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By C. E. Shoenfelt

There were 110 important discoveries of either oil or gas in Co1orado in 1935. There was, however, further development of the Price structure in southern Colorado and developments since the first of the year indicate. that an important oil field may be in the making. The discovery of oil in Price structure was made by the Oil City Petroleum Co. late ill Novem-ber, 1934, in its No. 2 Garnett in the northeast corner of lot 3 in the SW.¼ of sec. 25-33N.-2E. This well developed a good showing of oil in Dakota sand at 970 ft. The hole filled up 15 ft. with 40° gravity oil overnight and after standing for several days the oil level was 400 ft. higher. As a result of the discovery of oil by the No. 2 Garnett, three wells were drilled by the William E. Hughes Estate. Two of these wells had good showings of oil and may make good producers but it is doubtful whether they will produce the estimated capacity of 500 bbl. each with which they have been credited. Although the Hughes Estate wells have been completed for some time, they have not been given thorough production tests because of the isolated position of the field and lack of proper facilities. The. first well drilled by the Hughes Estate was located on the west side of the Navajo River on the downthrow side of a fault. It encoun-tered water ill the Dakota sand at 1285 ft, and was abandoned in green shales of the Morrison at 1405 ft. Well cuttings from the Dakota sand showed some evidence of once containing oil, so a 1ocation was selected for No. 2 Fee on the east side of the river and on the upthrow side of the fault. Oil was discovered in Dakota sands ill 1935 by Continental Oil Co. in its No. 3 Hoye, NW.NW.NE. of sec. 34-9N.-78W., on the South McCallum anticline in North Park, Jackson County, Colo., but on account of heavy flows of carbon dioxide gas under high pressure it has been impossible for the company to get an accurate gage of the oil production. The freezing action of expanding carbon dioxide makes the producing of the oil difficult and costly.

Jan 1, 1936

By C. E. Shoenfelt

There were 110 important discoveries of either oil or gas in Co1orado in 1935. There was, however, further development of the Price structure in southern Colorado and developments since the first of the year indicate. that an important oil field may be in the making. The discovery of oil in Price structure was made by the Oil City Petroleum Co. late ill Novem-ber, 1934, in its No. 2 Garnett in the northeast corner of lot 3 in the SW.¼ of sec. 25-33N.-2E. This well developed a good showing of oil in Dakota sand at 970 ft. The hole filled up 15 ft. with 40° gravity oil overnight and after standing for several days the oil level was 400 ft. higher. As a result of the discovery of oil by the No. 2 Garnett, three wells were drilled by the William E. Hughes Estate. Two of these wells had good showings of oil and may make good producers but it is doubtful whether they will produce the estimated capacity of 500 bbl. each with which they have been credited. Although the Hughes Estate wells have been completed for some time, they have not been given thorough production tests because of the isolated position of the field and lack of proper facilities. The. first well drilled by the Hughes Estate was located on the west side of the Navajo River on the downthrow side of a fault. It encoun-tered water ill the Dakota sand at 1285 ft, and was abandoned in green shales of the Morrison at 1405 ft. Well cuttings from the Dakota sand showed some evidence of once containing oil, so a 1ocation was selected for No. 2 Fee on the east side of the river and on the upthrow side of the fault. Oil was discovered in Dakota sands ill 1935 by Continental Oil Co. in its No. 3 Hoye, NW.NW.NE. of sec. 34-9N.-78W., on the South McCallum anticline in North Park, Jackson County, Colo., but on account of heavy flows of carbon dioxide gas under high pressure it has been impossible for the company to get an accurate gage of the oil production. The freezing action of expanding carbon dioxide makes the producing of the oil difficult and costly.

Jan 1, 1936

By H. W. Gillett

WE hear much in these days about "tailor-made" steels. Farseeing executives have sensed the demand for metals of improved and special properties, with those properties deliberately built into the steel in order to fit it for a particular use or group of uses. They have set their metal-lurgists at work to produce what the customer needs, even though the tonnage required may not, at least at first, be great. As the metal-lurgists bring out such metals, the products are advertised and the customer becomes increasingly conscious that he no longer has to take "ready-made" steel as the only thing available, whether it fits his needs or not, but that there are plenty of steelmakers ready to serve his specific needs with a tailor-made steel. Of course this is nothing new in the realm of rather highly alloyed steels to be heat-treated. The automotive industry demanded and got such steels long ago. Indeed, one could not design a modern car using only non-heat-treated carbon steel, since an engine of present horsepower would be so heavy that the gasoline required merely to lug the engine itself around would be absurd. Many different alloy steels and many different heat-treatments are required to produce the fine gradations of properties and the strength per unit weight that are needed in each particular part. Aircraft designers, of course, count a high strength-weight ratio in the materials used as Article I in their constitution, and they too, and in outstanding degree, require tailor-made alloys. Aircraft and automobiles may be considered as the tail coats and Tuxes of the metallurgical tailors. Nowadays there is also a demand for business suits, in the form of high-strength alloys to reduce dead load and so increase payload, all through the transportation industry. We hear most about weight-saving design and materials in respect to the railroads, with the spectacular new high-speed passenger trains and the prosaic freight car. The latter sounds especially sweet to steel-mill ears, because it means tonnage. While most of us think of these developments, and of the engineering acceptance of high-strength materials as "new," the fundamentals are of almost hoary antiquity. It is the widespread availability of a variety of materials and their general acceptance that are new.

Jan 1, 1936

By Geo. H. Ashley

THE year 1923 saw a decline in the production of crude oil and a strong advance in the production of natural gas. The production of petroleum in Pennsylvania has been remarkably uniform for many years, but with a slight average decline. Until 1918, production was maintained above 7,500,000 bbl. Four of the six years from 1918 to 1923, inclusive, saw a yield of between 7,400,000 and 7,500,000 bbl.; 1923 gave only 7,253,000 bbl. The production of natural gas in Pennsylvania has been variable, reaching a maximum of 138,000,000,000 cu. ft. in 1906 and nearly reaching that figure again in 1907 and 1917. In 1921 production dropped to 86,000,000,000 cu. ft., and it seemed that a rapid decline had set in. Prices were raised by most of the gas companies, and -these raises sustained by the Public Service Commission. Possibly as a result of this and the better prices realized, drilling in the gas fields has been active. The year 1923 has not been prolific in large oil wells. The largest single well was drilled by the Manufacturers Light & Heat Co. on the William Auld farm near Prosperity, Morris township, Washington County. This well started at 225 bbl, but quickly dropped to 60 bbl. A 100-bbl. well was struck in September in Springhill township, Greene County. Three wells in the Tidioute pool started at 50 bbl. or better, and a well near the 28th Ward, Pittsburgh, came in at 60 bbl. One well in Washington County started at 50 bbl., but all of the other wells started at less than 20 bbl. The Tidioute pool, which was the sensation of 1922, had by Jan. 1, 1923, dropped in daily total production to 1430 bbl., by Feb. 1 to 1040 bbl., and by May 1 to 700 bbl. At that time, most of the wells were still flowing naturally, though, as the gas pressure was rapidly decreasing, it was not anticipated that such a flow would long continue. As the wells in this pool started at from 500 to. 800 bbl.. a day, it is evident how rapidly they fell off. In August, 1922, the average production per well per day was 44 bbl. ; in February, 1923, 4 bbl.

Jan 3, 1924

By Henry T. Mulryan

Since World War II, U. S. chemical companies have loosed a flood of synthetic organic insecticides. These synthetics fall into two broad categories. DDT is the best known of the chlorinated hydro- carbons and Parathion is the most famous (or infamous) of the organic phosphate nerve gas type. Insecticide poisons are not applied at full strength but as dilute sprays or dusts. This permits a broader and more efficient distribution of the active killer.

Jan 12, 1958

The beginning of Colorado's mining industry is linked on one side with that of the Appalachian districts and on the other side with that of California, because the first discoveries were made by pioneers when on their way from Georgia to California. In the summer of 1849 a party of seven Georgians were taking a herd of thoroughbred horses across the continent to the Pacific coast. They reached Camp Lyon, on the Arkansas river, in October, and, meeting James Dempsey, a Government guide, they were persuaded by him that it was too late to cross the mountains that season. His advice was accepted, and, moving northward, they established a winter camp at the junction of Cherry creek with the Platte, close to the site of the city of Denver. Upon a sand-bar, lining the south side of the river, they built two cabins. During the closing months of 1849 they prospected the alluvial banks of Cherry creek, but they made no attempt to penetrate into the mountain canyons, near them, westward, for fear of the Indians.* They found gold in several places along Cherry creek, and particularly at a spot 16 miles up the stream from their camp. From the feathers of the wild geese that they shot they obtained quills in which they placed their gold-dust. This party of Georgians consisted of Dr. L. J. Russell and his brother, Green Russell, also A. T. Lloyd, G. W. Kiker, and P. H. Clark. Early in 1850 they crossed the main range of the Rocky Mountains by the Bridger pass and went on to California. They mined near Downieville, and were successful. Occasionally mention was made by them of the gold

Jan 1, 1932

By S. J. CRAIGHEAD

IN 1912 the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company made a large investment in a number of coal properties in Utah and in 1915 a subsidiary, the United States Fuel Co., was organized to take over these properties. Operations started in 1916 and the Company soon became, and remains, one of the major coal producers of the State. It now produces approximately one million tons of coal annually, which is about 22 per cent of Utah's output. The U. S. Fuel Co. owns large reserves of good coal and is in a position to expand operations with the industrial growth now taking place in the West. Traveling through the Western States, one is struck by numerous advertising signs portraying the picture of jovial Old King Cole of nursery rhyme fame. His rotund figure and beaming countenance are the symbols of Utah King Coal, the product of the King mine of U. S. Fuel Co. King Coal is a by-word of quality coal throughout all the Western States.

Jan 1, 1948

By F. Lynwood Garrison

There is probably no subject for study in the metallurgy of iron and steel of greater interest than the effect of manganese upon the properties of iron. Some of the peculiarities of iron and steel containing appreciable quantities of manganese were observed many years ago by Heath, Robert Mushet, and others; but it was not until the introduction of the Bessemer process, when a demand was created for large quantities of iron-manganese alloys, that such compounds of iron and manganese became articles of commerce. Since that time the demand for these alloys has steadily increased, the use of ferro-manganese not only becoming an absolute necessity in the ordinary Bessemer practice, but also essential to the manufacture of open-hearth, crucible steel and steel castings; in fact it is the only source of supply for all the manganese used in metallurgical opera-

Jan 1, 1893

Annual Meeting,Wallace, Idaho, Nov. 15-16, 1913. The third annual meeting, which was also the eighth consecutive meeting and the second to be held in the Coeur d'Alène district, was held in Wallace, Idaho, Nov. 15-16, 1913, with side trips to Kellogg-Wardner, Larson, and Mullan, where several mills were visited. The meeting was held jointly with the Montana Section, about 50 members and guests being present. Headquarters were in the Samuels Hotel, sessions being held in the public library. The arrangements and program were in the hands of the following local committee: George W. Roddewig, W. Earl Greenough, H. M. Childs. At 2.30 p.m., Nov. 15, the first session was called to order by Prof. F. A. Thomson, member of the Executive Committee, adjournment being taken to the Mine Rescue car, where Mr. Anderson and his assistant entertained the visitors for nearly two hours by demonstrations of mine-rescue and, first-aid practice, after which the party visited the Hercules mill, mention of which was made in the report of last year when the Section visited the plant. There are, however, several important alterations and additions to the flow-sheet to be noted, such as substitution of Chilean and Hardinge mills for the Huntington mills in the regrinding department; rearrangement of the tables and slimers, with a noticeable addition of the later models of the Franz machines, and the installation of the Wyman flotation process, which has been tried out, or is being tested, with more than ordinary success, on the middlings in several of the mills of the district, the Green Hill Cleveland mill being provided with a 100-ton unit, partly described below

Jan 12, 1913

By P. F. Allen

WITH capacity of 51,000 tpd, the Morenci concentrator produces approximately 49,000 tons of tailing for final deposition. Disposal involves distribution of thickened tailing to dams in such a manner that solids can be used for dam construction and water can be impounded for reclamation. During early operation, although tonnage treated was lower, it was necessary to use orthodox disposal practices in the areas available for tailing. Trestles mounted on a series of dams, constructed of borrow material, carried the pipelines from which tailing were spigoted behind the dams. When adequate disposal areas were finally established, it became desirable to look for more efficient methods. The idea of placing the distribution pipe or manifold directly on the crest of the dam was advanced in 1945. After a period of testing, that procedure in modified form replaced the older trestle arrangement. Marked economies resulted, and time required to prepare dams for succeeding storage cycles was greatly reduced. The tailing disposal area for the Morenci concentrator lies south and southwest of the concentrator building. Ample storage space is available. A wide valley contains three sharply defined ravines lying on an average slope of 4 pct. The more central of these ravines, and the largest of the three, is known as Morenci canyon, which provides substantially more tailing storage area than the other two. Stargo canyon lies to the west; the other is appropriately named East canyon. Total area of the tailing disposal site is nearly 31/4 sq miles, or about 2000 acres. The storage area in use was somewhat more than 850 acres at the end of 1954, or 16 acres per 1000 tons of tailing to be stored daily. At the present time none of the east side dams are in regular use but they are available in emergency. There are five dams on the west side (in Morenci and Stargo canyons) as well as two auxiliary dams adjacent to No. 4 West and No. 5 West. This has made it possible to concentrate men and equipment in a smaller area with consequent savings in both manpower and machinery. Tailing Thickening: Tailing from the flotation process reaches the thickeners with a solid content of about 18 pct. The launder carrying this pulp is subdivided at a central point into seven launders carrying a proportional share to each of seven tailing thickeners, which are located in Morenci canyon close to the concentrator. Five of these thickeners are 300 ft diam and two are 325 ft diam. Thickeners are of the peripheral traction type and rakes travel at the rate of one revolution in 37 to 39 min. The entire installation provides 500,000 sq ft of settling area, or approximately 101/2 sq ft per ton of tailing to be thickened daily.

Jan 1, 1957

By E. D. Gardner

Introduction Oil shale deposits have been exploited in various countries throughout the world, but generally with government aid. The oil-shale industry of Scotland perhaps is the oldest and best-known; the largest was conducted in Manchuria by the Japanese during World war 11 as a source of liquid fuels for military uses. In general, foreign oil-shale deposits that have been exploited are much lower grade than those in the western United States. Considerable interest began to be shown in western oil shales in 1916; the peak of activities was in 1923. The catlin operation, near Elko, Nevada, perhaps was the nearest approach in this country to an oil-shale enterprise on a commercial scale. Over 100 companies were formed, ostensibly for exploiting the oil shale; a large number of them, however, proved to be stock promotions only, which gave the embryo industry a black eye. The Bureau of Mines operated an experi-mental oil-shale retort plant near Rifle, Colorado, from September 1926 to June 1927 and again from April 1928 to July 1929, after which the plant was dismantled. By this time the East Texas oil fields had come ill and the country lost interest in substitute liquid fuels. During World War II the Nation again became concerned about the magnitude of its petroleum reserves. Congress (April 1944) directed the Bureau of Mines to build and operate demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal, oil shales, and agricultural and other products; a five-year Program was authorized. *' a part of this program the Bureau of Mines has built, at Anvil Points near Rifle, Colorado, a retort plant and develOped an experimental mine to supply the plant with oil shale. An important part of the mining work at Rifle is to devise methods and select practices for mining the oil shale on a commercial scale at the lowest practicable cost. The product to be mined has a relatively low value, a fact that must be kept in in mind. The combined aim of those in charge of the mining and those in charge of retorting is to demonstrate that the shale oil can be produced at a cost per barrel corresponding to the current quotation for crude petroleum —or at least very close to it. Plans call for an uninterrupted flow of broken oil shale from the lace in the mine, through crushers, through the retorts and thence to the disposal dump. The disposal of the spent shale in the Ride area should present no unusual problem. Mining research has consisted so far of Paper studies of the general phases of the probleml determination of the widest Span that the roof Stone will stand safely unsupported, and drilling problems. underground development has not proceeded far

Jan 1, 1949

By E. D. Gardner

INTRODUCTION OIL shale deposits have been exploited in various countries throughout the world, but generally with government aid. The oil-shale industry of Scotland perhaps is the oldest and best-known; the largest was conducted in Manchuria by the Japanese during World War II as a source of liquid fuels for military uses. In general, foreign oil-shale deposits that have been exploited are much lower grade than those in the western United States. Considerable interest began to be shown in western oil shales in 1916; the peak of activities was in 1923. The Catlin operation, near Elko, Nevada, perhaps was the nearest approach in this country to an oil-shale enterprise on a commercial scale. Over 100 companies were formed, ostensibly for exploiting the oil shale; a large number of them, however, proved to be stock promotions only, which gave the embryo industry a black eye. The Bureau of Mines operated an experimental oil-shale retort plant near Rifle, Colorado, from September 1926 to June 1927 and again from April 1928 to July 1929, after which the plant was dismantled. By this time the East Texas oil fields had come in and the country lost interest in substitute liquid fuels. During World War II the Nation again became concerned about the magnitude of its petroleum reserves. Congress (April1944) directed the Bureau of Mines to build and operate demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal, oil shales, and agricultural and other products; a five-year program was authorized. As a part of this program the Bureau of Mines has built, at Anvil Points near Rifle, Colorado, a retort plant and developed an experimental mine to supply the plant with oil shale. An important part of the mining work at Rifle is to devise methods and select practices for mining the oil shale on a commercial scale at the lowest practicable cost. The product to be mined has a relatively low value, a fact that must be kept continuously in mind. The combined aim of those in charge of the mining and those in charge of retorting is to demonstrate that the shale oil can be produced at a cost per barrel corresponding to the current quotation for crude petroleum -or at least very close to it. Plans call for an uninterrupted flow of broken oil shale from the face in the mine, through crushers, through the retorts and thence to the disposal dump. The disposal of the spent shale in the Rifle area should present no unusual problem. Mining research has consisted so far of paper studies of the general phases of the problem, determination of the widest span that the roof stone will stand safely unsupported, and drilling problems. Underground development has not proceeded far

Jan 1, 1947

By D. H. Baldwin, R. E. Reed-Hill

WITH the polarized-light microscope, the basal-plane trace may be located on hcp crystal surfaces to an accuracy of approximately 1 deg. This determination can also be made on very small crystalline areas, approaching a micron in width. Measured basal-plane trace distributions on selected specimen surfaces can yield1,2 valuable texture information. However, the polarized-light microscope is probably best suited to orienting

Jan 1, 1965

By Fleming, R. C.

ONE OF THE NEWEST developments of industry rising from the commercial application of scientific knowledge is in the making of solid carbon dioxide from the gas about 1925 the first efforts were made to manufacture "dry ice" on a large scale and at a price to permit widespread use. From that beginning the industry has grown to a consumption of 40,000 tons in 1930. Carbon-dioxide ice, as the name implies, is merely the gas compressed and cooled to a solid. The ice has a temperature of 109° F. below zero and is in many ways superior to water ice. It evaporates to a gaseous form so it is not wet and leaves no trace; in fact, one suggested minor use is as coasters under water glasses on the dining table. The gas is harmless except in large concentrations and. when the ice is used as a refrigerant, the resulting gas actually becomes a preservative, keeping oxygen away from perishable products. Not only does the ice have a greater amount of cold in a small volume than water ice but cooling is effected by direct contact of the resulting gas with the materials to be refrigerated rather than by convection air currents.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. S. Finney, John Mitchell

The growing popularity in the United States of the vertical-flue even was emphasized when in 1905 the United States Steel Corp. chose the Koppers oven as the type which best suited their requirements. Heinrich Koppers was born on November 23. 1872. at a small farm in Walbeck near Geldern on the lower Rhine. When young Koppers was eight years old, however the family moved away from the farm to the industrial city of Bochum in the Ruhr. Here Koppers attended public school and subsequently served an apprenticeship to a tinsmith before taking a job as a lathe operator with a local steel company. He had ambitions to be much more than a machinist, however, and used his week-ends and evenings to improve his theoretical background by taking courses at a vocational-training school in Bochum. After winning the highest honor the school could bestow (the silver Staats-medaille), Koppers went on to continue his education at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Hüttenschule in Duisberg. One of his teachers there, Fritz Wüst who later became a professor at the Technische Hochschule at Aachen, recognizing Koppers' unusual abilities, predicted for him a great future. In 1894 Heinrich Koppers joined the firm of Dr. C. Otto and Co. in Dahlhausen, and in 1899 while superintendent of the Mathias Stinnes mine he built his first battery of ovens for Hugo Stinnes, the German industrialist. Two years later he started his own organization, and in 1902 he made Essen his headquarters. It was to Essen that a group of engineers from the United States Steel Corp. went in 1906 with an invitation to Koppers to design and supervise the construction of four batteries of ovens at the Joliet works of the Illinois Steel Co. Each battery was to consist of 70 ovens. Arriving in the United States in 1907, Koppers established a branch of his firm in Joliet, and construction began. The first battery was fired on July 27, 1908. Rugged and simple, these ovens incorporated basic design features which were to make the Koppers oven and its future modifications the choice of a very large segment of the by-product coking industry of America. The 280 ovens at Joliet were 35 ft long, 8 ¾ ft in height, and tapered from 21 to 17 in. The total daily capacity of the four batteries was 2240 tons of coke. The ovens were of the new cross-regenerative type; that is, instead of longitudinal regenerators serving an entire battery, as in the older Koppers ovens, cross regenerators for each separate oven were employed. Fuel gas was supplied from the side of the battery through ducts in the brickwork known as gun flues, which reached to the center of the battery under the vertical heating-flues. Removable, ceramic gas-nozzles fitted at the top of each gun flue helped to insure good control over the distribution of the fuel gas, and uniform heating conditions were also promoted by regulating the air supply to, and the suction in, each heating flue. A different refractory w& used for each battery. One was built of American silica brick, one of American quartzite, and two of imported German quartzite. The installation at Joliet proved to be very successful, and in 1911, 490 additional' Koppers ovens were built for the Illinois Steel Co. at the great new steelworks at Gary, Ind. By 1912 the H. Koppers Co. had established its headquarters in Chicago and was rapidly extending its business to include construction for such iron and steel companies as the Woodward Iron Co. at Woodward, Ma. (80 ovens in 1912); the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Rail- road Co. at Fairfield, Ala. (280 ovens in 1912); the Inland Steel Co. at Indiana Harbor, Ind. (86 ovens during 1913 and 1914) ; and the Republic Iron and Steel Co. at Youngstown, Ohio (68 ovens in 1913). In 1914 a group of men in Pittsburgh bought a major shareholding in the H. Koppers Co., and moved the headquarters of the organization from Chicago to their own city. Under its new management the company was highly successful in obtaining a large share of the contracts for by-product installations built during World War I. In 1917 the remaining German interests in the company were

Jan 1, 1961

By Earl S. Bardwell

The structural relations existing between cuprous oxide and copper were first systematically studied by Heynl; who suggested that a study of the microstructure of refined copper might be substituted for the analytical methods in vogue for determining the oxygen content of copper coming from the refining furnace. Hofman, Green and Yerxa,2 in their paper A Laboratory Study of the Stages in the Refining of Copper, working along the lines suggested by Heyn, showed that a study of the microstructure could be made to yield a correct estimate of the oxygen content of refined copper. In order to determine the oxygen content of the specimen of refined copper under examination a photomicrograph was first made. From the relative areas of copper and eutectic, the percentage of cuprous oxide and the corresponding percentage of oxygen were then readily calculated. It was found that the values for oxygen thus obtained corresponded closely with the analytical results. With the idea of utilizing this method of determining the oxygen content of each charge dipped from the refining furnaces at the Boston & Montana Reduction Plant, the physical testing laboratory was equipped with suitable apparatus for carrying out the work. It may be of interest to describe certain of the methods which have been worked out in this connection and give such data as have been obtained bearing on the effect of the oxygen content of refined copper upon its conductivity. Apparatus.—For the benefit of those who may be unfamiliar with metallographical apparatus and methods and may be interested to know what equipment is required, a few words with regard to the apparatus are in place at this point.

Jan 1, 1914

By AIME AIME

THE joint symposium on gases in metals on Tuesday: Feb. 16, between the Iron and Steel and the Institute of Metals divisions opened the technical sessions for both of these bodies. After a few words of introduction by P. D. Merica, R. S. Dean presented a paper by V. H: Gottshalk and himself on the solubility of gases in metals.

Jan 1, 1932

By ALEXANDER S. CORSUN

THE main orebody in the Hecla mine, Burke, Ida- ho, occurs along a nearly vertical shear zone in the Burke quartzite, with a substantial gouge and lamprophyre dike occurring in an irregular manner throughout the lode. The veins range from 3 to 40 ft. wide and dip from 70 deg. to 90 deg. There is 110 definite line of demarcation between the lode and the wall rock. Stringers of ore are often found in the wall rock for irregular distances. Horizontal but irregular quartz stringers are also found running into the walls and positions of the wall have a tendency to break to the quartz stringers and the accompanying gouge, which causes indefinite, uneven and extremely heavy side and top pressures.

Jan 1, 1930

By Werner Langguth

The modern process and plant for the precipitation of gold from chlorine solutions, by sulphurous acid gas and hydrogen sulphide, differ materially from the older methods of precipitating with sulphate of iron. The chemical process and its applicability, as carried out in the Golden Reward chlorination-works at Deadwood, S. D., was described and discussed in the Engineering and Mining Journal, of New York, for February 14, and March 21, 1891. I purpose to give, in this paper, the details of construction from a general standpoint—the particular arrangement, most suitable to each case, depending, of course, upon local conditions. The accompanying sketch shows the arrangement. The plant consists of a wooden, lead-lined tank, in which the chlorine solution is precipitated; apparatus for the production of the precipitants, sulphurous acid and hydrogen sulphide; and a pressure-tank and filter-press for the collection and filtration of the precipitated gold-sulphides. These parts and arrangements are, in general, those which I employed in the Deadwood chlorinationworks, and which have proved practically successful, more than $100,000 worth of gold having been already precipitated by this method. In the construction of the generator and pressure-tank I have made, however, a few slight changes. 1. The Precipitating-Tank. The exact dimensions of this tank are not of much importance. A horizontal area of 10 x 12 feet and a height of 12 feet, holding about 7000 gallons of solution, is a good size. As the amount of attention and care required to precipitate the solution in a precipitatingtank is independent of the size of the vessel, there is economy in tanks of large capacity. Square tanks are more advantageous than round ones, because they need less floor-space, and at the same time are cheaper in construction. These tanks are made of common 2inch pine boards and 12 x 12-inch timber. They are well-bolted,

Jan 1, 1893

By Roy W. Wright

Introduction The title of my paper is satisfyingly broad and allows me to touch lightly or dwell at length on virtually any aspect of mining, while endeavouring not to trespass on the subjects of other papers to be presented. However, at this stage in our world history when for the first time we are beginning to take conservation and the welfare of future generations more seriously, I want to concentrate mainly on the question of whether or not there will be the resources of minerals available to sustain mankind's progress in the generations ahead. Metals and the Population Problem The supply of raw materials is of course only one of the fundamental problems that will face future generations: if we assumed that the world population would continue to increase at the present explosive rate, then I believe we can say with certainty that other fundamental problems of much greater significance would arise long before a shortage of raw materials - or other substitutes -had any impact on the progress of mankind. Thus, I must start this paper with the assumption that some equilibrium in population will be arrived at before these other problems overwhelm the world. Will the Metals Run Out? At the 75th Anniversary Meeting of this Institute in March, 1947, Clinton H. Crane, President of St. Joseph Lead Co., prophesied that for the next 100 years there would be enough copper, lead and zinc for every essential need. He defined a need as essential where the qualities of the metal in that use were irreplaceable. Today, except for one or two cases such as lead in lead-acid batteries, few metals have qualities that cannot be provided either by another metal or by another material. It is more a question of what the engineer or manufacturer is prepared to pay for special qualities as compared with using cheaper materials and perhaps a less satisfactory design.

Jan 1, 1971