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By B. VISWANATH

T HE Mysore iron works, at Bhadravati, about 2000 ft. above sea level in the Shimoga district of Mysore, British India, is served by a meter gage branch line of the Mysore State Railways. The works which were designed and erected by Perin & Marshall, who still act as consulting engineers, are surrounded by a thickly wooded country which sup- plies about 400 tons per day of wood for fuel. The ore deposits lie 20 miles to the south, and limestone quarries are close by the works. The Bhadra river sup- plies the works and the town with the necessary quantity of water. Dwelling houses for the employees

Jan 1, 1930

By Edward W. Parker

IF one is to place any credence at all in the reports published in the daily press, the subject of conservation has been a very lively topic of conversation during the past 60 days, and it does not appear that the temperature of the summer months has been in any way moderated by the discussion. It is a subject in which we are all vitally interested and to which, so far as our mineral resources are concerned, both the Institute and the Geological Survey have liberally contributed. The report of the National Conservation Commission, appointed by President Roosevelt, contains a series of papers on the conservation of mineral resources, all of which were prepared by members of the Geological Survey and were compiled largely from information previously collected by that Federal bureau in the performance of its regular duties. It is not the purpose of this paper to reiterate in extenso any of the material already published. The contributions of the Survey officials to the Commission's report have been published in a separate document as Bulletin No. 394. This docunient is for free distribution and may be obtained upon application to the Director of the Survey. In the preparation of this paper I desire merely to make a few suggestions regarding the possible necessity of some restraint upon or control of one branch of the mining industry with which I have been somewhat closely associated for the past 20 years-that of coal. Most of the members of the Institute are cognizant of the suits brought by the government against the anthracite-operators in Pennsylvania, or the combination of interests commonly known as the ? hard-coal trust." No defense of any illegal combination in restraint of trade is intended, but there are some facts which should not be lost sight of, and unfortu-\

Nov 1, 1909

By James Fiore

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 provides a set of rules for proceeding with the identification and selection of sites for a mined geologic repository as well as for interim storage facilities for high level waste in the event storage facilities are needed. The following paper summarizes the sequence of procedures in site selection, and presents the interaction of governmental agencies, the states, the public, and affected Indian tribes in this process. Several agencies have published regulations assocated with the selection of high level waste sites. These regulations set down a diverse collection of requirements designed to ensure public safety. This paper identifies the organizations working to satisfy these requirements, and outlines the role of the geotechnical community in performing data collection activities to support these same requirements.

Jan 1, 1984

By John A. Church

Jan 1, 1880

By Max Hebgen

Within the State of Montana the streams rise in the high mountains at. an elevation of from 5,000 to 8,000 ft. These streams leave the State line both east and west at elevations from 3,500 to 2,400 ft. It is, therefore, apparent. that all these streams have an average fall of 3,000 ft. within the confines of the. State, and many opportunities are presented on all streams. for the development of power, by taking advantage of the natural fall. It is probable that 1,000,000 h. p. can :be developed in the State of Montana. I. NATURAL FEATURES OF STATE AFFECTING POWER DEVELOPMENT. The main. range of the Rocky mountains, forming the Continental Divide, cuts the State of Montana into two parts. The eastern part is drained by the Missouri river and its tributaries, the Madison; Jefferson, Gallatin and Yellowstone, rivers. The western part is drained by tributaries to the Columbia river, the Clarks fork and the Kootenai river. The Clarks fork in turn is formed by the junction of Missoula and Flathead rivers, the latter, draining Flathead lake. The western part of the State. is mountainous and the eastern part is comparatively level. As a natural result the rivers in the western part are capable of generating large amounts of power, while in the eastern part of the State natural power sites are much fewer and farther apart. It also follows that in the mountainous districts large amounts of power are required for the mining industry, while in the eastern part of the State, which is principally devoted to agriculture, power is required in smaller quantities. ?

Jan 8, 1913

By F. T. Havard

(Canal Zone meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. THE present truce in litigation between Western smelting and ranching interests gives opportunity for a summary of the results achieved by metallurgists in condensing fume and de-acidifying furnace-gases. In the absence of complete records of past experiments, there has been a good deal of unnecessary duplication of attempts and' failures. Yet, especially under the recent policy of our large corporations, looking to the economic recovery of the values of by- and waste products, original and, in some cases, effective measures have been developed by American metallurgists. In the case of Bliss vs. the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the Montana Supreme Court, recognizing the progressive efforts made to render the flue-gases innocuous, and the value to the community of the smelting company's operations, refused to hamper its work, and returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. In the trial, the experimental firms of the company in the so-called "affected region" were proved to be thriving perfectly, showing that immunity was guaranteed to vegetation and stock by the wide distribution of the sulphurous acid gas in the dry air of Montana. Indeed, L. S. Austin has proved that by the time the fume is 4,000 ft.. distant from the stack, the percentage of sulphurous acid has been diminished from 2.28 to 0.00045; and Angus Smith has shown that rain must contain 40 parts per million of free acid before vegetation is affected. The arsenic in the stack-gases is but a very small part of the original content of the ore, of which 80 per cent. and over is rejected in the concentrator and furnace waste-products or recovered in the flues. Nevertheless, neither the peace in Montana nor the armistice

Aug 1, 1910

By D. R. Knowlton

IF I were a minister, and this were a sermon, and such a passage appeared in the Bible, I would choose for my text: "From whence cometh the oil for our war?" And no preacher was ever more serious than I am. You petroleum engineers recognize that the producing branch of the industry is passing through an era of plenty and inflated potentials into an era of scarcity and unmet allowables. Not too long ago the oil operators of Kansas, California, and Texas were appearing before operators' meetings and regulatory authorities asserting that these States were capable of producing at rates far in excess of what the demand at that time would absorb. Today every oil-producing area in the United States except the Texas Gulf Coast and West Texas is producing close to or in excess of its maximum efficient rate.

Jan 1, 1943

By Theodore J. Hoover

WHAT are the chief branches of the mining engineering profession today? In an effort to analyze the structure of the profession, for practical purposes, a quantitative study has been made of the membership of the A.I.M.E., and is herein reported for the first time. In spite of the effect that a long history and a relatively small group of professional workers have had in limiting specialization in mining engineering, there has nevertheless grown up a wide variety of specialties in this field. More than a hundred different kinds of engineers were discovered among the titles given by Institute members in the Directory, ranging from "advisory engineer" and "American engineer" down to "wire-rope engineer" and "works engineer." How should all these titles be defined and interpreted? How many of them should be relegated as meaningless or confusing? What are the relationships among the remaining useful designations? Should some of them be grouped as "metallurgical" or "chemical," or under some other head?

Jan 1, 1935

By Gilbert E. Doan

WHEN metallurgists and other engineers meet their college classmates or former teachers, the conversation will frequently become reminiscent and finally turn to engineering education. These graduates have tested the value of their college training in the hurly-burly of the outside world so respectful attention is due their opinions, which, strangely enough, fall into two opposite categories. A member of one group expresses a deep-seated conviction that engineers should have a fuller foundation of physical chemistry, another asks for a more thorough training in mathematics, others wish a more thorough grounding in refractories, a series of courses in petroleum engineering, or in electric welding. Each alumnus of this group

Jan 1, 1937

By C. A. Stetefeldt

Jan 1, 1892

By HAROLD A. TITCOMB

TOWARD the close of 1925, a British geologist, T. Landell Mills, brought to the notice of .A. Chester Beatty and selection Trust Ltd. certain mineral areas in southern Yugoslavia. Mills' data, which included rough maps and preliminary reports by' a Yugoslav engineer, Jules Draskocy, appeared interesting to Reatty, and early in 1926, I, with three British assistants, proceeded to Serbiaand commenced the investigation of several groups of ancient mine workings. They were found to be extensive and the geological conditions-schists, limestones, and andesitic intrusive-favorable for mineral deposits. At Stan Trg, on the Trepca Concession, five rniles east of Kosovska Mitrovica, an ancient filled adit was found, a shelter-hut erected, and work started in reopening this adit.

Jan 1, 1936

By George S. Rice

GROUND movement and subsidence is an important matter from several points of view and it is regrettable that more papers have not been written on this subject in the past year. Damage may be done to surface buildings or to the higher workings of a mine, and a study of the subject gives valuable in- formation on hanging-wall or roof control. The latter objective is strikingly shown in a recent paper presented by Jack Spaulding on Oct. 21, 1937, before the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, of Great Britain, entitled "Theory and Practice of Ground Control in the Kolar Gold Field, India." All may not agree with some of his theories that were deduced from studies of the many violent rock bursts at depths of 5000 to 7000 ft., but the data obtained are of great value. His theories of symmetrical ring stresses and symmetrical domes which are pictured as perfect are rather hard to understand as such uniformity is un- likely in view of the irregularities in the formation due to folds and fractures of various kinds. All will agree in principle with this idea of domal effects, which have been observed in many countries, but they are generally irregular.

Jan 1, 1938

By Edwin Ludlow

EDWIN LUDLOW, president of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers for the year beginning Feb. 15, 1921, is a well-known figure in the state that was the birthplace of the Institute-Pennsylvania-although he was born and educated in New York and is again one of its residents, after years of active work in the field. Mr. Ludlow was born at Oakdale, Long Island, and was graduated from the School of Mines at Columbia University with the class of 1879. After graduation, he became a civilian worker with the U. S. Engineer Corps under General William Ludlow, his brother, and for two years did river and harbor surveying along the New Jersey coast.

Jan 1, 1921

By W. L. Crentz, E. E. Donath, D. Doherty

Maurice Rey—The influence of cyclone diameter upon the fineness of separation is an important point which, however, cannot be discussed adequately if the injection pressure or the rate of flow are not specified. Perhaps some light can be thrown on the matter by using the formulas derived by Dahlstrom. Let us consider several geometrically similar cyclones where the apertures e and b are equal and proportional to the diameter D and which are operated with the same pressure drop. Eq 8 of Dahlstrom's paper can be written: Q Q = K D'. " or. if F is constant: Q = K D18 K is a constant of proportionality. Introducing this value of Q in eq 13 gives elimination efficiency = K D0' " Elimination efficiency, in the terminology of Dahlstrom, means the diameter of particles, in microns, which divide equally between the underflow and the overflow. This denomination is regrettable and it would be preferable to call it diameter of separation or characteristic size or any other name connoting a size rather than an efficiency. Whatever the name used, the above equation shows a slow increase in the fineness of separation when the diameter of the cyclone decreases. For example, if a 14-in. cyclone gives a 400-mesh separation (37 microns), geometrically similar cyclones, having the same pressure drop will give separations at the sizes shown below.

Jan 1, 1951

By E. E. Donath, W. L. Crentz, D. Doherty

Maurice Rey—The influence of cyclone diameter upon the fineness of separation is an important point which, however, cannot be discussed adequately if the injection pressure or the rate of flow are not specified. Perhaps some light can be thrown on the matter by using the formulas derived by Dahlstrom. Let us consider several geometrically similar cyclones where the apertures e and b are equal and proportional to the diameter D and which are operated with the same pressure drop. Eq 8 of Dahlstrom's paper can be written: Q Q = K D'. " or. if F is constant: Q = K D18 K is a constant of proportionality. Introducing this value of Q in eq 13 gives elimination efficiency = K D0' " Elimination efficiency, in the terminology of Dahlstrom, means the diameter of particles, in microns, which divide equally between the underflow and the overflow. This denomination is regrettable and it would be preferable to call it diameter of separation or characteristic size or any other name connoting a size rather than an efficiency. Whatever the name used, the above equation shows a slow increase in the fineness of separation when the diameter of the cyclone decreases. For example, if a 14-in. cyclone gives a 400-mesh separation (37 microns), geometrically similar cyclones, having the same pressure drop will give separations at the sizes shown below.

Jan 1, 1951

By HENRY COLEMAN

WE as employees of these related companies, I am sure, are proud to be affiliated with them, and have great faith in the sagacity and fore- sightedness of our employers. Most of us here have been called into important positions in these organizations, and it should be our most earnest endeavor to sense and carry them out as if they were our very own. We have been asked to supervise and carry on a work over which our employers cannot personally watch. It has been well said that the most efficient organization is that which requires the least attention from its head. Because of the very nature and condition of our work, which separates us by many miles from our employers and makes it impossible for us to receive attention and instructions from the heads of our departments, save for occasional visits and correspondence, we are given a great opportunity to prove that we can be efficient workers without too much attention from the heads of our departments. There are few employees who cannot do their duty when it is laid before them in specific terms, and when their employers are always there to see that their plans are carried out. But the employee who is really giving efficient service sees his duty himself and willingly does it. '

Jan 1, 1931

By P. H. Dudley

A Discussion of the Paper of Prof. Howe. (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 14, March, 1907, pp. 169 to 274.) P. H. DUDLEY, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :-The characteristics of Prof. Howe's metallurgical papers are, that he is able, from the mass of confusing evidence on the subject, to make an analysis and present hypothetical and essential principles in concrete form for consideration and discussion. I can appreciate, from the practical side of the subject, the arduous labor of collecting and investigating the data that is essential to prepare the paper. Much of the data necessarily came from material of preceding years. of manufacture in which there was allowed time for chemical reactions of the recarburizer, and for the elimination of the oxidation-products before teeming the ingots. This condition gave a favorable tinge-element to free the metal from slag- and other impurities, but, in allowing the. ingot to cool before charging in the furnace, the time-element entered as a detrimental factor in the development of the pipe or shrinkage-cavities, which gave an ingot-structure deficient in soundness. The interpretations from such material must be made with due allowances for the methods of manufacture, and must be given proper weight, as general facts, in subsequent arguments. The difficulties under which investigators labor are not easily surmounted in differentiating between reliable and unreliable data incident to variables of methods of manufacture, chemical composition of the alloys of steel, mediocre practice and that of the highest state of the art. Modern practice and large outputs in Bessemer steel have reversed the effects of the time-element-by cutting short the chemical reactions of the recarburizer and the elimination of

Jan 5, 1908

By R. G. Green, R. L. Dowdell

LEAD POISONING as a result of eating lead pellets deposited in marsh areas is a cause of high mortality among ducks, geese, and other waterfowl ingested lead shot become trapped in the gizzard with gravel and are slowly ground away by the grit. Absorption of lead as it passes through the intestine in a finely divided state produces severe lead poisoning which is usually fatal. Ducks and geese with lead poisoning develop first a typical green diarrhea. Later, paralysis of the wing muscles prevents flight. As the poisoning continues with further grinding of the shot trapped in the gizzard, increasing paralysis reduces the bird to helpless-

Jan 1, 1937

Discussion of the paper of EDWARD G. NORTON, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January, 1915, pp. 93 to 102. G. D. HARRIS, Ithaca, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).¬Since I have on several occasions1 expressed at length my general views on this interesting subject, it seems fitting that I endeavor here to comment as briefly as possible on a few points suggested by the paper. Doubtless you all know of the rather extensive publications of Lachmann on mid-European salines and his scarcely successful, attempt to make the phenomena presented by our domes fit. into his "Exzeme" theory based on studies of European phenomena. This paper is a most welcome indication that scientific America is very much alive to the difficulties that have been encountered in attempts already made to explain the origin of the salt domes in the lower Mississippi embayment region. Praiseworthy, too, is the attempt to explain these phenomena by agencies still in operation. I may, perhaps, be permitted to state here that a former student of mine, and co-worker in Louisiana, A. C. Veatch, is now interested in the Algerian region, where it would seem similar dome-phenomena are to be found, and hopes may well

Jan 5, 1915

By Donald B. Gillies

PROBABLY the most critical and difficult period in an engineer's career is that between the completion of his college work and his attainment of professional recognition and accepted status in the industrial world. Upon leaving school the young graduate breaks his immediate ties with his educational institution and in a sense finds himself adrift. At this time in his life a society like our Institute has both the responsibility and the privilege of meeting a vitally important need in his professional life. Some of these young men are Student Associates, in the year after graduation, and some are Junior Members, but all need advice and assistance. In some respects this situation will be accentuated by the war. Not only will thousands of young engineers be mustered out of military service but the process we describe generally as industrial reconversion will make necessary many readjustments in personnel. About two years ago the Institute recognized the opportunity of helping the younger member to help himself by appointing a new standing committee to be known as the Committee on Professional Development of Junior Engineers. Herbert Hoover is Honorary Chairman and it is my privilege to serve as Chairman. The name of the Committee is not entirely satisfactory but it expresses the general objective. The present article is in the nature of a progress report of the work of this Committee.

Jan 1, 1945