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Uranium, discovered in 1949 at Rum Jungle, 40 miles south of Darwin, N. T., was mined and processed to U3O8 from 1954 to 1963 by the Territory Enterprises Pty. Ltd. TEP is a Government company managed by Conzinc RioTinto of Australia Ltd. During this period, the uranium oxide was sold under contract to the Combined Development Agency, a joint Anglo-American uranium procurement agency. When the contract terminated in 1963, more than 31/4 million pounds of uranium oxide had been delivered which had been mined from three open pits. Copper ores, found with the uranium, necessitated the addition of a copper circuit to the concentrator. Copper concentrates containing 12,981 pounds of copper were also produced. Rum Jungle was the largest single industrial enterprise in the Northern Territories and, as such, was an important economic and social factor in this sparsely settled tropical region. To stretch out the life of this enterprise for the above reasons, and with the added possibility that the uranium market might improve, the Commonwealth mined out and stockpiled 650,000 tons of ore containing 9.6 lb of U,O, per ton, which is sufficient to sustain the treatment plant at 200 tpd until about 1971. In the plant, uranium is recovered from solution by solvent ex- traction. Current output is being stockpiled pending suitable market conditions.

Jan 10, 1964

By E. D. Gardner

IN 1947 the metal-mining industry . passed through a year of readjustment; catching up on development work has caused production to suffer. Skilled labor has been short in most mining districts, notwithstanding the highest wage rate paid in the history of the industry. The trend has continued toward increased mechanization and refinements in practices and methods to increase the tons produced per man-shift. Improvements in procedures, however, have not kept pace with rising labor rates; and, in general, labor costs per ton mined have steadily increased since the war years. Prices of base metals have been the highest in a generation, but most producing companies can afford to pay the high wages. Capital expenditures have been approved for improvements to increase the output per man, both to reduce unit labor costs and to increase output. Surveys indicate a continuing

Jan 1, 1948

By Charles H. Fulton

CHARLES H. FULTON, chairman, presided at the first session of the Mineral Industry Education Division on Wednesday morning. Reporting for the program committee, Edward Steidle, its chairman, pointed out that its function was not to arrange programs for meetings but to plan a program for the Division to follow in the development of its activities. This was appropriately followed by presentation and discussion of his paper, "Basic Trends in Mineral Industries Education," which, being available in printed form, was only presented in oral abstract. Jay A. Carpenter submitted interesting written discussion that was read, in his absence, by A. M. Smith. Most of the morning was devoted to the discussion of the paper, which was too extensive and ranged too widely to attempt to report in much detail. H. T. Mann, H. P. Hammond, Cadwallader Evans, C. H. Fulton, T. T. Read, D. F. McFarland and P. B. Bucky joined in the discussion, Mr. Hammond making a plea for more unification in mineral industry education, saying that in the study he made for the Society for Promotion of Engineering Education about 35 different curricula preparatory to work in the mineral industry were discovered to exist. He felt that most of the needs of the mining industry could he met by men who had had four years of engineering training of good enough basic quality to permit them to advance along special lines. However, there was apparently a growing demand, as reflected by the increasing number of candidates for the Master's degree in engineering, for men with more thorough training in the fundamentals.

Jan 1, 1933

By Frank T. Sisco

SHORTAGES of metals and minerals and substitution of less critical materials for those in which a virtual famine exists received detailed and frank discussion at a recent conference in Washington called by Robert E. McConnell, director of the Conservation Section, Office of Production Management. Representatives of the large engineering societies in the United States and O.P.M. department heads participated in the discussion. To open the session Mr. McConnell called upon Zay Jeffries, chairman of the O.P.M. Advisory Committee on Metal Conservation and Substitution, to summarize the present situation. Dr. Jeffries touched briefly on the status of metal shortages, which has already received considerable attention in the popular press, and said that much of the present difficulty was caused by the too-hasty substitution-without sufficient con¬sideration of the immediate conse¬quences-of metals having ordinarily a small yearly consumption, for those having a much larger annual consumption. As a result, all the alloying metals used in alloy-steel manufacture have become scarce, with the exception of molybdenum; further¬more, despite a reserve of 11,000 tons of molybdenum in this country and despite a normal consumption of only about 3500 tons and a prospective annual production rate of 21,000 tons by October, a shortage of molybdenum is possible before this war is over.

Jan 1, 1941

By JESSE L. MAURY

ONE OF the most hopeful features of the current depression is the discussion which it has en- gendered of ways and means to counteract similar recurrences in the future. 1t is widely recognized that fruitful attack will be directed toward the steady employment of labor, through which the purchasing power of this preponderant class in society will be maintained. S. A, Lewisohn's article' has presented the major factors to be considered; the physical suffering and mental torture endured by those who are deprived of income through no fault of their own, the direct economic losses' sustained in the degradation of 'great, numbers of our population and the disintegration of efficient working forces, and the prime responsibility of owners and managers.

Jan 1, 1931

Joseph W. RichaRds, South Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*): The hold experiment of Mr. James Gayley in drying the blast used in the Isabella furnace has attracted the attention of the whole metallurgical world, and has given rise to a wide discussion of the reasons for its great success. Mr. Gayley and the capitalists who backed him in his work deserve congratulations on the success of the venture, not only because it succeeded, but because they have been rewarded far beyond the maximum that could be expected from theory or probability. To state the case in its simplest terms, all that could have been predicted was: (1) that the removal of the moisture from the blaet would result in the saving of the heat required for its decomposition, representing from 3 to 5 per cent. of the heat-value of the coke used; hence about that quantity of fuel might be saved; (2) that the furnace would be somewhat more independent of variations in the weather; (3) that the campaign would be a little hotter; and (4) that the speed of the blowing-eugines would be decreased, at least in amount proportionate to the reduction in temperature of the air led to them. I do not think anyone anticipated a much larger output per day. The results actually attained were: (1) the furnace made an increase of 24.86 per cent. in the output of pig-iron per day; (2) it consumed 19.6 per cent. less coke per ton of pig-iron made; (3) the blowing-engines were run 15.8 per cent. slower; and (4) the saving in power made up for the power required to run the refrigerating-plant. In addition, the blast was hotter; the waste-gases cooler, because of their smaller volume; and there was a greater proportion of carbon dioxide to carbon

Jan 1, 1906

By CHARLES DORRANGE

INTRODUCTION. CULM is a general term used in the anthracite regions for many years to denote a mixture of coal, bony coal and impurities which is sent to the refuse-banks. Thus, 35 years ago culm contained the pea and buckwheat sizes of anthracite; but to-day, and as mentioned in this paper, culm is used specifically to denote the material which passes through the smallest screen in the anthracite-breaker. The smallest size of commercial anthracite is known as No. 3 buckwheat, barley, or bird's-eye coal, and is ordinarily made through a round-punched plate having openings 3/16 in. in diameter, and over a round-punched plate with opening 3/32 in. or 1/16 in. in diameter. Thus culm will consist of coal, bony coal, slate, gravel, iron pyrite, etc., ranging in size from ? 3/32 in. down to dust. Other local terms for culm are " slush," " silt," and " dirt." The first experiments towards the utilization of anthracite culm by briquetting, and the first briquetting-work done in this country, were in 1872 at Port Richmond Piers, Philadelphia, Pa., by E. F., Loiseau.1 Clay was used as a binder and the finished briquette was water-proofed with shellac, etc. Excessive cost was given as the reason for discontinuing work at this plant. The Delaware k Hudson Co., in 1876, built a plant at Rondout, N. Y., which operated until 1880. Gas-tar was used as a binder, and anthracite screenings were briquetted for engine fuel. Excessive cost, poor results in firing, and the tendency of the fuel to cut the boiler-flues were given as the reasons for discontinuing the manufacture. The next plant was built by E. F. Loiseau about 1878, at Nesquehoning, Pa., near the No. 1 or Nesquehoning colliery

Sep 1, 1911

By James J. Halbouty

The restraining effects of war conditions on oil-field development are well illustrated by statistics on South Texas † fields for the year 1942. Statistics also show a decline in wildcatting, but this decrease is much smaller than that shown by field activity. In comparison with results in 1941, there was a reduction of about 44 per cent in the total number of wells drilled in the area (802 in 1942 against 1452 in 1941) This 44 per cent drop represents declines of 50.4 per cent in field wells and of 17.4 per cent in rank wildcats. Field wells (exclusive of 18 wildcats that discovered fields) totaled 598; also, 204 rank wildcats were drilled (see Tables 3 and 4). The corresponding figures for 1941 are 1205 field and extension wells and 247 rank wildcats. In this connection, it should be noted that whereas in 1941 the rank wildcats made up only 17 per cent of all wells drilled in the area, their percentage of the 1942 total was 25.4 per cent. In spite of the decrease of 43 in the number of rank wildcatst drilled, there were 18 new productive areas discavered, one more than the 17 new fields found in 1941. Thus the field-discovery rate for 1942, one new field for every 11.3 wildcats drilled, compares favorably with the I to 14.5 rate of 1941. Thirteen new producing levels were opened in fields; this includes the finding of 44' gravity crude on the west flank of the Sejita field in a 5700-ft. sand, which produccs distillate higher on the structure. Interesting, and showing the general scarcity of sand discoveries, is the fact that of the 13 new sands discovered, 7 were found in Jim Wells County. The year's sand-discovery rate of one new level for every 46 field wells compares very unfavorably with the I to 19.7 rate of 1941, during which 61 new producing horizons were found. Developmeilt of new fields was on a small scale. In several instances activity in these areas was not carried beyond the drilling of the discovery well. The field discoveries of 1942, together with the type of production obtained from the discovery wells and the total number of wells (productive and dry) drilled in them, are given below: Discovery Num- Field.I County Well her Produced Wells I. Cadena....... Duval Oil 2 a. Garza......... Duval Oil I 3. Dinn......... Duval Gas I 4. Keller......... Duval Gas I 5. East.......... Tim 0 11 I 6. Green Branch . McMullen Gas 3 7. Frost. .GreenBranch........ Starr Oil I 8. Garcia........ Starr Oil 6 9. Ulrich........ Starr Oil 4 10. Lykes......... Webb Oil 2 11. McLean....... Webb Oil 9 Iz. Alamo........ Hidalgo Distillate 2 and gas 13. Penitas....... Hidalgo Distillate 2 and gas 14. Xmpnan..... Jim wells i a 15. South Premont Jim Wells Distillate i and gas 16. Quinto Creek.. Jim Wells Gas 4 17. Roth.. . :..... Jim Wells Gas I I 18. South Sinton.. San Distillate I Patricio and gas . • See Table 2 for data on discovery wells and Table I for information on these fields. • See Table 4.

Jan 1, 1943

By James J. Halbouty

The restraining effects of war conditions on oil-field development are well illustrated by statistics on South Texas † fields for the year 1942. Statistics also show a decline in wildcatting, but this decrease is much smaller than that shown by field activity. In comparison with results in 1941, there was a reduction of about 44 per cent in the total number of wells drilled in the area (802 in 1942 against 1452 in 1941) This 44 per cent drop represents declines of 50.4 per cent in field wells and of 17.4 per cent in rank wildcats. Field wells (exclusive of 18 wildcats that discovered fields) totaled 598; also, 204 rank wildcats were drilled (see Tables 3 and 4). The corresponding figures for 1941 are 1205 field and extension wells and 247 rank wildcats. In this connection, it should be noted that whereas in 1941 the rank wildcats made up only 17 per cent of all wells drilled in the area, their percentage of the 1942 total was 25.4 per cent. In spite of the decrease of 43 in the number of rank wildcatst drilled, there were 18 new productive areas discavered, one more than the 17 new fields found in 1941. Thus the field-discovery rate for 1942, one new field for every 11.3 wildcats drilled, compares favorably with the I to 14.5 rate of 1941. Thirteen new producing levels were opened in fields; this includes the finding of 44' gravity crude on the west flank of the Sejita field in a 5700-ft. sand, which produccs distillate higher on the structure. Interesting, and showing the general scarcity of sand discoveries, is the fact that of the 13 new sands discovered, 7 were found in Jim Wells County. The year's sand-discovery rate of one new level for every 46 field wells compares very unfavorably with the I to 19.7 rate of 1941, during which 61 new producing horizons were found. Developmeilt of new fields was on a small scale. In several instances activity in these areas was not carried beyond the drilling of the discovery well. The field discoveries of 1942, together with the type of production obtained from the discovery wells and the total number of wells (productive and dry) drilled in them, are given below: Discovery Num- Field.I County Well her Produced Wells I. Cadena....... Duval Oil 2 a. Garza......... Duval Oil I 3. Dinn......... Duval Gas I 4. Keller......... Duval Gas I 5. East.......... Tim 0 11 I 6. Green Branch . McMullen Gas 3 7. Frost. .GreenBranch........ Starr Oil I 8. Garcia........ Starr Oil 6 9. Ulrich........ Starr Oil 4 10. Lykes......... Webb Oil 2 11. McLean....... Webb Oil 9 Iz. Alamo........ Hidalgo Distillate 2 and gas 13. Penitas....... Hidalgo Distillate 2 and gas 14. Xmpnan..... Jim wells i a 15. South Premont Jim Wells Distillate i and gas 16. Quinto Creek.. Jim Wells Gas 4 17. Roth.. . :..... Jim Wells Gas I I 18. South Sinton.. San Distillate I Patricio and gas . • See Table 2 for data on discovery wells and Table I for information on these fields. • See Table 4.

Jan 1, 1943

By Robert E. Green, Wolfgang Sachse

Simullaneous ultrasonic attenuation measurements of both quasishear waves propagating in single cryslals of aluminum indicate that, in the undeformed annealed state, the dislocation density is generally not uniform on all slip systems. Change oof attenuation measurements made during plastic defortnation of crystals , which possessed specific orientations ideal for studying the orientation dependence of dislocation damping, indicate that, for low strain levels, dislocation motion occurs on additional slip systems besides the primary one, even for crystals oriented for plastic deformation by single slip. THE sensitivity of internal friction measurements permits such measurements to be used successfully in studying the deformation characteristics of metal crystals. On the basis of experimental observations, T. A. Read1 was the first to associate internal friction losses with various dislocation mechanisms. Since that time further work2-' has been performed and a dislocation damping theory has been formulated by Granato and Lucke.6 In the amplitude independent region, this theory predicts the attenuation a to be dependent on an orientation factor O, a dislocation density A, and an average loop length L. if is a constant, independent of crystallographic orientation. For a given crystallographic orientation, changes in dislocation density and loop length give rise to the observed attenuation changes accompanying plastic deformation. The Granato-Liicke theory suggests the investigation of the orientation dependence of attenuation measurements in hopes of obtaining information to separate dislocation motion losses from other losses.7 An experimental study of the orientation dependence of attenuation in undeformed annealed single crystals should yield an insight into the uniformity of dislocation distribution throughout the entire specimen. A similar study on crystals plastically deformed in a prescribed fashion should give information about the alterations in the dislocation distribution on the slip systems activated during plastic deformation. The possible modes of elastic waves which can be propagated in aluminum,8 copper,9 zinc,10 and other hexagonal metals" have been calculated. Associated with each mode of wave propagation are dislocation damping orientation factors, which are based on the resolution of the stress field of that particular elastic wave onto the various operative slip systems in the material. These orientation factors have also been calculated as a function of crystallographic orientation in the papers cited above. Einspruch12 obtained agreement between predicted and observed attenuation values of longitudinal and shear waves in (100) and (110) directions of two undeformed aluminum crystal cubes. He ascribed the slight deviations between predicted and observed values to a nonuniform dislocation distribution, or to other loss mechanisms. In shear deformation of zinc crystals, Alers2 found that the attenuation of shear waves having their particle displacements in the slip plane was very sensitive to the deformation, while the longitudinal wave attenuation was affected only when the wave propagation direction was not normal to the slip plane. Using aluminum single crystals oriented for single slip, Hikata3 et al. found that during tensile deformation the change of attenuation of the shear wave (actually quasishear) having particle displacements nearly perpendicular to the primary slip direction exhibited the easy-glide phenomena, while longitudinal waves did not. Similar results were reported by Swanson and Green5 during compressive deformation of aluminum crystals. These results are in qualitative agreement with the calculated orientation factors for specimens of this orientation. In well-annealed, undeformed aluminum crystals, the damping is expected to be due to dislocations vibrating on all twelve slip systems. The orientation factors associated with this initial damping will be designated by O2 and O3, where a, represents the average orientation factor for the slow shear (or quasishear) wave and O3 represents the average orientation factor for the fast shear (or quasishear) wave. The calculation of these values for aluminum crystals by Hinton and Green8 shows that they vary very little as a function of crystallographic orientation—at most, by a factor of 2.47. If the dislocation density and loop length are uniform, then in the initial undeformed state, Here the subscript zero refers to the initial value of the attenuation. Also for aluminum, the calculations8 show that the orientation factors for primary slip only, associated with each shear wave, exhibit a sharp minimum for particular crystallographic orientations. A composite plot of the two shear wave orientation factors for primary slip only is shown in Fig. 1. Since these orientation factors are associated with dislocation motion occurring on the primary slip system only, the proper condition to check these factors might be attained by slightly deforming a single crystal oriented for primary slip. For dislocation motion on the primary slip system only,

Jan 1, 1969

By W. C. Leslie

The textures of cold-rolled and of annealed iron are compared with those of an iron-0.8 pct copper alloy in which the amount of precipitation after cold rolling was controlled. Previously published pole figures -for cold-rolled and for annealed iron are confirmed. The effects of precipztatiotz after cold rolling are to retain the cold-rolled texture after annealing, to inhibit the formation of the usual allnealing texture, and to produce elongated recrys-tallized ferrite grains. It is suggested that the inhibition of new textures by precipitation after cold rolling is a general phenomenon. A great deal of attention has been paid to the development of texture during the secondary or tertiary recrystallization of ferritic alloys, but very little work seems to have been done on the control of texture during primary recrystallization. If such control were attained, it might be possible to simplify the processing of oriented materials or to change the characteristics of current cold-rolled and an-nealed products. From previous experience, it seemed likely that texture could be controlled by recrystallizing a supersaturated solid solution. Green, Liebmann, and Yoshidal found that the formation of preferred orientation in aluminum (40 deg rotation about <111> relative to the deformed matrix) was inhibited when iron was retained in supersaturated solid solution in the strained aluminum. The authors attributed this inhibition to iron atoms in solid solution. There is, however, an alternative explanation. Green et al, took a highly supersaturated solution of iron in strained aluminum and heated it to an unspecified temperature for recrystallization. It is probable that precipitation occurred prior to and during recrystallization, and it is proposed that the inhibiting agent is this precipitate, rather than the iron atoms in solid solution. It is important to note that precipitation before cold work is ineffective; the effective precipitate is that formed after cold working and either before or during recrystallization. The location and distribution of the precipitate are critical. Precipitation in such a manner has been found to have profound effects upon kinetics of recrystallization and the microstruc-ture of the recrystallized alloys.2-4 It would be surprising, indeed, if this were accomplished with no change in texture. Because of the relative simplicity of the system, and because of previous experience,4-7 it was decided to determine the effect of precipitation on texture in an alloy of iron and copper. Bush and Lindsay5 found an unspecified change in texture in cold-rolled and annealed low-carbon rimmed steel sheets when the copper content exceeded 0.1 pct. MATERIALS In earlier work, the rate of recrystallization of a low-carbon steel was greatly decreased by 0.80 pct copper, and, after the proper treatment, the recrystallized ferrite grains were greatly elongated.4 Accordingly, it was decided to investigate the effect of precipitation on texture at this level of copper content. The iron and the iron-copper alloy were made from high-quality electrolytic iron and OFHC copper, vacuum-melted in MgO crucibles, cast, hot-rolled to 0.2 in., then machined to 0.150 in. The compositions are given in Table I. The plates were heated to 925°C and brine quenched, twice. This produced a ferrite grain size of ASTM 0 in the iron and ASTM 1 in the Fe-Cu alloy. Disk specimens were cut from the heat-treated plates, repeatedly polished and etched, then used to determine (110) and (200) pole figures by reflection. Despite the complication of large grain size, these pole figures strongly indicated a random texture. PROCEDURES The copper content in solid solution in ferrite before cold rolling and recrystallization, and hence, the amount that could precipitate during the recrys-tallization anneal, was controlled at three levels by heat treatment. The specimens as quenched from 925° C were presumed to have all the copper, 0.80 pct, in solid solution. Other samples of the quenched alloy were aged 5 hr at 700°C to retain about 0.5 pct Cu in solid solution.6 A third set of quenched specimens was reheated to 700°C, then slowly cooled in steps, to reduce the amount of copper in solid solution to a very low level. All specimens were cold-rolled 90 pct, from 0.150 to 0.015 in. thick. The rolling was done in one direction only, i.e., the strip was not reversed between passes, with a jig on the table of the mill to keep the short specimens at 90 deg to the rolls. The rolls were 5 in. in diameter and speed was 35 ft. per min. Machine oil was used as a lubricant. In a supersaturated alloy, the maximum effect of the copper precipitate on microstructure and on recrystallization can be developed by a treatment at 500°C, after cold rolling and before recrystallization.&apos;

Jan 1, 1962

By Frederick T. Williams

THE purpose of this paper is to discuss the relative merits of the large 31/8 in. machine and the small 21/4-in. tappett machine in driving development-headings ; and although the . data here presented were obtained from cross-cut headings alone, experience has shown that the results are equally true in drifting, raising and winning. Recently we drove two parallel cross-cuts through the same formation, using a 3k-in. machine at the breast of one cross-cut., and a 2k-in. machine of the same make at the breast of the other. The results of this work afforded an ideal comparison, since in both cases the headings were advanced through rock practically of the same hardness and breaking-properties ; the amount of sludging was equal, and there was no difference in the condition of the steel or the machines, in the air-pressure or in the experience of the operating-crews. Some operators in the Cripple Creek district contend that there is ground which cannot be handled with the small machine, the holes being too small to contain enough powder to pull the ground, etc. The results obtained in working the property of the Portland Gold Mining Co., however, show that the ground worked by them does not fall in this class. During a period of two years there have been driven, with the small machine, 4 miles and 308 ft. of development-headings, through a diversity of ground, including Pike&apos;s Peak granite (a coarsely porphyritic type of granite), highly indurated, andesitic or phonolytic breccia, true massive andesite, trachytic phonolyte, tuffas, and along dikes of decomposed basalt and hard phonolyte; in every instance a satisfactory record was made. The headings here described were driven through highly indurated, andesitic breccia, having a hardness of from 5.2 to 7.2

Mar 1, 1906

By Charles Janin

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) THE first successful bucket-elevator dredge to operate in California was put in commission at Oroville in March, 1898. There had been numerous previous attempts at dredging, but none of the earlier boats proved a success. The gold-miners in California early conceived the idea of a machine to dig gravel from the beds and bars of auriferous streams that were inaccessible by the methods then employed, and it was only a few months after the discovery of gold in California that such a machine was. shipped around Cape Horn from New York to San Francisco. This was, however, but the forerunner of many failures in gold-dredging, and was soon at the bottom of the Sacramento river. During succeeding years many other unsuccessful attempts were made, and it was not until 1897 that a dredge of the single-lift bucket-elevator type was floated on the Yuba river. This dredge was built by the Risdon Iron Works for R. H. Postlethwaite, and would probably have been a success if it had been operated on some of the rich Oroville ground instead of in a turbulent stream, where the dredge was wrecked during a flood, and was not repaired. Fig. 1 is a sketch-map of California, showing gold-dredging areas. It is not my intention to narrate in detail the history of the early failures in gold-dredging, and the various steps in the development of the modern boat, but merely to touch upon this in a general way, and to call attention to the wide difference in capacity and operating-cost between the first successful dredge, with an actual capacity of 600 cu. yd. per day-though its rated capacity was in excess of this-and the present modern dredge with 15-cu. ft. buckets, and an average capacity of 250,000 cu. .yd. per month. Even this enormous capacity has several times been exceeded on monthly runs. The first successful dredges

Mar 1, 1912

By H. W. Gillett

Unlike most previous Howe lecturers, I had not the good fortune to be associated with Henry Marion Howe, nor to be directly one of his students. Yet, through his writings, he has been my teacher, as he has of all American metallurgists. Instructive as his writings are—I use the present tense because Howe thought so keenly and reasoned so surely, seeing clearly, as if by intuition, what was hazy to lesser minds, that his writings are still vital—it is not those books and papers, nor even the minds he trained in his classes, that were his most outstanding service. It was the spirit of Howe in his approach to the problems of metallurgy, his broad-mindedness and fairness, his recognition of the need for theories and hypotheses to explain metallurgical phenomena, his willingness to use them as servants, as well as his questioning attitude—his refusal to accept them as masters—that comprise his greatest service. This most thoroughly warrants the honor the Institute pays each year to his memory. These traits I so respect and honor in any man that I glory in this opportunity to do reverence to him in whom they were so notably united. Howe&apos;s Discussion of a Creep Problem I have often wished that Howe were still with us to turn his keen insight upon the problems of the use of metals at high temperatures, a field much studied but still very hazy. Indeed, 53 years ago, in a paper1 before this Institute, Howe stated a problem closely allied to some that still perplex metallurgists and engineers dealing with the high-temperature field. Howe was intrigued by a report2 from another old master, Robert Henry Thurston, on the behavior of annealed vs. cold-drawn iron wire, and in order to broaden the foundation for metallurgical generalization, Howe made experiments of his own on copper and silver. In these tests by Thurston and by Howe, the wires were rapidly loaded to determine the

Jan 1, 1939

By John V. Beall

As recently as 1964, the situation in the Australian iron ore industry was chiefly one of potential. The only producer was the Broken Hill Pty. (BHP). That company mined about 5 million tpy from deposits in the Middleback Range in South Australia and at Yampi Sound in Western Australia. No ore was exported from Australia. Now, just five years later, and after expenditures amounting to approximately one half billion dollars, BHP and seven new companies exported about 15 million tons (long tons) of iron ore and pellets as well as meeting Australia&apos;s own annual requirements of approximately 8.5 million tons of ore. Early this year, the volume of iron ore on order stood at 328 mil- lion tons to be delivered over a period of 15 years, but Cliffs Western negotiations for sale of Robe River iron ore have boosted the volume to the new high of 466 million tons. All of this has meant a great deal to Australia in terms of new income. In fiscal year 1967 (ending June 30, 1967) exports of iron ore amounted to $52 million; in 1968, $128 million and by 1&apos;972 the Bureau of Mineral Resources expects the value of exports from iron ore to reach $242 million. In achieving the position of major- supplier of iron ore to the Japanese steelmakers, it was necessary to build a great many new facilities, mostly in Western Australia. Three railroads, 70 miles long, 182 miles and 265 miles were constructed. A new port was created at Dampier; Port Hedland was deepened and otherwise improved; both of these ports are in Western Australia. In Tasmania, Savage River developers built an offshore shiploading station that has received the recognition of engineers internationally. At least a half dozen new communities have been founded. The narrow gage railroad from Kalgoorlie to Perth and Freemantle was replaced with a standard gage line.

Jan 6, 1969

By Walter S. White

The Michigan native-copper district has produced about 5,400,000 tons of copper since mining began in 1845. The copper occurs primarily as open-space fillings and replacements in amygdaloidal flow tops and conglomerate beds of the Portage Lake Lava Series, of middle Keweenawan age. Secondary minerals with which the copper is associated include microcline, chlorite, epidote, pumpellyite, prehnite, quartz, and calcite; zeolites, other than laumontite, are not abundant. A zonal pattern of the secondary minerals transects bedding and suggests regional metamorphism mainly to the grade of the prehnite-pumpellyite graywacke facies of Coombs. Most of the major copper deposits are near the upper limit of abundant quartz in this zonal pattern. The distribution of copper in both amygdaloid and conglomerate deposits is controlled partly by primary permeability of the rocks and partly by later tectonic fracturing that was concentrated in the mechanically weak flow tops and sedimentary beds. Ore shoots and deposits are therefore controlled partly by primary structural features, such as areas of thick and thin fragmental amygdaloid or the boundaries of conglomerate lenses, and partly by regional structure: a number of ore deposits are in synclinal downwarps. The copper-bearing solutions that formed the deposits were ascending. They may have come from a large concealed intrusive, or may have been driven out of the porous tops of lava flows when the rocks were compacted and metamorphosed at great depth in the central part of the Lake Superior syncline. The second hypothesis seems more consistent with the widespread distribution of the copper, its relation to mineral zoning that represents truly regional metamorphism, its native state, and the likelihood that copper deposition was later than most or all of Keweenawan volcanism.

Jan 1, 1968

By Thomas T., Read

ANY discussion of State-supported schools of mining and A metallurgy needs to be prefaced by a definition, since the first school to offer a mining curriculum, the Pennsylvania Polytechnic College, was established by a grant from the State. But, so far as can be determined, it received no further State support. It would be tiresome to go into precise details,. and it will be enough to stipulate that by State schools are meant those which derive their main financial support from regular appropriations made by a State legislature. The University of Michigan was the first of these to offer a mineral industry curriculum; its story, as well as those of Wisconsin and Illinois, has been related in the preceding chapter.* Arranging the others in chronological order involves making a decision as to what weight to attach to plans for giving instruction, as contrasted with its , effective initiation. This may appropriately be illustrated by the history of mineral industry education in California. California Among those who came to California in 1849 and the following years were many New Englanders who had a keen interest in education. Some of them, mostly Congregationalists and Presbyterians, sought to establish a school of higher education around San Francisco Bay and eventually succeeded in opening the "Scientific and Classical School at Contra Costa&apos; in Oakland, at Broadway and 5th St., on June 20, 1853. This prospered so well that it was chartered by the State as the "College of California" on April, 13, 1855. Developing so rapidly that its quarters became cramped, in 1864 it not only bought a tract of

Jan 1, 1941

By Harlan W. Nelson, James B. Purdy

A study of data obtained during laboratory tests to determine the suitability of bituminous coals for use in residential underfeed stokers of the clinkering type has led to the following general conclusions: 1. Performance data obtained during the test furnish useful and practical information upon which to judge the performance of stoker coals. 2. Conclusions derived from the results of evaluation tests are in general agreement with use experience of the coals in the field. The method is of practical use in this regard. 3. Few direct relationships were found between data furnished by the evaluation test and determinations by standard laboratory tests. This is particularly true with regard to coke formation and clinker formation, two of the most important factors in determining the degree of satisfaction to be obtained in applications of the small underfeed stoker. It has not been the intention in this paper to prescribe this evaluation test as the best method for the evaluation of coals for use in residential stokers. That there are other test methods having similar objectives serves to point out the necessity for full-scale laboratory tests. At the present time, a standard test procedure for the evaluation of coals for use in residential stokers is not available. For the past several years a joint committee, appointed from the membership of the Residential Stoker Committee of Bitulninous Coal Research, Inc., and from the Engineer- ing and Research Committee of The Stoker Manufacturers Association, has been working to develop a standard procedure for testing and evaluating bituminous stoker coals. This procedure has been completed to the extent that it has been drawn up in tentative form. It is now planned to install the equipment in several laboratories and to run check tests, using portions of identical lots of coal, to determine the degree of reproducibility offered by the method. Completion of this standard test procedure should greatly facilitate the evaluation of coals for use in residential stokers. Acknowledgments The cooperation of coal operators sponsoring the coal evaluation tests, in granting permission to use data and results from their tests, is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgment is also made to Carroll F. Hardy, Chief Engineer, Appalachian Coals, Inc., for his interest and timely suggestions on the preparation of this paper. Special thanks are due to Ralph Sherman, Assistant Director, Battelle Memorial Institute, who was largely responsible for development of the evaluation procedure, for helpful suggestions and advice. References I. H. A. Sherman: The Evaluation of Coal for Use in Domestic Stokers. Univ. of Ill., Eng. Experiment Station, Circular No. 39 (1939). 2. . Q. Shotts: The Relation of Free- swelling Indexes to Other Characteristics of Some Alabama Domestic Stoker Coals. TP 2314, Coal Tech., (Feb. 1948); Trans. AIME (1948) 177, 502. 3. . J. Helfinstine and C. C. Boley: Correlation of Domestic Stoker Combustion with Laboratory Tests and Types of Fuels 11. Combustion Tests and Preparation Studies of Representative Illinois Coals. Ill. State Geol. Survey, Re1. of Zntlestigations No. 120 (19467 ) p. 35. DISCUSSION E. R. Kaiser*—AS a former fuel engineer assigned to residential stokers at Battelle, the writer has read with considerable interest the paper by Messrs. I&apos;urdy and Nelson. It is gratifying to note that earlier test techniques have been developed and that criteria found important in the years 1935 to 1938 are still important in judging the performance of stoker coals for residential heating. The authors have plotted a number of the primary coal data singly against performance data of the stoker in an effort to establish relationships. Unfortunately, wide scattering of points usually resulted, which did not illustrate what experience generally indicates to be the case. For example, Fig 3 indicates almost no trend in the percentage of released ash converted to clinker with change in ash-softening temperature. Other factors, such as fuel bed temperatures and zones of heat release must have influenced the results. In the present state of our knowledge, we cannot explain all of the reasons why suitable stoker coals perform satisfactorily, nor why one satisfactory coal may be better than another. It would therefore

Jan 1, 1950

Roger A. Markle was sworn in as director of the US Bureau of Mines on September 27, 1978, ending a 20-month period during which the Bureau was without a leader. Some Bureau observers wondered out loud if this delay was a signal that Interior was slowly pulling the rug out from under the agency. When Markle was finally tapped for the director&apos;s position-coal industry executive to lead an agency that had been stripped of its fossil fuel R&D functions as well as its safety and health enforcement role--the speculation was fast and furious: One camp had it that Markle was brought in to phase out the Bureau; others said that Markle&apos;s directive was to revitalize the organization by charting a new Bureau course. In March, with the proposed Department of Natural Resources making headlines, ME went to Washington to interview Markle about his first six months as director and the goals he has set for the Bureau&apos;s future.

Jan 4, 1979

By LOWELL LAWRENCE

MAGNETITE minim and milling in the Eastern States continued at a low rate of production during 1934. The year&apos;s output was 50 per cent greater than in 1933, but when one considers that the 1934 output was only 1.5 per cent of the combined plant capacities of the eastern iron ore producers, the far-reaching effect of unrestricted importation of foreign ores and pig iron is apparent. The Chateaugay Ore and Iron Co., at Lyon Mountain, N. Y., produced 1.00,136 gross tons of concentrated and sintered ore up to Nov.1, when operations were closed clown. At Mineville, the Witherbee, Sherman Corp. confined its productivity to part-time operation of its Old Bed and Harmony mines front May 1 Lo Oct. 27. This period of activity was brought about by the use of Mineville ores in the recent blast made by the Green Island furnace at Troy, N. Y. The Forest of Dean property at Fort Montgomery, N, Y., has continued closed down during the year.

Jan 1, 1935