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By M. L. Fuller

MOST commercial alloys undergo changes in phase composition after casting. This is a natural result of the fact that the alloys are not in a state of phase equilibrium as cast and phase changes will therefore take place, with more or less rapidity, in an attempt to attain equilibrium. The practical aspect of aging in zinc-alloy die castings concerns the changes in physical properties and in dimensions that may accompany aging phase changes. Harmful alterations have been reduced to a minimum and zinc-alloy die castings are being produced today that are so stable with respect to dimensions and physical properties that they are entirely suitable for most practical purposes1. In the first paper2 of this series, and in this paper, aging phase changes of zinc alloy die castings have been investigated and the possible influence of these changes on dimensional changes of the castings has been evalu-ated and compared with the dimensional changes actually experienced. The change of dimensions has been selected for practical comparison in these papers because the effect of phase changes on the dimensions of a casting is directly calculable; from X-ray crystal-analysis data of the phase structure. The die-casting alloys considered contain, in addition to zinc, 4 per cent of aluminum, about 0:03 per cent magnesium, and from 0 to 3 per cent of copper. It was shown in the former paper that the eutectoidal decomposition of the beta aluminum-zinc phase, while intrinsically capable of causing a considerable shrinkage, can have very little effect on the observed shrinkage of die castings because it takes place within a few days of aging, whereas the observed shrinkage continues for five weeks. It was therefore concluded that the other existing phase change,

Jan 1, 1935

By M. L. Fuller

MOST commercial alloys undergo changes in phase composition after casting. This is a natural result of the fact that the alloys are not in a state of phase equilibrium as cast and phase changes will therefore take place, with more or less rapidity, in an attempt to attain equilibrium. The practical aspect of aging in zinc-alloy die castings concerns the changes in physical properties and in dimensions that may accompany aging phase changes. Harmful alterations have been reduced to a minimum and zinc-alloy die castings are being produced today that are so stable with respect to dimensions and physical properties that they are entirely suitable for most practical purposes1. In the first paper' of this series, and in this paper, aging phase changes of zinc alloy die castings have been investigated and the possible influence of these changes on dimensional changes of the castings has been evalu-ated and compared with the dimensional changes actually experienced. The change of dimensions has been selected for practical comparison in these papers because the effect of phase changes on the dimensions of a casting is directly calculable; from X-ray crystal-analysis data of the phase structure. The die-casting alloys considered contain, in addition to zinc, 4 per cent of aluminum, about 0.03 per cent magnesium, and from 0 to 3 per cent of copper. It was shown in the former paper that the eutectoidal decomposition of the beta aluminum-zinc phase, while intrinsically capable of causing a considerable shrinkage, can have very little effect on the observed shrinkage of die castings because it takes place within a few days of aging, whereas the observed shrinkage continues for five weeks. It was therefore concluded that the other existing phase change,

Jan 1, 1936

By V. H. Wilhelm

Greater stabilization in the petroleum industry was effected during 1934 through stricter compliance with curtailment measures and the establishment of the Pacific Coast Petroleum Agency. Various estimates of individual, company and state reserves revealed the fact that they were inadequate to sustain the present rate of production over a lengthy period, therefore drilling operations were increased during the year both in proved and wildcat territory. This greater activity resulted in the addition to reserves at Mountain View, Mount Poso and Edison in Kern County, Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara County and Playa del Rey in Los Angeles County. Additional reserves were also established in the Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs fields, in Los Angeles County, due to operators being successful in isolating small prolific sand bodies, formerly disregarded during the flush production periods.

Jan 1, 1935

By Kenneth E. Kulp, Theodore Botinelly, George J. Neuerburg

Distribution of hypogene iron oxides may be useful in prospecting the Montezuma district, central Colorado, for certain metals, some of which have not been mined or sought in the district. The depletion of accessory magnetite in fresh rocks of the Montezuma stock identifies sources of ore minerals for the pneumatolytic metals, locates probable areas of possible contact-pneumatolytic deposits, and, in the altered rocks of the stock, identifies rock through which hydrothermal ore fluids have passed. Specularite veins are located in structures through which pneumatolytic ore fluids have passed and thus indicate optimal areas for prospecting. The presence of unusual amounts of vicarious metals such as bismuth, mercury, tin, and tungsten serves to identify magnetite and specularite that were involved in the pnematolytic ore process.

Jan 1, 1972

By L. S. Austin

I. Introduction............ 431 II. Organization............ 432 III. Production............ 434 IV. Transportation............ 435 V. Sampling..........436 VI. Concentration............ 440 VII. Blast-Furnace Plant........... 442 1. Construction........... 442 2. Operation............ 450 VIII. Advantages of Large Furnaces........ 455 1. Saving in Fuel........... 455 2. Saving in Jacket.Water..... 455 3. Quick and Large Discharge of Matte and Slag... 455 4. Decrease of Incrustation... 456 5. Elasticity of Operation..457 6. Large Flow Through Fore.Hearths...4. 57 7. Alterations Without Interruption..458 8. Variations in the Composition of Slag....458 9. Less Labor-Cost.......... 458 10. Less Initial Cost.......... 460 IX. Briquetting.Plant........... 460 X. Roasting-Plant............ 462 1. Kilns............ 462 2. Reverberatory Furnaces...468 XI. Converter-Plant........... 474 1. Construction ..........474 2. Operation.......... 476 XII. Flues and Stacks........... 478 XIII. Arsenic-Plant............ 480 XIV. Coke-Washing Plant.... 452 XV. Slime.Ponds ........... 483 XVI. Brick-Plant............ 484 I. Introduction. The Washoe plant; in Anaconda. Mont., together with the local street-railroad, ranches. a foundry and machine-shop. A

Jan 1, 1907

By I. C. White

Only two factors appear to be directly responsible for the geographic distribution of sulfur in the coal fields of West Virginia: these are the stratigraphic position of the coals in question, and the eastward or westward location of the deposits. There appears to be a progressive increase in the sulfur content of West Virginia coals from the oldest Peqnsylvanian deposits in the Pocahontas, New River, and Kanawha Groups of the Pottsville Series up through the Allegheny, Conemaugh, and

Jan 1, 1920

By Eugene A. Stephenson

In November, 1932, Dr. Lacey, of the California Institute of Technology, presented before the American Petroleum Institute some of the results of his research under Project 371. The investigations described dealt particularly with changes in the physical properties of petroleum that result from the solution of natural gas therein. The solubility of Santa Fe Springs dry gas, containing 87 per cent methane, 8 per cent ethane and 5 per cent propane, had been determined in various crudes at 100' F., and 2000 lb. pressure per square inch as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1 herewith. Originally the computations were made in terms of cubic feet per barrel, but' for a more uniform basis of comparison the results are also shown as cubic feet of gas2 per cubic foot of oil.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. H. Richman, II Conard G. P.

AS part of a study of deformation twinning in bcc crystals, solid solutions of beryllium in iron have been found to twin profusely when strained slowly at room temperature. This note reports some crystal-lographic aspects of the operative mechanical twin modes in a quenched Fe-5 wt pct Be alloy. After melting twice under a partial pressure of helium, the alloy was homogenized, cut into pieces 7 to 10 mm on an edge, solution treated at 1130°C,1 and quenched. Debye-Scherrer patterns confirmed

Jan 1, 1963

By A. Eilers

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) A NUMBER of the copper refineries in this country have lately separated some of the rarer metals from the slimes in the refinery tanks One of these has furnished me the following table of recoveries from given amounts of blister. I publish . this to show the proportions, to gold and silver and to each other, in which these rarer metals may be expected to occur in copper from certain localities.

Jan 6, 1913

By Rodney Lawrence, Tim Hackett

INTRODUCTION The western USA contains significant coal reserves in seams 10 feet or more in thickness which lie too deep for surface mining. As part of a demonstration of the use of two legged shield supports in the United States, Kaiser Steel Corporation, under contract to the US government used the longwall method to mine a ten foot thick coal seam in New Mexico. Caliper type shield supports and double drum shearers were used in three longwall panels. During the test, technical, production, and safety data were collected to objectively evaluate the performance of the shields in mining the thick coal seam. This paper presents discussions of practical operating experience and summary statistics to aid the mining industry in planning longwall mines in similar conditions.

Jan 1, 1981

By Benjamin Smith Lyman

It has seemed that it might be a highly useful contribution to the study of structural geology to assemble, in as compact a form and on as large a scale as practicable, a great number of

Jan 1, 1896

By N. A. D. Parlee, E. M. Sacris

OXYGEN solubility in liquid silver has been well studied.1-6 It has been established that the solubility follows Sieverts' law reasonably well5'6 up to po2

Jan 1, 1968

By Fred K. Stieler

The largest updraft sinter machine built has a roasting area of 132 sq.m. Sinter machines with an area of over 200 sq.m. are under consideration. These large machines require new techniques with regard to drive thrust and sealing mechanism. To optimize the results of sinter plants, the charge preparation systems and the return fines circuits were improved. Special crushers were developed for crushing return sinter of up to 800 ºC to a size of minus 6 mm. Strand cooling of Pb-sinter was investigated. Different methods for plant ventilation were compared. New processes, which might replace sintering in the future, are in the stage of large - scale testing.

Jan 1, 1977

By G. W. Imholz

A number of interesting wells were drilled in north central Texas during 1940. The Shell Oil Company's Smith well in scc. 143, block I, H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, was completed for an initial production of 581 bbl. per day from the Mississippian limestone, with a total depth of 6065 ft. The same company's Patterson well, sec. 393, block D. H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, tested the Ellenburger limestone and was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 6760 feet. In Nolan County the Tex-Harvey Oil Co. drilled a well in sec. 43, near the Tipton well, which was completed as a small producer in the Strawn section. The Tex-Harvey well tested this producing horizon but was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 5210 feet. The Montour-Haggart well, sec. 184, block 2, H. and T. C. survey, Fisher County, tested the Strawn and was abandoned with a total depth of 5664 feet. The Georgian Oil Company's Blach, sec. 309, T. R. and L.. Shackelford County, encountered the top of the Ellenburger limestone at 4725 ft. After being plugged back to 3915 It. from a total depth of 4825 ft., the well tested 10 bbl, of oil per day and 300 bbl. of water. The W. I. Sothern No. 2 Carlisle well in sec. 293 was deepened to the Cambrian. The top of the Ellenburger was encountered at 6540 fcet. A wildcat well in Fisher County, the E. A. Stephenson-Maberry, apparently opened a new pool when the well encountered sand from 3298 lo 3302 ft. and was completed for 50 bbl. per day in the Cook sand horizon. In Jones County, the King Oil Company's Olsen well, sec. 158, B. B. B. and C. survey, extended the Avoca-Olander pool. The well was completed for 263 bbl. in 8 1/2 hr. from the Palo Pinto limestone, from 3298 to 3302 ft. Ungren-Frazier extended the Akard pool with No. I Akard, in the D. 'T. Bruce survey. The well was completed for 83 bbl. per day from the Cook sand, encountered from 2109 to 2126 feet.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. W. Imholz

A number of interesting wells were drilled in north central Texas during 1940. The Shell Oil Company's Smith well in scc. 143, block I, H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, was completed for an initial production of 581 bbl. per day from the Mississippian limestone, with a total depth of 6065 ft. The same company's Patterson well, sec. 393, block D. H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, tested the Ellenburger limestone and was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 6760 feet. In Nolan County the Tex-Harvey Oil Co. drilled a well in sec. 43, near the Tipton well, which was completed as a small producer in the Strawn section. The Tex-Harvey well tested this producing horizon but was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 5210 feet. The Montour-Haggart well, sec. 184, block 2, H. and T. C. survey, Fisher County, tested the Strawn and was abandoned with a total depth of 5664 feet. The Georgian Oil Company's Blach, sec. 309, T. R. and L.. Shackelford County, encountered the top of the Ellenburger limestone at 4725 ft. After being plugged back to 3915 It. from a total depth of 4825 ft., the well tested 10 bbl, of oil per day and 300 bbl. of water. The W. I. Sothern No. 2 Carlisle well in sec. 293 was deepened to the Cambrian. The top of the Ellenburger was encountered at 6540 fcet. A wildcat well in Fisher County, the E. A. Stephenson-Maberry, apparently opened a new pool when the well encountered sand from 3298 lo 3302 ft. and was completed for 50 bbl. per day in the Cook sand horizon. In Jones County, the King Oil Company's Olsen well, sec. 158, B. B. B. and C. survey, extended the Avoca-Olander pool. The well was completed for 263 bbl. in 8 1/2 hr. from the Palo Pinto limestone, from 3298 to 3302 ft. Ungren-Frazier extended the Akard pool with No. I Akard, in the D. 'T. Bruce survey. The well was completed for 83 bbl. per day from the Cook sand, encountered from 2109 to 2126 feet.

Jan 1, 1941

By H. A. Hamza, N. E. Andersen

Emulsions have long occupied an important position in many industries. In the petroleum industry, where enhanced oil recovery techniques such as steam stimulation, flooding, etc. are being increasingly practiced, emulsions are very frequently produced. Characterization of these emulsions are an important prerequisite for monitoring and evaluation of the recovery processes. Emulsion properties will also determine the type of treatment required to separate and recover the oil phase. A variety of laboratory, pilot-scale and field-generated emulsions were characterized. Coulter technique results for size analysis are compared with microscopy (image analysis) and laser light scattering methods; Coulter determined oil contents are compared with gravimetric and volumetric methods of analysis.

Jan 1, 1980

By Howard M. Wells

The investment worth of a mineral deposit can only be realistically evaluated in relation to specified engineering design criteria which fully detail the proposed method of exploitation. The operational design of a mine falls essentially within the technical discipline of the mining engineer, under the constraint that the technical design should be aimed at optimizing the financial attractiveness of the project. In the case of a marginally viable proposition it becomes vitally necessary to identify the best set of design parameters which together will add up to an optimum investment proposal. This paper examines some fundamental logic of optimization for a "wasting asset" type of investment such as a mine, with special reference to the rate of annual production and the strategy of selective mining.

Jan 1, 1979

By P. E. Price, N. J. Grant

DURING the course of creep studies in iron-chromium-nickel alloys, it became necessary to establish the limits of the two-phase ferrite-austenite field at 1300°C. The shape of this region, predicted from the iron-chromium and chromium-nickel binary

Jan 1, 1960

By J. B. Darby, P. A. Beck

IN a previous publication,' the 1200°C isothermal section of the Cr-Mo-CO system was surveyed. It was found that starting from the binary (Cr,Co)a, the u phase extends deep into the ternary system in the form of a narrow band, which, when extrapo-

Jan 1, 1956

By William C. Grady

Microscopic pyrites are present in all West Virginia coals. Sizes of these pyrites range from 0.1 µ 500 µ (1/2 mm) , and four types are noted: massive, patches, framboids, and isolated crystals. The relative and absolute abundances of the four types vary from seam to seam, and these distributions have a marked effect on the ease with which a seam may be cleaned of pyritic sulfur.

Jan 1, 1978