105.6 hours per year for each typical 60-cu yd (43-m3) dragline. The total loss in production from this source alone is thereby estimated at about 25 X 10[6] cu yd (19 X 10[6] m3) annually.

Jan 11, 1979

By C. E. Feltner

In a recent note, Meleka and Hiarris1 have reported that the application of a constant strain rate Ad a superimposed cyclic stress to 99.99 pct polycrystal-line zinc at room temperature produced some marked effects in the resultant behavior. In their work, one end of the specimen was pulled in tension at a constant strain rate while the other end was subjected to a sinusoidally varying load (20 cps) of constant amplitude. For the slower strain rates and the larger superimposed cyclic loads, it was observed that the specimen could withstand strains prior to failure more than 100 pct greater than the fracture strains obtainable in simple unidirectional straining. This ductility effect was interpreted as being due to a cyclic stress enhanced thermal recovery process. It is the purpose of the present note to describe some related effects in 99.99 pct polycrystalline cadmium. Specimens were loaded in repeated tension at room temperature with a stress of sufficient magnitude to cause failure in about 1000 cycles and the accumulated strain was measured as a function of cycles and time. In addition, some specimens were subjected to a steady creep stress equal in magnitude to the peak value of the cyclic tensile stress. The resultant strain-cycle and strain-time curves for both types of test are shown in Fig. 1. It should be noted that the static creep specimen failed in about one third the time required to produce a cyclic failure but in the cyclic test the specimen was able to withstand a uniform strain before necking more than 50 pct greater than that possible

Jan 1, 1963

By G. S. Hume

As predicted a year ago, owing to the discovery in 1936 of crude oil on the west flank of the south end of Tuner Valley in the eastern foothills of Alberta, 50 miles southwest of Calgary, and the drilling activity that resulted, the production of crude oil in Canada during 1937 showed a very substantial increase over the previous year. The production from other parts of Canada is relatively small and shows slight variations only from year to year. The production of crude oil in Canada and the production in Alberta, the main producing Province, is shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Jan 1, 1938

By R. E. Grace, H. W. Schadler

DARKEN1 has established the theoretical relation between the self-diffusion coefficients and the Boltzmann-MatanO Or interdiffusion coefficient: D is the Boltzmann-Matano or interdiffusion coef-

Jan 1, 1960

To control the slag in an iron blast furnace is to control the quality of the pig iron produced (and to a certain extent the tonnage), and to control the whole operation of the furnace itself, including a large part of the cost of production. The character of the slag is the determining factor in the character of the pig iron as to the controllable limits of sulfur, silicon, and, to a certain extent, the manganese; it has an influence on the proportions of combined and graphitic carbons.

Jan 1, 1935

To control the slag in an iron blast furnace is to control the quality of the pig iron produced (and to a certain extent the tonnage), and to control the whole operation of the furnace itself, including a large part of the cost of production. The character of the slag is the determining factor in the character of the pig iron as to the controllable limits of sulfur, silicon, and, to a certain extent, the manganese; it has an influence on the proportions of combined and graphitic carbons.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. H. Wright

Longhole sublevel stopes excavate ore with which the production geologist has only remote contact; therefore, predicting grade and tonnage from such a stope can be a problem. However, the longholes themselves yield data that can be used to improve those predictions. Here, a radial distribution method of weighting sample data is discussed, which is useful in forecasting grade and tonnage from certain longhole sublevel stopes.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. W. Raymond

The specimen of anthracite which I exhibit is from the Ortiz Mine Grant, about fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe. The beds belong to the lignitic formation of the Galisteo, which Hayden and

By P. C. Keith

IT is difficult to talk about atomic energy and the engineer without repeating a number of phrases that have been worn smooth with use Mr John M. Hancock has spoken to you of the two-sidedness of atomic energy, one useful, and the other destructive. If a control plan of the type that he has outlined is adopted it will be perfectly possible to go ahead with the peacetime development of atomic energy Failing the adoption of such a plan, emphasis will of necessity be placed upon the perfection of atomic energy as a weapon of destruction I want to speak, however, in the hope that atomic energy will be developed for peace-time use, and speak about the role of the engineer Before I can do that I must, outline the framework within which the engineer must work, and then I would like to go back and tell of some of the things that he has done, in the hope that that may throw some light on what he may be expected to do in the future Last year the McMahon Committee the Senate Committee charged with drafting domestic atomic-energy legislation-held extensive hearings in an effort to strike a balance between the negative attitude of what to do about atomic energy and the positive attitude of what to do with it Out of these hearings grew the United States Atomic Energy Act, calling for a civilian commission to exercise control over all atomic-energy activities in this country As you

Jan 1, 1947

By Stefan S. Kapusniak, Nichol Riggott, Stephen F. Smith

Stability investigations have been carried out in a number of major coal mining tunnels in the U.K. using various instrumentatcon techniques. The paper describes these instrumentation methods and presents results from studies in several tunnels. Both long and short term stability aspects are discussed. Prediction of tunnel stability is examined in relation to tunnel support requirements. Computer simulation techniques are used along with actual underground measurements to identify tunnel design parameters for influencing choice of support and prediction of long term stability.

Jan 1, 1984

By John T. Galey

In southwestern Pennsylvania 151 wells1 were completed during 1938, a total of 61 less than the preceding year. Of this number 81 were gas wells and 28 oil wells, which shows a considerable decline from 1937, when 108 gas wells and 64 oil wells were completed. However, 42 dry holes were drilled during 1938, which is two more than the previous year. Shallow Development—Gas No new extensions to old pools, or new wells that would indicate any substantial reserves, mere found during the year. However, a number of commercial wells and many dry holes were drilled to the Big Injun sand in Menallen township, Fayette County. One well had an initial open flow of 6 million cu. ft. In Rich Hill township, Greene County, one well producing, from the Big Injun sand, 2 million cu. ft. was brought in. Several other gas wells were completed in Shaler township, Alleghany County and Center township, Greene County, both of which had initial open flows of 1 million cu. ft. from the 30-ft. sand. Another well, in Aleppo township, Greene County, had an equal volume from the Gordon Stray sand. Oil Development has proceeded at a retarded rate because of the low price of Pennsylvania-grade crude. A total initial of only 205 bbl., an average of 7.3 bbl. per well, was developed. This is 1785 bbl. less than during 1937 and no new repressuring operations have been contemplated to prevent the declining production. The average price received for oil was $1.56 per barrel, with a high of $1.88 and a low of $1.34. This oil costs $1.94 per barrel2 to produce. The average price paid for Bradford

Jan 1, 1939

By John T. Galey

In southwestern Pennsylvania 151 wells1 were completed during 1938, a total of 61 less than the preceding year. Of this number 81 were gas wells and 28 oil wells, which shows a considerable decline from 1937, when 108 gas wells and 64 oil wells were completed. However, 42 dry holes were drilled during 1938, which is two more than the previous year. Shallow Development—Gas No new extensions to old pools, or new wells that would indicate any substantial reserves, mere found during the year. However, a number of commercial wells and many dry holes were drilled to the Big Injun sand in Menallen township, Fayette County. One well had an initial open flow of 6 million cu. ft. In Rich Hill township, Greene County, one well producing, from the Big Injun sand, 2 million cu. ft. was brought in. Several other gas wells were completed in Shaler township, Alleghany County and Center township, Greene County, both of which had initial open flows of 1 million cu. ft. from the 30-ft. sand. Another well, in Aleppo township, Greene County, had an equal volume from the Gordon Stray sand. Oil Development has proceeded at a retarded rate because of the low price of Pennsylvania-grade crude. A total initial of only 205 bbl., an average of 7.3 bbl. per well, was developed. This is 1785 bbl. less than during 1937 and no new repressuring operations have been contemplated to prevent the declining production. The average price received for oil was $1.56 per barrel, with a high of $1.88 and a low of $1.34. This oil costs $1.94 per barrel2 to produce. The average price paid for Bradford

Jan 1, 1939

H. M. BOYLSTON, Cambridge, Mass.-We should feel greatly indebted to Mr. Miller for collecting this admirable series of photographs, but I cannot quite agree with his conclusions as to their significance. He apparently concludes that these needle-like constituents which he has shown in a good many cases, in the welded material at least, are cementite; that is, as we understand it, a carbide of iron. Now there seem to be

Jan 4, 1918

By L. R. Gremillion, G. H. McClellan

Chemical and mineralogical data on 25 apatitic phosphate ores of diverse origins from commerical deposits around the world were widely variable. From 14 to 18 chemical constituents of each sample were determined, and each sample contained four to ten mineral phases. Altogether there were 34 different mineral phases, many of which occurred in only one sample. Samples contained varieties of francolites, fluorapatites, and mixed hydroxyfluorapatites. The apatite compositions calculated from chemical data showed that certain types of substitutions were characteristic of different apatite varieties, but every variety had some degree of substitution of (CO3)2- for (PO4)3-, and the P205 contents of the apatites ranged from 35.1 %for a North Carolina apatite to 41.9% for a Missouri apatite. In a concentrate with a grade of 32% P2O5, the North Carolina sample should contain about 8.7% gangue and the Missouri sample about 23.7% gangue. To optimize the digestion process of a phosphate ore, it is necessary to consider the dissolution behaviors of different mineral phases during acidulation and their possible effects on chemical properties of a fertilizer intermediate. In the production of wet-process acids or superphosphates, acidulation of certain minerals may cause foaming and formation of sludge, filtration, corrosion, and handling problems.

Jan 1, 1982

By Walter J. Johnson

The coals in northern Wyoming and Montana are free-burning and non-caking and range from lignite to bituminous C in rank. Strip and underground mining are employed to supply railroad, utility, industrial, and domestic fuel. The market area includes Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, North and South Dakotas, Wyoming, Montana, the Pacific Northwest, and western Canada.

Jan 12, 1953