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By Henry W. Turner

The following notes were taken on a trip through northern Korea in the fall of 1910. We started with about 19 Korean ponies, and as many Koreans, from Shin Anju, on the railway from Seoul to Antung. We passed through the ancient walled city of Anju, and thence up the valley of the Anju river. We then crossed over to the north into the Kalsan drainage, thence over another divide to the Chasung river, and finally reached the old Korean copper-smelting camp of Tong Jom— in all a distance by trail of about 200 miles. The return trip was made with ponies to Mampochin on the Yalu river, and thence' down the river in a junk to Antung. The route of travel is shown on the sketch map, Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1913

By John Birkinbine

Awakened public interest in efforts to conserve natural resources will certainly be appreciated by the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and a discussion upon conservation may well form a part of one of the Institute meetings, for the records of papers and discussions which appear in the 38 volumes of its Transactions are replete with evidence of efforts in this direction. Every process which reduces the fuel consumed or the power applied per unit of product; every utilization of waste material, or employment of that formerly rejected, to obtain something of value; every feature of construction or operation which lessens the labor required or increases the output per employee, is an advance in the direction of true conservation. This may not appear from the records of late conferences or from published articles, in which the effort seems to be concen-

Jan 1, 1910

By Henry E. Armitage

The object of this paper is to give a few useful hints on the concentration of low-grade ores. The machines that I shall speak of are, Cornish rolls, revolving screens, Hartz jigs, spitz-lutte, and the Linkenbach buddle (or Roberts's patent buddle, as it is called in Colorado). I think the reason why some of them have been discarded in favor of more recent inventions is that they have not been given a fair chance to do their work in a satisfactory manner. Cornish rolls are usually looked upon as a machine designed simply to crush the ore as a preliminary to sending it to the sizingscreens, beyond which they have nothing to do with dressing the ore. On the contrary, the rolls give the key-note to the whole process. It is well known that one class of rock will crush differently from another, and from the result obtained by passing the ore through the rolls the size of the first revolving screen and the surface required on the jig-screens must be determined. If it is found that the mineral crushes clear from the quartz, a large mesh can be used on the first sizing-screen, and the tailings will not require recrushing ; but if it is found that some of the tailings from the first jig are ragged (that is, are carrying off particles of mineral sticking on the quartz), it will be necessary to recrush them. Again, if a large percentage of the tailings carry off mineral, it will be more economical to commence with a finer mesh screen than to recrush the tailings. Having determined the best mesh to use on the first sizing-screen, the different sizes on the other screens can be determined from it. I have found for practical purposes that, commencing with a 6-mesh, the next should be 8, then 12, and finally 18. The holes in the jig-screens should be a trifle larger than in the revolving screens. For instance, if the revolving screen is made of No. 14 wire, the corresponding jig-screeus should be of No. 16 wire. The jig-screen surface required for each size made depends on the may

Jan 1, 1890

By R. A. Ronzio, P. B. Queneau, C. A. Born

The molybdenite flotation operation of Climax Molybdenum Co., Division of AMAX Inc., near Leadville, Colo., generates a rougher tailing containing 0.03% W03 and 0.005% SnO2. This tailing is subjected to a series of mineral beneficiation steps for production of wolframite and cassiterite concentrates. However, these byproducts are contaminated by small quantities of UsOa. This paper describes application of sulfuric acid-sodium chlorate leaching for substantial elimination of the radioactive impurities, particularly the mineral brannerite. The leached residue is amenable to magnetic separation of wolframite from cassiterite.

Jan 1, 1976

By Robert Franke

In view of the prominence which the conical mill has attained in the fine-crushing field within the few years since its introduction, the following comparison with its more mature forerunner, the Chilean mill, based on extensive tests, is submitted in the interest of the milling profession. Soon after designing the concentrating plant of the Miami Copper Co. in 1909, the Hardinge conical mill made its appearance in the milling forum. Its possibility as a suitable crushing device for the plant was well recognized, but in view of the lack of commercial demonstration, at the time, as to capacity, efficiency for desired product, and the still more uncertain factors of cost of maintenance and power consumption, it was deemed that the immediate adoption of this machine throughout the plant would be a hazardous undertaking. For these reasons it was decided to equip the majority of the immediately required units of the plant with Chilean mills, the fine-crushing proficiencies of which were better known, and one section with Hardinge mills, to serve as a test unit for the guidance of future installations and replacements. Thereby, after 1.5 years' operation with both types of mills, a thorough test as to metallurgical efficiency and cost economy has been obtained. The conical mill used in these tests is the 8-ft. Hardinge pebble mill, having a cylinder 22 in. in length. The cylindrical portion of this mill is lined with cast-iron liner plates, and the conical extensions with silex bricks bound together by cement. Each liner plate carries a projecting lifter, the function of which is to increase the height of drop of the lifted material. Danish No. 5 pebbles, obtained from the coast deposits of Denmark, are used for the grinding charge. The Chilean mill used is a fast-running, 3-roller, 6-ft. Saturn mill, with screens of 0.037-in. opening. The feed to these mills is the oversize of Callow screens having 0.029-in. openings, which follow rolls crushing to 0.5 in. For the ore of this mine, a moderately hard but very fissile schist,

Jan 1, 1914

Wabush Mines is the largest single supplier of iron ore to the Canadian steel industry, with 42% of its 6 million tpy of iron ore production going to the company's two Canadian owners-The Steel Co. of Canada and Dominion Foundries and Steel Ltd. Six other companies hold interests in Wabush Iron Co. Ltd. These are Lykes-Youngstown, Inland Steel Co., Intrerlake Steel Corp., Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Co., Finsider of Italy and Pickands Mather & Co. Field work on Wabush began in mid-1957 when a long-range program of economic, geologic, and metallurgical investigations started. This work was followed in 1959 by the construction of a temporary camp and a 700-tpd pilot plant. At the same time, work was also started on a 38-mi railway connection to Ross Bay, Newfoundland.

Jan 1, 1970

By C. Gregory Knight

The Pennsylvania Coal Model is a research activity of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsylvania State University, in association with the Economic Development Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania, and the Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission. In this project, sponsored by the Appalachian Regional Commission and the Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation, data banks and models have been developed to simulate potential coal production and utilization systems in Pennsylvania. Building from a coal system data base for 1974 and mining simulation models, computer optimization models predict potential coal production and transportation for alternative future demand scenarios. The model allows derivation of costs of various coal supply systems under specific economic, transportation, and environmental constraints. The model also provides insight into such impacts of coal production as employment, land use, and environmental quality.

Jan 1, 1977

By Henry Turner

THE following notes were taken on a trip through northern Korea in the fall of 1910. We started with about 19 Korean ponies, and as many Koreans, from Shin Anju, on the railway from Seoul to Antung. We passed through the ancient walled city of Anju, and thence up the valley of the Anju river. We then crossed over to the north into the Kalsan drainage, thence over another divide to the Chasung river, and finally reached the old Korean copper-smelting camp of Tong Jom-in all a distance by trail of about 200 miles. The return trip was made with ponies to Mampochin on the Yalu river, and thence down the river in a junk to Antung. The route of travel is shown on the sketch map, Fig. 1.

Jan 4, 1913

By G. W. Poling

Chemical and physical properties of thiol collectors are re-examined to compare the prospects,of heavy metal-thiolate or disulphide surface reaction products acting as actual collector species. Recent evidences for the existence and importance of each of these types of adsorbed species on sulphide minerals are also discussed. A conclusion is reached that partial coverage by chemisorbed heavy metal thiolate is often sufficient to confer practical levels of hydrophobicity and floatability. Only on a few highly conducting and "noble" sulphides does adsorbed disulphide-type collector oxidation product appear to be significant.

Jan 1, 1976

By L. W. Pommier, L. R. Plitt, F. B. Brien

L. R. Plitt (Assistant Professor of Mining and Metallurgy, University of Alberta, Canada.) — It is indeed encouraging to see rheological studies being carried out in a mineral engineering school. The bulk of the work being done today in applied rheology seems to be concerned with the behavior of polymeric solutions and thus has limited application to the solid-liquid systems encountered in mineral beneficiation. The authors have approached the problem by carrying out a dimensional analysis which showed that for power law fluids the drag coefficient, Ds, must be some function of a generalized Reynolds number which has the form: If the power law adequately describes the behavior of a fluid, the dimensional analyses predicts that the Ds - RN function should hold for all values of n' or any other dependent variable. The experimental evi-

Jan 1, 1968

By O. Chanute

all of' level atid grade curve excepting Nos. 897, 898, 899, and 900, because of the impossibility of grouping them in the same nlonner, no two Iraving the chemical composition and physical prnprtiw as tho only v:iriubles. Phosphorus ~tnits have been taken to show the relatia h:wdnes. Of these 16 groups, 10 decidedly indicate slower wear firr tile harder rail. Of the remaining 6 groups, three (groups 2, 9, and 15) come well within the limits of error (.25 pound per yard) inherent in the palculation of the data as pointed out by Dr. Dndley; they catrnot, therefore, be considered tls exceptions. Group 2 and 15 arc but little outside of the limita of error. Rail 923 of group 9 is obviously abnornlal. This is probahly due to its being overheated, which the chemical analysis shows might easily be the case, and which the physical tc~ts and its low specific gravity tend to c-nfirm. We inry say, then, thnt 13 of these 16 groups fairly indicate, if they do not definitely point out, th:kt, under the same condition% tbe harder rail gives the slower wear. Of course, these comparisons are too few to enable us to arrive at positive ~?o-nclusions; but indications thus obtained are, I believe, fir more vsluitblc and tresttvc~rthy than those fhzt averages rvottld give us, mnde up from any ~lumhr of rails under intloy difi~rcal, conditions. Finally, it, seems to me, that the conclusions arrived at earlier in my remarks, together with, and confirmed by the last, show strong evidence that, under the same conditions, the harder rail will givc the slower wear. 0. C~~anute, New York CITY: We are very much shlipl, 1 ant sure, to Mr. Sandberg for his paper upn " Rail Ryaifications and Rail Inspertion in Europe." We have in thp United States bithhrto Been inspecting mils sonlewl~at haphazard, and we ore glad to gtbt tfie results of Mr. Sandberg's long experience. We recognize that he was an)ong the first, if not the very firwt, to iipply mare rittional and scientific rules to the designing of irou rails., niora recently, to adapt tlitve rules to the clesigtting of steel I':I~]R, to conform to the oapaljilities and rqniretnento of this new n1:ttcrial. Although we have generally adopted, in this country, sectinns for hteel rails which marly of our railway men think even bottar than those of Mr. Snlldlmrg, he is neverthelees the Ieat3er in foot.iito11~ we have followed ever since it has been est~blished

Jan 1, 1881

By A. M. Gaudin

UNTIL recently little attention has been paid to the effect of particle size on flotation. This has been especially true of material finer than 200 mesh.1 Particles of different sizes must behave differently in a flotation circuit; increased information along this line would be of practical use as well as of theoretical interest. The object of this study has been to determine what effect particle size has on floatability. The problem has been approached in two ways. One method consisted in a study of samples of the final products of several mills. These samples were sized and each size-product was analyzed for its important constituents. Bakelite briquettes2 of some of the products were made and studied under the microscope. This investigation is being continued, with particular reference to quantitative microscopic analysis of intermediate products of flotation plants. M In the other method of study, mixtures of pure minerals were ground to different degrees of fineness and floated. The products were then sized and analyzed. A study of the behavior of mixtures of pure sized minerals would have been illuminating, but after trial it was considered impractical on account of the tediousness of the large amount of elutriation required and the fact that the mineral particles would oxidize while being sized, preparatory to flotation. Broadly speaking, the following conclusions have been reached: 1. Results obtained by the two methods of study are in agreement. 2. The usual notion about the relative ease of flotation of very fine particles does not agree with the facts: 3. There is a time sequence of flotation with regard to particle size, the medium coarse particles floating first. 4. No successful method of floating extremely fine pulps has been found. 5. Recovery is optimum in a certain well-defined size range. 6. Selection is optimum in another well-defined size range.

Jan 1, 1931

EVERY dry thing that burns easily and multiplies or maintains fire by its own intrinsic nature can be put into an incendiary composition and various effects are produced. Some of these things are mineral combinations, like sulphur or its oil; some others, [163v] hot, dry, and subtle substances, like saltpeter; and some are. unctuous things, like fats and oils of any kind; while some serve because of dryness, like pith and wood. Some of these things are natural and some artificial But now I set aside the search for these differences in their composition. This is what I have found among all the ancient and modern things that I have been able to seek, and first, back in the time of Alexander the Great. Marcus Graecus, who was perhaps the inventor or a great experimenter and practicer of such things, writes of many of them. I have chosen some among these, and one* is this: In order to make it, he took Grecian pitch, alchitran, live sulphur, tartar, sarcocolla, niter, and petroleum oil, one part of each, and, in addition, a double amount of quicklime. He mixed it all with oil of egg yolks. Having put it in a well-covered and closed vessel of glass or glazed earthenware under warm manure, he left it for a month. Then, having liquefied it over a slow fire, always keeping the vessel well closed, he finally put this liquor in hollow sticks, in little pots, or in vessels expressly made, all with a little fuse fitted in the middle. If I should have to do this, I would say that a little gunpowder should be put in, which should give beginning to the fire so that it would ignite more easily. I have also found that another fire is made. For this sulphur is taken, or oil of sulphur if it is possible to obtain, petroleum oil or some rock oil, juniper oil, very well-refined saltpeter, and for one part of each of these five parts of asphalt; in addition, take goose or duck fat, pure black pitch, varnish, pulverized dove's dung, and enough aqua vitae to cover all the aforesaid things.. Then it is put in a glass vessel under warm manure for

Jan 1, 1942

By Marcel R. Daly

In a preceding paper1 the writer has pointed out some apparent relationship between the distribution, on the surface of the globe,, of the known hydrocarbon deposits and the disposition of the principal zones of deformation of the earth's body (geosynclines). He wishes to present some further remarks on this subject. Petroleum deposits, or their derivatives or descendants, are found through the whole range of sedimentary strata, from the pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary. For instance, the prc-Beltian (Shuswap) series of the Canadian Cordillera are interbedded with limestones which are sometimes rich in carbonaceous matter (Sicamous limcstone); and the Beltian system of the same region contains layers of argillitcs and dolomitic limestones which are equally high in carbon content.2 This carbon may be interpreted as the last remnant of hydrocarbons previously contained in the rocks. On the other hand, the actual formation of hydrocarbons under conditions that would eventually permit their deposition in modern sediments is conceded by some geologists.3 Between these two extreme limits, bitumens are found indifferently in all sedimentaries. Thcy constitute a continuous series, some kind of a large family, whose individual members may be entitled to a community of origin and probably represent the different stages of evolution of the primitive, parent matter. The kinship between petroleum and such substances as asphalt, ozocerite, manjak, grahamite, albertite, etc., is well known; and E. H. Cunning-gam-Craig has recently shown how intimately shale fields and oil fields are connectcd.4 For this reason, no distinction is made in the present

Jan 1, 1918

By L. G. Austin, P. T. Luckie

The Bond Work Index has been used for many years to estimate the power requirement of a material with known work index. The index is determined by a completely empirical test and no logical base for its use has been formulated. However, consideration of grinding as a unit operation which can be mathematically treated offers the prospect of considerably more accurate design and mill power estimation when sufficient data on large-scale mills becomes available. The interrelation of the Bond type with the unit operation approach is discussed.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. B. Parsons

When the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund was established in. 1929 the donors mentioned certain types of projects to which preference might be given in selecting those to he financed by the income from the Fund. One suggestion. was that the projects "be of particular benefit to young engineers." This modest little book meets this specification most aptly. It seeks to guide the engineer-particularly the young one-with the least loss of time and effort to the most convenient source of authentic information regarding any topic in which he may at the moment be interested. Knowing the best place to find the literature on a subject is almost as valuable-and far more practicable-than maintaining a library of one's own large enough to provide the information.

Jan 1, 1933

By Marcel Daly

IN a preceding paper 1 the writer has pointed out some apparent relationship between the distribution, on the Surface of the globe, of the known hydrocarbon deposits and the disposition of the principal zones of deformation of the earth's body (geosynclines). He wishes to present some further remarks on this subject. Petroleum deposits, or their derivatives or descendants, are found through the whole range of sedimentary strata, from the pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary. For instance, the pre-Beltian (Shuswap) series of the Canadian Cordillera are interbedded with limestones which are sometimes rich in carbonaceous matter (Sicamous limestone) ; and the Beltian system of the same region contains layers of argillites and dolomitic limestones which are equally high in carbon content.2 This carbon may be interpreted as the last remnant of hydrocarbons previously contained in the rocks. On the other hand, the actual formation of hydrocarbons wider conditions that would eventually permit their deposition in modern sediments is conceded by some geologists.3 Between these two extreme limits, bitumens are found indifferently in all sedimentaries. They constitute a continuous series, some kind of a large family, whose individual members may be entitled to a community of origin and probably represent the differentt stages of evolution of the primitive, parent matter. . The kinship between petroleum and such substances as asphalt, ozocerite, manjak, grahamite, albertite, etc., is well known; and E. H. Cunninggam-Craig has recently shown how intimately shale fields and oil fields are connected. For this reason, no distinction is made in the present

Jan 8, 1917

ROSWELL H. JOHNSON,* Pittsburgh, Pa.-The industry, I think, has suffered very severely from the lack of just such work as has been done by Messrs. Lewis and Beal. I think we owe a great deal to the Bureau of Mines for at last undertaking this much needed work, even though it is so belated. It could have been of very great assistance in so many properties where its usefulness has now passed. I think it is perhaps well to sound a note of caution, owing to the fact that so much of this information was derived from eastern Oklahoma; but with the new bulletin giving the decline for many fields, there will be far less danger of falling into error through assuming too much uniformity. The cumulative percentage curve seems to 'me to be a. particularly splendid idea. It should have a very important -influence, especially as the authors have themselves pointed out several variables that ought to be taken into consideration. The thickness, I think, is going to be an especially important one to work out along the general lines of method that they have advanced. Probably the most surprising thing in the paper is the general rule that the decline of a well is more correlated with its size than with its age. I can't help but think that that generalization, important as it is, is rather rough and will not apply so clearly when we have a larger number of fields before us. Still the generalization, rough as it is, is of very great importance, since the industry has been very largely basing a great many of its ideas on the ignorance of that principle. It leads to certain corollaries that are of great consequence. The first is that the undrilled portion of the property must be appraised on a. different basis from that used for the drilled portion.

Jan 4, 1918

By E. V. Given

In speaking of the concentration of oxidized lead ores at St. Anthony, I do not wish to infer that we believe all lead ores of a similar grade can be mined and treated at a profit. Our oxidized ore is low grade, and certainly the mine under present economic conditions could not operate on this ore by itself. Because of favorable conditions we can operate the oxide circuit at a small profit although we do not allocate overhead, pumping, and certain other general charges to it. Operations in the oxidized zone were started as an essential part of the development necessary to outline and mine the sulphide ores. Nearly all of our oxidized lead ore comes from the Collins section of the mine, with the transition from oxide to sulphide ore lying between the 600 and 700-ft levels. Production from sulphide ore is much larger than from the oxide, both in tonnage handled and in grade of ore. The oxide and sulphide ores are never mixed either in the mine or the mill. The oxide mill sections have their own ore bins, grinding, and flotation departments. The lead minerals contained in the ore, in the order of their importance are cerussite, wulfenite, galena, anglesite, and vanadinite. The ratios of the different lead minerals change as the ore is pulled from different parts of the mine-total lead being approximately 50% to 60% cerussite, 20% wulfenite, 15% galena, zero to 10% anglesite, and 2% vanadinite. About 3% of the lead was unidentified.

Jan 5, 1950

By A. Vifian, I. lwasaki

Several samples of copper-nickel ore from the Duluth Gabbro were studied to relate their mineral-ogical characteristics with their amenability to concentration by flotation. The most common rocks in the samples were norites, gabbros, and troctolites. The texture of the rocks varied from coarse pegma-titic to very fine. The copper contents ranged from 0.2-0.7% and the nickel contents from 0.07-0.15%. The ore minerals were chalcopyrite, cubanite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite. Most of the ore minerals occurred in interstices between laths of plagioclase, but some were included in the gangue grains. The samples responded readily to xanthate flotation. After a 65 to 100-mesh grind about 95% of the copper and 85% of the nickel were recovered in a bulk sulfide concentrate. Such recoveries remained constant even with grinds as fine as 270 mesh due to the extremely fine inclusions of sulfides in the silicate gangue. A finer grind than 270 mesh was necessary to free the copper-iron sulfides from the nickel-iron sulfides. A combination of time and British gum* was quite effective in producing concentrates analyzing 25-30% copper. The nickel concentrate averaged 1.5% nickel. Most of the nickel lost in the tailing was present as un-liberated sulfides and not as nickel in the olivine structure. The nickel content of the olivine was only about 0.05 or 0.08%. Western world nickel usage in 1967 is expected to be the second highest on record, amounting to 825 million lb. Despite a rise in mine production, however, demand is expected to exceed supply in 1968. ' Hence, exploration, development, and production expansion projects are being accelerated on a world scale. In Minnesota the copper-nickel bearing Duluth Gabbro is receiving much attention. During the past year 11 companies have been granted leases in the region, and the 1967 Minnesota legislature enacted a tax law designed to encourage the development of a copper-nickel industry. Although it is only during the past few years that mining companies have shown an active interest in the Minnesota copper-nickel deposit, copper-nickel minerals have been known to exist in northeastern Minnesota since 1899.3 At the 28th Mining Symposium, Dr. P. K. Sims, from the Geological Survey of Minnesota, gave a review of copper-nickel exploration in northeastern Minnesota,4 in which he emphasized that the potential of the Duluth Gabbro complex is large. Tests on samples from the Kawishiwi River area were reported by the United States Bureau of Mines in 1955.' In 1964, the Mines Experiment Station described tests on samples from the Gunflint Trail: and in 1966 the Minnesota Geological Survey published a geological map of the Gabbro Lake Quadrangle. The Mines Experiment Station published a study of the concentration of a Minnesota copper-nickel ore in 1967.7 The present paper is divided into three parts. The first describes the mineralogy of some rock samples from the Kawishiwi River area of northeastern Minnesota; the second summarizes the results of numerous flotation tests that were made on the samples, and the third explains the loss of nickel in the flotation tailing. MINERALOGY OF KAWlSHlWl ROCKS Recently five samples of mineralized gabbro from the Kawishiwi River area, a few miles east of Ely, were received at the Mines Experiment Station. One of the samples was a 175-lb composite, which was designated Ore 1556. The other four samples were 7-lb grab samples that had been obtained from four different exploration pits. They were designated Ore 1626, Lots 1 through 4. Basic Mineralogy: Many authors have reported that the rocks of the so-called gabbro of the Duluth Intrusion vary widely in composition.8-9 The samples on which our studies were based also contained a wide range of rocks. A gabbro, olivine-gabbro, anorthosite-gabbro, norite, and a troctolite were represented. The essential minerals in the samples were plagio-clase, pyroxene, and olivine, in variable proportions.

Jan 1, 1969