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By S. Whinery

I am indebted to L. E. Bryant, of Danville, Ky., President of the Virginia Mining Co., operating coal-mines in Scott county, Tenn., for the following information relating to the existence of the Clinton iron-ore under the NW. slope of the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky and Tennessee. During the past 15 years quite an important oil-field has been developed in a region having Wayne county, Ky., as its center, and a large number of wells have been drilled in that and adjacent territory in the search for oil. Many of these wells have been carried to considerable depths below the recognized oil-bearing horizon, and one of them was drilled by Mr. Bryant at Pine Knot, a station on the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific railroad, a few miles north of the point where that road crosses the Kentucky-Tennessee State-line. The elevation of

Jan 1, 1913

By M. Katzer, R. Klimpel, J. Sewell

The effect of using selective dispersants as wet grinding aids for ores is demonstrated on laboratory scale batch and continuous grinding equipment. A complete characterization of behavior is performed on a given ore to demonstrate correlations involving torque, % solids, net production rate, and slurry weight and volume loading. The relationship between such laboratory data and industrial scale testing results is very consistent.

Jan 1, 1982

By Raja V. Ramani, Jan M. Mutmansky, Ralph W. Barbaro

This paper discusses the effect of the computer revolution on Penn State's facilities and personnel and provides a short history of computer applications in mining in the Department of Mineral Engineering. The computer era began in 1955 at Penn State when the engineering faculty built a sizeable vacuum-tube computer. Since that time, a succession of machines has introduced many changes and presented a variety of opportunities and problems to the university's computer personnel and to the community of users. This paper discusses both the changes in computers and the accompanying problems that occur in a university computing environment. A historical summary of computer simulation programs developed within the Department of Mineral Engineering is presented along with information on computer applications in ventilation, statistics, mathematical programming, coal preparation, and other areas. Finally, computer plans for the future are discussed in terms of the develop- ments in the Charles B. Manula Computer Library and in terms of ongoing and future computer-related research projects.

Jan 1, 1983

By Frank Foote

PRECISION lattice-constant measurements have been widely used in the study of cubic solid solutions but as yet have been rarely applied to noncubic solid solutions. (See, however, references I and 2.) With the high precision at present attainable in the measurement of lattice constants, the X-ray method should be readily applicable to noncubic solid solutions. In the work reported here, hexagonal close-packed magnesium was used as the solvent and either lead, bismuth or gold as the solute. In the magnesium-lead and mag-nesium-bismuth systems the a and c lattice constants were determined as a function of composition, densities were calculated from these lattice-constant data, these theoretical densities were compared with those directly measured and the solid solubility limit was determined on quenched specimens over a considerable range of temperature. In the magnesium-gold sys-tem, the solid solubility is very small but we have obtained an indirect check on the solubility limit previously reported.

Jan 1, 1940

By W. Laird

For years, the coal industry has been confronted with face ventilation problems, ignitions, dust, and their effect on productivity. To improve face ventilation, minimize face ignitions, and control dust in the face areas, studies have been conducted over the past 30 odd years by coal companies, federal government research programs and others. These studies included brattice curtains, water spray nozzles, water pressures, highly efficient water filtration systems, auxiliary fans, differ fans, various dust collection systems and the recently developed "Spray Fan" ventilation system. This system consists of spray banks strategically placed on continuous miners to ventilate immediate face area.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. T. Shapland

When externally mounted sliding-gate valves are used to control the flow of metal from ladles, none of the valve components are immersed in steel. In general, the refractories used to date in sliding-gate valves have been made of a high-alumina composition. Because these refractories replace the fireclay sleeves and clay-graphite heads used to construct conventional stopper rods, they represent a major change in the use of pouring-pit refractories, Changes in the well and lining of the ladle as a result of conversion to external flow control probably will not be as severe; however, the sliding-gate valve makes it possible to preheat to a higher temperature and to decrease the turnaround time, and materials more refractory than those currently employed, such as basic brick, might be used in these areas. Another area of pouring-pit refractories that has became quite important is the tundish used with continuous casters. The use of external flow-control devices on tundishes makes it possible to use the tundish for prolonged periods of time and makes the use of better refractories necessary. In this application, high-alumina and zirconia are finding acceptance.

Jan 1, 1972

By C. H. Chou, A. Sauveur

The senior author of this paper has expressed the belief that when gamma iron transforms into alpha iron on reaching the A3 point, each gamma grain does not change bodily into one or more alpha grains but that the alpha phase forms first at the boundaries and along the crystallo-graphic planes of the austenite grains.1 To quote: On cooling through the point As, at about 900° C, iron passes from the gamma condition to a new allotropic form generally designated as alpha. This transformation, however, is not instantaneous. There are good reasons for believing that it begins at the grain boundaries and along the octahedral planes of the crystals and that it progresses until each grain of gamma iron is changed into a grain of alpha iron, the resulting structure being similar to that of gamma iron. Were it possible to retain

Jan 1, 1929

By S. R. B. Cooke, R. O. Huch, C. S. Chang

IN the flotation of iron ores laurylamine derivatives have been used for considerable time.1, 2' To effect satisfactory separation of the gangue, pre-dominantly silica, from the iron oxide minerals, the addition of specific depressants for the iron oxides has been found necessary. Starches and starch products have been used for this purpose.V here is, however, very little published information on the effects of these materials and other variables on this process. In some cases it has been found that prior acid scrubbing and desliming are essential," and depending upon the efficiency of the subsequent washing step, there will be accompanying changes in pH. It was the object of this investigation to test and observe the effects of the above factor as well as to examine and compare the action of various starches and starch products. Ore Preparation The ore used in this experiment was a wash-ore tailing obtained from the western Mesabi range. Microscopic examination and x-ray analysis of the ore showed it to consist of hematite, goethite, and quartz. Physical properties of the iron minerals ranged from hard and crystalline to earthy and ocherous. The quartz grains were discolored either because of iron-oxide inclusions or because of a sur-face coating of iron oxide. The ore assayed 27.52

Jan 1, 1954

By A. D. Hodges

In 1874 my attention was called to what seemed to me an interesting and new nickel and cobalt combination found in Ludwig and Carter's copper mine, near Mason Valley, Esmeralda County, Nevada. With the assistance of Mr. A. Hebberling I made several partial analyses of the mineral or minerals. I also communicated with my friend, Professor H. B. Cornwall, of the John C. Green School of Science, College of New Jersey, who analyzed a couple of specimens which I forwarded to him. The copper ore occurs in the mine principally as carbonate and to a certain extent as silicate, the latter generally in connection with clay seams or bands. In some places, together with the copper silicate and clay, generally interstratified with them, there occurred a compact shining black mineral (a) containing nickel and cobalt. Occasionally, in cavities, in connection with (a) was found a black substance (b), either massive and in this case very similar to (a) but with driller lustre, or forming an incrustation with rough and botryoidal surface and radial-fibrous structure, or granular and earthy. A few specimens were found having on the surface very fragile black needles (c) sometimes 1/2-inch long, interspersed with needles of malachite. The mineral (a) seemed, according to the analyses, to be of nearly constant composition, and was considered by Professor Cornwall to be a chrysocolla containing nickel and cobalt—a new occurrence to

Jan 1, 1885

By Benjamin C. Craft

Oil and gas development in Louisiana during 1935 brought this state at the close of the year up to fourth place in the nation as a producing area. A review of development in North Louisiana centers around Rodessa, the most important reserve discovered in this area in many years. While the producing limits have not been defined, this discovery is one of the major developments of the year. New gas fields were discovered in Lincoln, De Soto and Bossier parishes. The Lincoln Parish discovery, completed flowing a highly saturated gas from the Glen Rose, further indicates the importance of deep-seated prospects in the interior salt-dome area. Minor extensions were made at Sligo and Pine Island. During the year, 126 oil wells and 103 gas wells were completed in North Louisiana as compared with 144 oil wells and 68 gas wells during 1934. The North Louisiana oil production was 9,617,405 bbl. as com-pared with 9,274,050 bbl. during 1934, an increase of 343,355 bbl., while the gas production increased 18 billion cu. ft. in 1935 over its 1934 figure. The Louisiana Department of Conservation gage of Nov. 1, 1935, shows an open-flow capacity of 4,563,725,000 cu. ft. per day from 941 wells in the Monroe field and 682,770,000 cu. ft. from 159 wells in the Rich-land field. A great deal of leasing continues in North Louisiana as a result of the Lincoln Parish discovery and development in the Rodessa field, especially in Bossier, De Soto, Winn, Lincoln, Bienville, Webster, Ouachita and Richland parishes. South Louisiana's position as an area of important reserves was further proved during the past year. Increased drilling resulted in the discovery of seven new fields: Lafitte, Garden Island Bay, Tepetate, Bunkie, St. Martinsville, Jeanerette and Big Lake. New sands or producing horizons proved productive in 15 of the proven fields. The total oil production for South Louisiana during 1935 was 40,731,-056 bbl. as compared with 23,255,437 bbl. during 1934. There were 222 oil and gas wells completed in South Louisiana during 1935 as compared with 214 oil wells during the previous period. Drilling during

Jan 1, 1936

By N. M. Langdon

It is now about, two years since we began wing concentrates from Port Henry magnetic-ores in the blast-furnaces of Witherbee, Sherman & Co. During this time we have had the usual ups and downs incident to blast-furnace practice, and have used the concentrates in

Jan 1, 1892

By Alfred F. Brainerd

A pure white sand, in a large deposit, favorably located with regard to water and railroad transportation, is very desirable for metallurgical and manufacturing purposes. Such a deposit occurs

Jan 1, 1886

By J. F. Lazenby, W. F. Abercrombie

The role of the laboratory is described in relation to the prospecting and exploration of kaolin clays. Test method's used to evaluate crude ore samples of kaolin clay for commercial consideration are reviewed. A background of the kaolin mineral and known means of prospecting this mineral are presented. Common analytical methods are discussed with special emphasis on those in use today.

Jan 1, 1983

By Richard Ageton

SALT bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvinite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thick-ness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1936

By J. S. Billheimer, B. H. Sage, W. N. Lacey, C. G. Yundt

As a part of a general investigation of the separation of bitumen from hydrocarbon mixtures a study was made of a restricted quaternary system composed of methane, decane, tetralin, and bitumen. The work was limited to a pressure of 8000 psi, a temperature of 220 °F, and to a fixed relative proportion of decane, tetralin, and bitumen. The measurements permitted the determination of the distribution of these components in each of the fluid phases. It was not possible to distinguish a second liquid phase in the course of these measurements. Gas-liquid equilibrium "constants" of each of the components were found to vary markedly with the composition of the system while temperature and pressure remained fixed. INTRODUCTION The separation of bitumen frorn naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures has been of importance for a number of years in the production of petroleum, especially in the California area. The deposition of this material from crude oils was noted in earlier studies of the solubility of natural gas in crude oil.¹,²,3 Studies of the separation of bitumen from crude oils from the Greeley and Santa Fe Springs fields were carried out."." The behavior of these systems appeared complex and studies of two restricted ternary systems involving mixtures of n-pentane, tetralin, and bitumen,' and of decane, tetralin; and hitumen, confirmed this belief. Reviews of the literature pertaining to the separation of bitumen from naturally occuring and refined hydrocarbons are available." The important effect of methane in the separation of bitu- men from naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures was apparent from the earlier studies and for that reason it appeared desirable to investigate a restricted quarternary system involving mixtures of methane. decane, tetralin, and bitumen; data concerning the behavior of mixtures of decane. tetralin. and bitumen having already been obtained.V his study was restricted to a pressure of 8000 psi," a temperatue of 220° F, and fixed relative proportions of bitumen, decane. and tetralin. This composite constituent, hereinafter designated as the less volatile constituent, was made up of 0.0455 weight fraction bitumen. 0.0909 weight fraction decane, and 0.8636 weight fraction tetralin. The experimental method involved bringing together mixtures of methane and the less volatile constituent in varying proportions in a constant volume container at the pressure and temperature indicated above. The composition of each of the phases was determined and from this the extent of the separation of bitumen was established. MATERIALS The bitumen used in this investigation was obtained from the same stocks employed in earlier studies. The crude material from the North Coles Levee field was stored in the laboratory] in a closed drum for a period of five years. Several samples from this stock were subjected to refining operations which were described earlier,' and every effort was made to follow the same procedure in all cases. It was necessary to prepare supplies of bitumen for this investigation at two rather widely different times. These materials have been identified as samples 1 and 2. The composition of the crude bitumen after it was washed with n-pentane at room temperature

Jan 1, 1949

By W. N. Lacey, C. G. Yundt, B. H. Sage, J. S. Billheimer

As a part of a general investigation of the separation of bitumen from hydrocarbon mixtures a study was made of a restricted quaternary system composed of methane, decane, tetralin, and bitumen. The work was limited to a pressure of 8000 psi, a temperature of 220 °F, and to a fixed relative proportion of decane, tetralin, and bitumen. The measurements permitted the determination of the distribution of these components in each of the fluid phases. It was not possible to distinguish a second liquid phase in the course of these measurements. Gas-liquid equilibrium "constants" of each of the components were found to vary markedly with the composition of the system while temperature and pressure remained fixed. INTRODUCTION The separation of bitumen frorn naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures has been of importance for a number of years in the production of petroleum, especially in the California area. The deposition of this material from crude oils was noted in earlier studies of the solubility of natural gas in crude oil.¹,²,3 Studies of the separation of bitumen from crude oils from the Greeley and Santa Fe Springs fields were carried out."." The behavior of these systems appeared complex and studies of two restricted ternary systems involving mixtures of n-pentane, tetralin, and bitumen,' and of decane, tetralin; and hitumen, confirmed this belief. Reviews of the literature pertaining to the separation of bitumen from naturally occuring and refined hydrocarbons are available." The important effect of methane in the separation of bitu- men from naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures was apparent from the earlier studies and for that reason it appeared desirable to investigate a restricted quarternary system involving mixtures of methane. decane, tetralin, and bitumen; data concerning the behavior of mixtures of decane. tetralin. and bitumen having already been obtained.V his study was restricted to a pressure of 8000 psi," a temperatue of 220° F, and fixed relative proportions of bitumen, decane. and tetralin. This composite constituent, hereinafter designated as the less volatile constituent, was made up of 0.0455 weight fraction bitumen. 0.0909 weight fraction decane, and 0.8636 weight fraction tetralin. The experimental method involved bringing together mixtures of methane and the less volatile constituent in varying proportions in a constant volume container at the pressure and temperature indicated above. The composition of each of the phases was determined and from this the extent of the separation of bitumen was established. MATERIALS The bitumen used in this investigation was obtained from the same stocks employed in earlier studies. The crude material from the North Coles Levee field was stored in the laboratory] in a closed drum for a period of five years. Several samples from this stock were subjected to refining operations which were described earlier,' and every effort was made to follow the same procedure in all cases. It was necessary to prepare supplies of bitumen for this investigation at two rather widely different times. These materials have been identified as samples 1 and 2. The composition of the crude bitumen after it was washed with n-pentane at room temperature

Jan 1, 1949

By C. H. Benedict

1. Shaking Tables 2. Fine Grinding 3. Hydraulic Classification 4. Mechanical Thickeners 5. Flotation ENTERING the profession of minerals beneficiation (it was plain garden variety "ore dressing" . in those days) I was fortunate that at that time the first major innovation in modern ore dressing practice was being introduced. I refer to the Wilfley table. You youngsters that came into the game only 30 years ago or even more recently, with flotation machines and reagents as your very ready tool in time of trouble, do not realize what the invention of the Wilfley table meant to us. We had but one physical property of ores to reckon with-specific gravity- and when there was but little difference in specific gravity between the mineral and the gangue, we were in trouble. The jig and the revolving table were our only mechanical equipment for recovering values and so that we might make even a reasonably satisfactory extraction, we had to classify and reclassify, and jig and rejig, and worry about the laws and advantages of free settling vs hindered settling and just tire the minerals out.

Jan 10, 1954

By M. P. Board, M. J. Reus

Instrumentation was installed during construction of the Silver Shaft in northern Idaho to evaluate lining behavior and rock deformation. Rock mass displacements were monitored with multiple-position borehole extensometers. Liner stress and strain were measured with concrete pressure cells and embedment strain gages. Rock displacement data from the 5,955-ft level indicate rock mass anisotropy. Liner stress and strain data reflect high in situ stresses and nearby station and raise construction. Continued monitoring and preliminary analysis indicate that concrete-lined, circular shafts are stable for high, unequal stress fields and anisotropy in deep level mines.

Jan 1, 1984

By Allan M. Hale

The paper discusses past trends in phosphate reclamation, indicating advantages and disadvantages of land and lakes, sand tailings capped with overburden, phosphate slimes capped with overburden, and overburden fill reclamation. In addition, new techniques of reclamation such a clay settling-pond disposal and wetland restoration are discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. C. Phalen

Introduction............................... 100 Production and Exportation of Phosphate Rock.............. 101 Methods of Conservation........................ 101 Introductory Note........................ 101 Mechanical Methods of Conservation............... 103 Grades of Brown Phosphate Rock............... 106 Preparation of Phosphate Rock for Market, with Phases of Conservation Involved..................... 106 Removal of Overburden.................... 106 Methods of Mining...................... 107 Reworking Deposits..................• 107 Working "Cutters"................... 109 Washing and Drying..................... 111 Conservation of Fines .................... 113 Chemical Methods of Conserving Phosphate Rook.......... 113 Application in the West.................... 113 Chemistry of Process.................... 114 Substitutes for Phosphate Rock..................... 115 Natural Substitutes........................ 115 Phosphatic Limestone..................... 115 Apatite, Nelsonite and Other Minerals Containing Phosphate ... 116 . Apatite in Virginia................... 117 Guano........................... 118 Greensand (Marls)...................... 118 New Jersey....................... 118 Kentucky........................ 119 . Tennessee........................ 120 Alabama........................ 120 Excrement.......................... 120 Bones............................ 121 Artificial Substitutes....................... 121 Basic Slag......................... 121 Phosphate Rock Reserves....................... 122 Florida............... 122 .

Jan 1, 1918