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By J. Chipman

There is no better way of paying tribute to the memory of a scientist than by developing and carrying forward those ideas which he has contributed to science and which are for us the very essence of his immortality. For a lecturer who has not had the great privilege of stdying under Professor Howe or 'ven of knowing him in person, these ideas must be transmitted through the printed word. It is our great good fortune that Professor Howe left to us a rich heritage of publication, not only in his classic monograph on the "Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron" but in a wealth of earlier hooks and papers in the transactions of this Institute arid of other scientific and engineering bodies. An outstanding characteristic of this published record is the great breadth of interest and of vision which it portrays. His was riot a narrow specialization in only the scientific aspects of ferrous metallographg. On the contra1y many of his important contributions had to do with a far broader field of metallurgicial endeavor. He insisted that his students be well grounded in 1 he fundamentals underlying the whole field and not led into the narrow groove of specific applications. Among his first major publications we find papers on copper smelting, extraction of nickel, the efficiency of fans and blowers, thermic curves of blast furnaces, the cost, of coke, and the manufacture of steel. These are the papers of a metalhurgical engineer and it was among engineers that Henry Marion Howe made his early and well-merited reputation. These early engineering contributions display very clearly the strongly sctientific inclination of their author. The classic work on "The Metallurgy of Steel" published in 1890 contains a thorough and critical discussion of all that was known at the time concerning the alloys of iron and of what we would now call the physical metallurgy of steel. In addition it describes steel-making processes in use and some that had become obsolete, and points out in critical fashion the reasons for success and failure. Steel mill design and layout were included as well as some pertinent discussion of refractories. The book is indeed an embodiment of one of Howe's outstanding characteristics—breadth. It is both the science and the engineering of steel production as known in that day. One of Howe's earliest technical papers was entitled "What is Steel?" That was nearly seventy-five years ago when many new processes and new kinds of steel were being developed. The time was ripe for such a question and the answers which Howe was able to give were helpful in understanding the phenomena of heat treatment. Twenty-five years ago Professor Sauveur repeated the question as the title of the first Henry Marion Howe Memorial Lecture. It seemed to him that this question, "What is Steel?," had served as Howe's motto throughout the remainder of his life. Today I shall present for your consideration a question of another sort: "What is Sletallurgy?" Perhaps it is not too much to hope that in the answer we may obtain a clearer and possibly broader view of the nature of our science and our profession. The time is ripe for giving careful consideration to what we mean by metallurgy. If our Metals Branch is to become in fact an American institute of Metallurgical Engineers, it is essential that we understand what is meant by metallurgical engineering. I am convinced that the best interests of the profession have not been served by a narrow interpretation of these terms. We must now place emphasis on the breadth of metallurgy as a science and as an engineering profession. With its usual brevity and wit. Webster's dictionary definesmetallurgy as "the science and art of extracting metals from their ores, refining them and preparing them for use." I shall riot assume that the words "science" and "art" and "metal" are so well understood as to require no defining but others among our contemporaries are better qualified than either your lecturer or the dictionary to present the broad meanings of these terms. When we say that metallurgy is among the oldest of the arts we are not classing it with painting or sculpture or music but rather with the making of tools or weapons or the building of bridges or chariots or cathedrals. In short we are saying that metallurgy is among the oldest of the engineering professions. The question " What is metallurg ? " has been one of rather more than ordinary concern to those of us who have the task of developing a curriculum for the education of students in this field. This development has been going on in a number of universities over a period of some years. but there seems to be as yet no unanimity as to what such a curriculum should contain. I believe there is fairly complete agreement that it must be founded upon sound

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

ON May 5, the Washington, D. C., Section, A.I.M.E., devoted its meeting to the many-sided and perplexing question of mineral stock-piling for peace. Opening the symposium, Harry J. Wolf, of the War Production Board, outlined the problem under six heads: (1) Technical. Mechanical, chemical, or metallurgical importance of specified materials, emergencies that might arise, relative scarcity, and critical value of stock piles during emergencies. (2) Economic. Cost to Government, influence of Government stocks on commercial relationships and markets, effect of availability of items as a con¬structive influence on industry, Administration policies now and during postwar period. (3) Legislative. Need for immediate legislative action, need for legislation on postwar conditions as well as on current requirements, a constructive basic policy to prevent political manipulation. (4) Military. Consideration of re¬quirements and supplies bearing on national safety and needed for manufacture of equipment, and adequate reserves of scarce materials for research or experimentation by military agencies. (5) International. Interests of the United Nations in contradistinction to those of the United States; effects of nonisolation policy on nature, location, and administration of stock piles. (6) Negative stock-piling. Question of United Nations' legislation to prevent stock-piling by Axis nations after the war and who shall purchase stock-pile materials and during what periods.

Jan 1, 1943

By W. P. Haynes

ESTIMATED United States crude-oil production during 1943 established a new annual peak of 1,500,000,000 barrels, a daily average of 4,118,000 barrels. This would be an increase of 315,000 barrels per day, or 8 per cent over 1942 and 7 per cent over 1941, the previous peak. During the first ten months of the year, production jumped from 3,782,000 barrels per day in January to 4,400,000 in October. Available data for the last two months of the year indicate a leveling off of this trend, with daily rates slightly above 4,400,000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1944

By Evan Evans

WITH the expiration on April 30, 1941, of the agreement between the anthracite operators and the United Mine Workers of America, a new agreement was entered into, providing for a general wage increase of 7 1/2 per cent effective May 1, to be brought to a total of 10 per cent on Oct. 1. Contract rates were increased from the rates established under the agreement of September 1923, and hourly rates were raised above the agreement of May 1936 as modified from the eight-to seven-hour day in May 1937. The new rates are to be in force for the duration of the agreement, ending April 30, 1943.

Jan 1, 1942

By M. Albertson

UNITED STATES petroleum pro-dU6tion during 1937 materially exceeded? that of any previous year. Firm control of the production rate was maintained under State and Federal laws and aided by the' Interstate Compact. During the first ten months," crude oil prices were stable, except for a slight increase early in the year. Toward the end of the year, uncertainty of price structure be-came evident and a sharp reduction in allowable production was under way. Exploration for new pools and development of .pools already discovered continued active throughout the year. Production control agencies in Texas, and to a less extent in New Mexico and Louisiana, appear to have had increasing difficulty in holding crude oil output to allowable limits. The situation elsewhere is less well known but probably the same condition exists in other important producing States whether control is by State commissions or by unofficial bodies.

Jan 1, 1938

By Henry D. Hibbard

I. INTRODUCTION. THESE impurities are perhaps the most important things in steel-especially steel made by the oxidation processes-the effect of which has not been at least approximately determined. By oxidation processes I mean the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin, during which the metalloids in the charge are removed by oxidation. It has been truly said that it is a clear advantage to have a new name for a new thing. To secure this and to economize space, let us adopt the name sonim (plural sonims) to designate the solid non-metallic impurities existing in steel or other metal. I would define a sonim as a solid non-metallic portion of matter existing as an impurity in metal. A piece of sand, brick, clay, or such material, imbedded in metal, would be considered as a foreign body, not as an impurity, and therefore not a sonim. The studies of sonims of which the results have been published hitherto, have been made chiefly or wholly on finished or at least on cold steel, without much, if any, regard to the specific methods by which the steel was made. While many of the results so obtained are valuable, they give little help in determining the cause, effect, or cure of the disease. It is not enough, in such a study, to know merely the commercial name of the process; for within the field of each process lies a great number of possible variations, each of which will yield a result differing in some respect from all others; and the control of sonims is particularly dependent. on the metallurgical treatment of the metal, because of the inability of analytical chemistry to throw much light on their presence, condition, and effect, as they usually occur in commercial steels. The microscope aids more, perhaps, than chemistry in their study.

Apr 1, 1911

By G. W. LAAiIBOURNE

FEW mines possess a history of more fascinating interest than the Ontario at Park City, Utah. The famous Bonanza's production record of over $50,000,000; the great extent of its workings; the remarkable character of its mineralization; the fact that recent discoveries have shattered preconceived theories of the geology of the camp practically assuring the half-century old property a future as active and as prosperous as the past make the Ontario one of the unique mines of the world. A mere accounting of the wealth created by this historic property not only exemplifies the great profits

Jan 1, 1925

By Ralph W. Marsden

The natural iron ores of the Lake Superior Region in the United States are being replaced by iron-ore concentrates produced from magnetite- or hematite-rich horizons in the Precambrian cherty iron formations. The production of natural ores will soon be less than one-half of the total ore shipped annually. The tonnage of natural ore produced will continue to decline until it is a minor percentage of the ore shipped. The natural ores include (1) soft ore, (2) hard ore, ( 3) conglomerate ore and ( 4) siliceous ore. The soft ores are the important ore type and are sometimes termed "Lake Superior type ore". These ores are in situ deposits of hematite and limonite formed by the leaching of silica and other gangue materials in the iron formations. The leaching is believed to have been done by downward moving surface waters. In deep ore deposits, generally over 1000 feet below the present surface, circulation and leaching action may have been assisted by hydrothermal activity. Hard ore deposits occur on the Vermilion and Marquette ranges where hematite or magnetite has replaced the silica (and possibly some silicates) in cherty iron formation. These ores commonly occur in structural situations favorable for the movement of hydrothermal waters. The ores are believed to be the result of hydrothermal action with iron, possibly from the iron formation, transported by hydrothermal waters to areas favorable for the replacement of silica by iron oxides. Certain stratigraphic horizons of the Lake Superior Precambrian cherty iron formations contain sufficient iron as magnetite or hematite, with a grain size and texture that will give adequate mineral liberation, to yield an ore-quality product after grinding and concentration. The magnetite-rich deposits are termed magnetite taconites. These ores occur on the Mesabi, Gogebic, and Marquette ranges. Magnetite taconite ores are unenriched cherty iron formation and are the result of the sedimentary deposition of the iron formation and the metamorphic history of the rock. The commercial quality hematite-rich iron formations in Michigan are termed jasper ores. The jasper ores are being mined on the Marquette and Menominee ranges. These ores are composed of specular or granular hematite associated with quartz and iron silicates. The jasper ores appear to be recrystallized iron formations in which iron, prior to recrystallization, occurred as hematite.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

THE section delegates assembled Monday morning with the incoming president, W. H. Bassett, in the chair and F. W. Bradley as vice-chairman. The secretary called the roll and urged the delegates to become familiar with the activities of the Institute. He explained the allotment of funds to local sections and the uses to which these funds may be put. He also announced plans for travel by Mr. Bassett and asked the delegates to confer with him as to meetings en route. An invitation was extended for all section delegates to attend the Directors' dinner Wednesday evening. He suggested that local sections hold a meeting once a year under the auspices of each division of the Institute. He further explained the system of choice of publications by members. The question of licensing of engineers was brought up, and the consensus of opinion among the membership was asked for. Because the matter is controversial, no official action has been taken and it was suggested that the' local and State sections act separately in this regard. A. B. Parsons, the assistant secretary, next spoke. In his remarks he indicated surprise that many prominent mining men still did not belong to the Institute, and urged that section delegates make up a list of such prospective members and send it in to the office for study by the New York staff. He also asked that re- ports of all meetings be turned in for publication in MINING AND METALLURGY, and said that the reports

Jan 1, 1930

By OWEN H. PERRY

One of man's primary tools is the ordinary screen. Whether of mesh or punched plate, it is fundamental in principle, primitive in its origin, and common in its application through all the world; and yet the screen goes only a part of the way toward the completion of its job of separating materials according to size. It will give a practical and continuous separation according to "size," as generally understood (accurate according to the breadth), but the accurate and continuous separation as to thickness is not a practical function of the screen. Still, all through history, the thickness of particles of material must have been important to many people; therefore, one would expect that some standard method of sizing for thickness would long since have been evolved and that equipment applying that method would be readily available to any in¬dustry. This, however, seems not to be so.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. A. Singmaster

A REPORT that it did not pay to use present-day galvanized iron on account of the short life of the material, accompanied by proofs of the state-ment in the form of a tabulated history of the first costs of various kinds of building materials and their main-tenance expense, started an investigation of modern galvanized products. At the very outset it was apparent that our experience with galvanized products was by no means unique. Correspondence with the State Agricultural Depart-ments, the Agricultural Experiment Stations, the County Agents and State Granges all over the United States brought a mass of complaint on this same score. Visits to large buyers of galvanized sheet and wire revealed the same condition coupled with an ever-increasing use of substitutes for galvanized iron. We believe, therefore, that the title of this article is fully warranted by the experience of the consuming public. A study of the proceedings of the various societies having to do with the testing and use of sheet iron and steel products revealed a tremendous amount of work on the life of the base metal itself. Great stress was laid on differences in life of various types of iron and steel, the difference amounting at best to months rather than years. Very little recent attention has been paid to a study of the life of the zinc coating and the causes of its present-day lack of durability. There have been some real exposure studies published, how-ever, which show that the weight of the zinc coating determines the protection afforded by the galvanizing, which is of far greater influence on the life than the base-metal composition. An interesting paper was published by the Phillipine Journal of Science in 1916, entitled: "Galvanized Roofing in the Phillipines," a contribution from the Bureau of Science of the Phillipine Island Government. The author, Mr. Arguelles, found on 18 old galvanized sheets, after from 30 to 35 years' exposure, from 2.3 to 4.1 oz. of zinc per sq. ft. of sheet and sums up the study by saying: Of the various factors influencing the durability of galvanized iron which have been studied with a view towards accounting for the difference in behavior of old and modern sheet, it appears evident that the greater weight of zinc per unit of area on the former accounts for the greater durability.

Jan 10, 1922

By J. C. Bayles

Jan 1, 1886

Jan 1, 1880

By H. D. Wilde

DURING 1934 conditions in the production division of the petroleum industry were reasonably satisfactory but nevertheless a decided feeling of insecurity existed largely because of the uncertainty of controlling production to consumptive demand. Over-production, especially in the East Texas field, threatened a general collapse of crude prices but in spite of this, posted prices were high. Stimulated by the prevailing posted prices, wildcatting activities were wide-spread. Although a number of small discoveries were made, particularly in the Gulf Coast belt and Oklahoma, no fields of major importance, unless it was the Fitts pool in Southern Oklahoma, were brought in. Meanwhile, the Petroleum Division of the A.I.M.E. continued its activities. It sponsored the collection of production and geological data on both foreign and domestic fields. The data on all but a few producing districts in the world were published in the "Petroleum Development and Technology" volume of the "Transactions" and comprise one of the most complete tabula¬tions of this sort ever published. Work of this kind is being continued.

Jan 1, 1935

By FORTUNATO PEREIRA

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The Department of Narino (formerly included in the Department of Cauca) is a narrow band about 170 km. (100 miles) wide in the southern part of the Republic of Colombia, FIG. 1.-SKETCH-MAP OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF COLOMBIA. near the boundary of Ecuador, as shown in the sketch-map, Fig. 1. Its capital is Pasto, a small city of 25,000 inhabitants; the principal towns are Túquerres, Cumbal, Ypiales, Barbacoas, and Tumaco. The port on the Pacific ocean is Tumaco, and traffic in the interior is carried partly on the Patia river (steam navigation to the fluvial port of Barbacoas), and afterwards overland over poor roads by human bearers or on mule-back.

Aug 1, 1912

By J. S. Wakeman

The techniques of testing the physical properties of green pellets produced in a batch balling test are described. It has been found that these physical properties, i.e. drop resistance, wet compressive strength, and plastic deformation under load, are generally related to the moisture content of the wet balls. A "criterion" method of analyzing data from a series of batch tests is discussed. This method facilitates the comparison of results of various test series. A time-sharing computer program, which correlates the test data from a batch series, generates the "criterion" values for subsequent comparison and analysis, and produces X, Y plots of the various moisture-strength relationships, is presented. Examples of computer output and use of the "criterion" evaluation method are given.

Jan 1, 1973

By R. J. McNally

THERE are three primary plant nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—expressed in any fertilizer compound as percent N, percent P 2 O 5, and percent K 2 O, in that order. This article will be concerned with the first two. The chief source of P 2 O 5 is phosphate rock. As found in the western states phosphate rock is essentially tricalcium phosphate-calcium fluoride (fluor-patite). As such, it is quite water insoluble.

Jan 1, 1957

The following description is based on the film's narrative script: The film opens with a description of the terrain--tens of thousands of yearly snows compressed into glacial ice, stretching further than the eye can see. A single massive frozen cap--1 812 992 km2 (700 thou- sand sq miles) covering most of the land mass of the world's largest island, christened strangely enough--Greenland. Greenlanders comprise more than two-thirds of the 40 thousand Danish subjects who brave the elements in the Arctic Circle. Along the coastal fringe where the Gulf Stream sheds its last vestige of tropical warmth to temper Greenland summers, tiny villages survive In virtual isolation. Jagged fjords and creeping glaciers are barriers to conventional communication. There are no roads through the year-round ice. Yet, when there is wealth in the land, there are people to tame it, harnessing those unrelenting forces of nature if they can building and surviving in spite of them if they must. Near the tiny site of Marmorilik in west Greenland a gathering of men from places more benign came to challenge a sheer, frozen rock named Black Angel Mountain to tap a deposit of lead and zinc ore. As far back as the 19301s, surface investigation showed zinc and lead sulfides in the vicinity. In the mid-60's mountaineering geological examinations were made and deep-hole drilling, directed by Cominco Ltd., of Canada, confirmed the presence of an ore body, 600 m (2000 ft) above the fjord. These findings led to the formation In 1965 of Greenex A/S, a'Danish company with principal offices in Copenhagen. A utilization con- cession, with rigorous safety standards and environmental controls to

Jan 1, 1977

By Lawrence P. Bonicatto

The steel industry's increased demand for higher grade pellets has caused the pellet producers to investigate methods of upgrading their product and the Hanna Mining Co.'s Groveland plant on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is no exception. The low grade iron deposit is a complex mixture of magnetite and hematite with chert, quartz, jasper and various iron silicates.1 Beneficiation is by Humphrey spirals and anionic flotation of the iron minerals.2 Flotation of the spiral tailings makes up about 75% of the concentrate, while a minor amount of concentrate (less than 3%) is produced in magnetic circuits. The concentrate is pelletized at the rate of 1.6 million tpy. The initial concentrating facilities were constructed in 1958 and the concentrate was marketed as sinter feed until a pelletizing plant was added early in 1963. Grade improvement soon became a high priority research project, and several methods of concentration were investigated.

Jan 3, 1968

By Everett G. Trostel

AMERICAN industry in 1943 emerged from the construction phase into the production phase, and American military operations passed from preparation into full action in the many theaters of the global war. The increased pace of industrial and military operations has resulted in a tremendous demand for petroleum and its products.

Jan 1, 1944