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Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. E H Sellards, Director. A price list of publications will be sent upon request. The following is a selected list of Bulletins available, taking first those describing the geology and mineral resources of a particular area in Texas, as noted: Bulletin 1750, Camp Bowie and vicinity (1917), 50 cents, 1816, Runnels County (1918), 40 cents, 1818, Dallas County (1918), 50 cents; 1850, Coke County (1920), 50 cents, 1860, Medina County (1920), 50 cents, 1869, East Texas (1919), $1; 1931, Tarrant County (1920), 50 cents; 1932, Bexar County (1920), 50 cents, 2229, Johnson County (1922), 40 cents, 2330, Potter County (1924), 50 cents, 2333, Colorado County (1924), 50 cents; 2340, McLennan County (1924), 40 cents; 2544, Denton County, $1, 2607, San Angelo formation and Foard County, 50 cents, 2710, Cooke County, 75 cents; 2738, Ft Stockton Quadrangle, 75 cents, 2807, Tom Greene County, 50 cents, 3038, Geology of the Glass Mountains, pt 1, $2 50, 3027, Stonewall County, 50 cents, 3016, Bell County, $1, Mineral resources of Williamson County, 25 cents; Mineral resources of Travis County, 25 cents, Mineral resources of Uvalde, Zavala and Maverick counties, 50 cents, 3125, Grayson County, 50 cents Bulletin 3232, The geology of Texas, vol 1, Stratigraphy, including a bibliography, is in press Other Bulletins of particular interest: Bulletin 3101, Contributions to geology (1931), $1, 3138, Underground waters and subsurface temperatures in the Woodbine Sand of northeast Texas, $1, 2801, Contributions to geology (1928), $1, 2901, Contributions to geology (1929), $1; 3001, Contributions to geology (1930), $1; 1725, Texas granites (1917), 50 cents, 1849, On the underground position of the Ellenburger formation in north-central Texas (1920), 25 cents; 2234, Report on Texas alkali lakes (1923), 40 cents; 2239, The producing horizon in the Rios well in Caldwell County (1922), 25 cents; 2346, Report on oil and gas possibilities of the University Block 46 in Culberson County (1924) 10 cents; 2539, The Lytton Springs oil field, 50 cents, 363, The deep boring at Spur, 75 cents, 2703, Microscopic

Jan 1, 1933

Horace F. Lunt, York, Montana* :—Two years ago I visited the region described by Mr. Jennings and assisted in the examination of a somewhat similar group of deposits in the White Mesa sandstone on the Navajo Indian Reservation, 125 miles north of Flagstaff and 50 miles east of the Kaibab plateau. There, the Triassic red sandstone is less than 200 ft. thick, and is overlain by a stratum from 200 to 250 ft. thick of white sandstone, which gives the name of " White Mesa" to that locality. The white sandstone shows all phases of crossbedding in great complexity, and evidently marks a period of oscillation and subsidence of the water, or an elevation of the land, at the close of a geological epoch. The prevailing color is white or gray, but occasionally it is red. In structure, it is composed of well-worn grains of quartzsand, from which most of the cementing material has been leached out, leaving it soft and friable. Possibly the cement was ferruginous, as is indicated by occasional traces of red color. The copper-deposits consist of a replacement of the cement of one particular cross-bedded stratum of the sandstone by chrysocolla, having also at times various quantities of tenorite in grains or masses. Some specimens of the ore contain as much as 32 per cent. of copper. Generally the copper-deposits are a few hundred cubic feet in size, and no strict line of demarcation is shown between them and the surrounding sandstone, the bluish-green color of the chrysocolla gradually fading into the white of the sandstone. The ore is apparently associated with small vertical crevices or fissures. Some of the deposits show a distinct vein-structure, while others do not. The origin of the ore is not very clear. Undoubtedly the solutions, coursing through the crevices noted above, played a prominent part in its deposition, as possibly

Jan 1, 1904

By Kefton H. Teague

Olivine is a mineral containing a mixture of forsterite (Mg,SiO,) and fayalite (Fe,SiO,) in solid solution. The name "olivine" was first applied by Werner in 1790 (Hunter, 1941) because of the olive-green color of the mineral. Uses The principal use of olivine is in various foundry applications. Perhaps the largest tonnage is utilized as a special foundry sand for mold-making in brass, aluminum, and magnesium foundries (Schaller, 1957, 1958; Snyder, 1957). Olivine was first used as an industrial mineral in the early 1930s for a refractory material (Anon., 1970; Hunter, 1941). As a refractory raw material, olivine was first introduced in the United States as handcobbed, selected, shaped blocks of crude olivine. This use met with limited success. More recently, finely ground olivine blended with MgO and pressed into bricks, which are then fired, have found use in glass tank furnaces and open-hearth furnaces. Ramming or gunning mixes for basic furnace linings also utilize olivine. Olivine has been used in ladle linings with varied success. In Europe, substantial tonnages of olivine are utilized in refractory brick for night storage heaters (Anon., 1970). A limited amount of olivine has been used in the past as a fertilizer (magnesium source) and has been fused with rock phosphate to produce a magnesium phosphate as a plant food. The relatively high magnesia (MgO) content of olivine also attracted attention to it as a potential source of both magnesium compounds and as a source of metallic magnesium (Bengston, 1956; Hunter, 1941). Industries using olivine have not standardized specifications. Normally, producers supply a product which meets individual customer requirements. Such requirements involve type and amount of impurities, grain size of product, refractory characteristics, etc. Geology Olivine occurs commonly as accessories in basic igneous and basic metamorphic rocks. Economic deposits are of magmatic origin and are restricted to essentially the dunite variety of periodotite. Dunites are medium to coarse- grained crystalline rocks, generally reddish brown on weathered outcrop, and are composed primarily of olivine.

Jan 1, 1975

Book Notices CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. By G. G. Henderson. Lond. and N. Y., Longmans, Green and Co., 1919. 202 pp., cloth, 9 X 6 in., $3.25. This, the latest volume of the series of Monographs on Industrial Chemistry which is being published under the editorship of Sir Edward Thorpe, is intended to present broadly, our present knowledge of the phenomenon of which it treats. The hook reviews the existing literature on catalysis, paying particular attention to the many applications now used in industry. COMMERCIAL OILS-VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL. With special reference to Oriental Oils. By I. F. Laucks. 1st edition. N. Y., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.;, Lond. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1919. 138 pp., cloth, 8 X 5 in., $1.25. Intended to give to men in the oil trade, who have not had technical training, the technical data and information required in every-day dealings, in concise form. The various commercial oils are listed, together with their sources, uses, and phys-ical and chemical characteristics. The values have been collected from the standard texts, supplemented, particularly in regard to oriental oils, by the results obtained in the author's laboratory. FIFTY YEARS OF IRON AND STEEL. By Joseph G. Butler, Jr. Cleveland, The Penton Press, 1919. 145 pp., por., 10 X 6 in., leather. (Gift of author.) This volume is one of a special edition, of 100 copies, of an address delivered before the American Iron and Steel Institute in 1917, in which the author gives his personal reminiscences of the development in iron and steel making, as observed during an active participation in the industry in eastern Ohio, which began in 1857. To this are added some brief data on the early history of iron and steel, and a chapter on the activities of the American iron manufactures during the great war. The volume is profusely illustrated with portraits of men of note in the industry.

Jan 12, 1919

By Walter Snelling

IN the course of some experiments more than five years ago, made for a totally different purpose than the investigation of the oil used, I placed a small quantity of a transparent yellow lubricating oil in a bomb-like vessel and heated it to a relatively high temperature. At the end of the experiment I removed the oil from the vessel and was amazed to find that instead of bearing any resemblance to the oil which I had put in, it now had the appearance of ordinary crude oil. The green color by reflected light and the rich red-brown by transmitted light were so unmistakable as to at once lead to further investigation. I subjected the material to fractional distillation, and the surprise which I 'experienced at the appearance of the oil, changed to amazement when I found that it yielded, on distillation, 15 per cent. of gasoline and 30 per cent. of burning oil, and that its constitution resembled crude oil quite as much as did its appearance. Furthermore, the gasoline and kerosene distillates which it yielded were of a clear water-white color, entirely without treatment with acid or alkali, and were entirely free from the odor familiar in "cracked" petroleum distillates. The result of this experiment was quite too remarkable to be credited without further confirmation, and I at once filled the vessel with some of the same oil that I had used before, and again heated to about the same temperature that I had previously used, and for the same period of time. Upon opening the vessel and removing the contents I found, not the material resembling crude oil that I had obtained before, but apparently only the same oil that I had put in, somewhat darkened in color, but nevertheless far different in appearance from the material obtained in the previous experiment.

Jan 4, 1915

WHEN the new sulphide plant started to roll at Chuquicamata last July, we broached the matter of looking in on this historic event to Burr Wheeler, then executive vice president of Chile Exploration Co. (Chilex executive offices are housed with the parent company, Anaconda, at 25 Broadway which is 23 hours and 15 minutes closer to the AIME office than the mine, counting air and automobile travel). Mr. Wheeler was at Chuqui when they turned the first shovelful of earth, has an understandable pride and affection in the mine, and kindly offered to make all arrangements. As a guest of Chilex, physical exam, injections, police clearance, passport, and airline reservations on the crack Panagra airline are procured swiftly and almost painlessly. Winter clothes were advised by Mr. Wheeler and D. M. Dunbar, who is the former's assistant and a seasoned Chuqui-ite. Both of these gentlemen obviously prefer Chuqui climate, with 364 days of sunshine, 1 ½ -in. rainfall, rare atmosphere of 10,000 ft elevation, Christmas-time earthquakes, and howling winds through June and July to the vicissitudes of New York weather. Panagra's de luxe DC-6 noses in toward land at Antofagasta, Chile, the supply and embarkation port for Chuquicamata. The Coastal Range, completely barren of green, thrusts a spur far out into the Pacific creating a crescent-shaped and protected harbor at Antofagasta. Beach gives way to pampa, to hills, and the only variation in scenery is in topographic relief. Chilex's reception committee in the person of the alert and amiable Bob Condit, assistant port agent, takes care of everything: immigration, interviews by the local press, baggage, transportation, and introduction to Chilean cuisine. The drive up to Chuqui takes about three hours, on the only two lane highway in northern Chile; hard surfaced, with a few kilometers of repair work in progress. We were fortunate to make the trip with manager Charles Brinckerhoff, who arrived the same day at Antofagasta from the seat of government at Santiago where he goes frequently to keep in touch with the company's Santiago office.

Jan 1, 1952

By William R. Webster

At the Florida meeting of the Institute, in March, 1895, I presented a Note on a Proposed Scheme for the Study of the Physics of Cast-Iron,1 giving an outline which, for convenience of reference, I here repeat. Suggested Lines for DiScuSsion and IvestiGation. I.—Correspondence between chemical composition and melting-point, fluidity, shrinkage, fracture, chill, micro-structure, and other physical properties. II.—Influence of: 1. Cupola-mixture, use of steel and other scrap, oxidized or clean material, 2. Manner of melting, flux, etc., 3. Casting-temperature, A. Fracture. 4. Manner of handling melted metal and B. Micro-structure. method of casting, C. Physical properties. 5. Size and form of casting, D. Shrinkage. 6 Kind of mold, green sand (under dif- on E. Chill. ferent conditions of ramming, amount F. Residual strew of moisture, and skin-dried), dry sand, G. Condition and quan- loam, and chills, tity of carbon and 7. Rate and mode of cooling castings, other elements. 8. Manner and temperature of heating for annealing, 9. Additions of nickel or aluminum, III. —-Segregation as affected by : 1. Composition ; 2. Casting-temperature; 3. Rate of cooling ; 4. Size and shape of casting. IV. —Blow-holes, their volume and position as affected by: 1. Composition; 2. Casting-temperature; 3. Casting-pressure ; 4. Rate of cooling; 5. Size and ehape of casting ; 6. Special additions. It was hoped that a discussion might thus be elicited, similar in interest and value to the discussion of the physics of steel, which had been so widely and gratefully welcomed by students and practitioners in that department. That this hope was not

Jan 1, 1905

By G. D. Cremer, J. J. Cordiano

Aluminum powder is a well-known article of commerce and in various forms has been marketed widely for use in paint, for pyrotechnic purposes and for exothermic mixtures. For a number of reasons, however, aluminum powder has not been employed extensively in powder metallurgy, although a great many proposals along this line have been offered. Aluminum and alumiuum-alloy powders oxidize readily upon exposure to air and the thin film of oxide (or hydroxide) thus formed is highly refractory, in that ordinary gaseous reducing agents such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide do not reduce the oxide to metal at temperatures below the melting point of aluminum. It has been thought that the presence of these films of oxide on aluminum particles would interfere markedly in powder metallurgical work and a number of suggestions have been made, either for preventing the formation of the film through the production of the powders in inert or reducing atmospheres, or for the removal of the oxide by means of powerful reducing agents, including "nascent" or atomic hydrogen released from metal hydrides. A second and more serious difficulty in the use of aluminum and aluminum-alloy powders in powder metallurgy resides in the fact that during compression such powders tend to adhere or cold-weld to the die walls, thus interfering with the formation and ejection of a compact. A third difficulty, which has been encountered only with aluminum-alloy powders, is their hardness when compared with elemental aluminum. Certain of these powders are susceptible to age-hardening, which further hinders the formation of strong green compacts. These conditions are particularly true of atomized aluminum-alloy powders. Even in the annealed condition, plastic deformation of alloy powders under pressure is low when compared with unalloyed powders. This fact, coupled with the lower corrosion resistance of the alloy powders. is probably the significant factor in our failure to obtain strong sintered pieces. Methods of Puoducing the Powder Many methods have been proposed for manufacture of aluminum powder, only a few of which are used commercially. Several of the more important processes include: (I) atomization of the molten metal; (2) mechanical pulverization and other types of comminution; and (3) graining, in which molten aluminum is stirred during freezing. For pigment and certain pyrotechnic uses aluminum flake powder is desirable, because of its greater proportion of surface to volume; and large quantities of such material are made by a procedure that involves stamping or ball milling. In making flake intended for use as pigment,

Jan 1, 1943

By G. D. Cremer, J. J. Cordiano

Aluminum powder is a well-known article of commerce and in various forms has been marketed widely for use in paint, for pyrotechnic purposes and for exothermic mixtures. For a number of reasons, however, aluminum powder has not been employed extensively in powder metallurgy, although a great many proposals along this line have been offered. Aluminum and alumiuum-alloy powders oxidize readily upon exposure to air and the thin film of oxide (or hydroxide) thus formed is highly refractory, in that ordinary gaseous reducing agents such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide do not reduce the oxide to metal at temperatures below the melting point of aluminum. It has been thought that the presence of these films of oxide on aluminum particles would interfere markedly in powder metallurgical work and a number of suggestions have been made, either for preventing the formation of the film through the production of the powders in inert or reducing atmospheres, or for the removal of the oxide by means of powerful reducing agents, including "nascent" or atomic hydrogen released from metal hydrides. A second and more serious difficulty in the use of aluminum and aluminum-alloy powders in powder metallurgy resides in the fact that during compression such powders tend to adhere or cold-weld to the die walls, thus interfering with the formation and ejection of a compact. A third difficulty, which has been encountered only with aluminum-alloy powders, is their hardness when compared with elemental aluminum. Certain of these powders are susceptible to age-hardening, which further hinders the formation of strong green compacts. These conditions are particularly true of atomized aluminum-alloy powders. Even in the annealed condition, plastic deformation of alloy powders under pressure is low when compared with unalloyed powders. This fact, coupled with the lower corrosion resistance of the alloy powders. is probably the significant factor in our failure to obtain strong sintered pieces. Methods of Puoducing the Powder Many methods have been proposed for manufacture of aluminum powder, only a few of which are used commercially. Several of the more important processes include: (I) atomization of the molten metal; (2) mechanical pulverization and other types of comminution; and (3) graining, in which molten aluminum is stirred during freezing. For pigment and certain pyrotechnic uses aluminum flake powder is desirable, because of its greater proportion of surface to volume; and large quantities of such material are made by a procedure that involves stamping or ball milling. In making flake intended for use as pigment,

Jan 1, 1943

By Harry Gard Knox, F. R. Harris

This paper covers some of the problems presented to the oil industry in the drilling of oil wells in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The hazards, delays and relative costs of offshore drilling are reviewed and various forms of drilling platforms discussed. The requirements of the offshore drilling rig are summarized together with the principal items affecting the cost of construction. Sea waves and their size and characteristics as affecting offshore platforms are reviewed. Drilling platforms are classified as fixed, or fixed and floating. Fixed platforms of the conventional cofferdam and pile-supported type are discussed together with their good points and their limitations. The desirability is pointed out of eliminating as much offshore work as possible where operations are subjected to constant and expensive delay and substituting therefor the prefabrication of structures ashore or in sheltered waters. Marked economy will come with the standardization of offshore rigs aid special means of transporting them to the site. Several types of structure which are partly pile-supported and partly buoyancy-supported are discussed and their possibilities of future usefulness commented upon. General Considerations The predominant attribute of offshore drilling equipment is that it must be equal to the job in hand. We therefore give first thought to the matter of adequacy. In view of the probable depth of drilling, the investment involved and the per diem labor costs, it is assumed heavy modern drilling equipment will be employed. In order to usc such equipment efficiently, the working deck must be ample in size and strength and supported so as to be relatively free from motion and from green seas even in heavy storms. These requirements necessitate a high and rigid land-based support for the drilling rig and machinery with plenty of space for supplies, such as pipe, mud, water and fuel, with reserves for days when transportation from shore is impracticable. In offshore rigs the crew will be housed onboard in comfortable quarters, probably air conditioned and equipped with a galley and refrigerated food storage. An important consideration will be the ability to transfer stores and crew to and from the rig in all but the heaviest weather and the platforms must be protected from the impact of supply vessels when alongside. It will be essential to maintain continuous communication with shore by radio or cable, not forgetting the possibility of a helicopter landing space for the transfer of crew and light stores as well as a means of general communication. Whatever structure is constructed must be secure from storms of hurricane force and a safe place for the operating crew to work. If the well comes in, the drilling rig will presumably be removed and a small but rugged pile-supported platform will remain to carry the Christmas tree with safe working space around it. It will be protected from damage on all sides by buffer piles or dolphins. It is assumed that the flowing oil will be piped to storage tanks in the vicinity of the well. An individual tank for each well or a

Jan 1, 1949

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Internal Affairs, Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pa George H. Ashley, State Geologist All available printed Bulletins may be obtained through the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Division of Documents. Where a price has been set on the publication, checks should be made out to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A Syllabus of Pennsylvania Geology and Mineral Resources has recently been published by the Survey as Bulletin G1, and consists of a general survey of the state An appendix of this bulletin also gives a complete bibliography of Survey publications It will be sent upon request. The State Geological Survey has gone through several phases and reorganizations, publications of three of them being numerous and important A fire, in 1927, destroyed supplies of many of the papers of the present Survey. Available bulletins of the present Survey are: Bulletin M6: Bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania, in 4 parts available as follows: pt 1, General description of coal, 50 cents; 3, Bituminous coal resources, 25 cents, 4, Analyses of bituminous coals, 25 cents Bulletin M10, Fire clays of Pennsylvania; Mll, Molding sands of Pennsylvania; M12, Anthracite culm and silt (1928); M13, Feldspar in Pennsylvania; M14, Magnetite deposits of French Creek (1931); County Report C1, Adams County, pt 1, Geology and geography (in press), County Report C2, Geology and mineral resources of Greene County (in press); Topographic and Geologic Atlas A5, New Castle Quadrangle (1929), $1; Topographic and Geologic Atlas A27, Pittsburgh Quadrangle (1929), $1; Topographic and Geologic Atlas A168, Lancaster Quadrangle (1930), $1. The present Survey has also issued a number of short mimeo¬graphed bulletins any of which will be sent upon request Briefly they are: No. 15, Mineral resources of Pennsylvania; 20, Iron ores; 28, Magnesite; 40, White clay deposits, Monroe County; 45, White clay deposits, central Pennsylvania; 47, Manganese, Eastern Pennsylvania, 48, Pyrite from bituminous coal mines; 59, Bog

Jan 1, 1933

By John Wulff, Robert Kamm, Steinberg Morris

In powder metallurgy it has often been observed that shrinkage may occur in one direction and growth in another during sintering. Even in long-time sintering experiments the rate of shrinkage may be different in different parts of the compact. In the fabrication of some parts requiring a constant permeability it is even questionable in some cases whether pressing from one direction should be attempted. These observations require for their interpretation a more detailed study of green or pressed density than has heretofore been available. Usually average density measurements of the whole compact are made and in some cases carefully cut sections are measured. A different approach to the problem was first mentioned by Rakowskil and also used by Balshin.2 Balshin's diagram is reproduced in Fig I and schematically shows the result of pressing three layers of metal powder with fine intervening layers of graphite. The retarding effect of the die walls and a qualitative example of the density distribution is evident. More quantitative information about the distribution of density within a cold-pressed powder compact would be useful in showing the variation in density in as as influenced by the type of poKder, shape of die, lubricatioll during the process, and other variables. Furthermore, information about the cracking of cold-pressed compacts may be obtained from an analysis of the stress distribution within a, powder compact, and some information about the stress distribution can be obtained in turn from the derlsity and strain distributions. A more detailed report on some of the present experiments appears in reference 3. Present Investigation In order to ascertain the density gradients in cold-pressed metal powders, a deformable lead grid within the powder was employed. After pressing in cylindrical di" the ejected compact was radiographed, giving a pattern of the deformed grid. From the radiograph density and deformation from point to point is readily measured. From the radiograph strain distribution and stress trajectories were also determined. The latter also permits the determination of the coefficient of friction at the die wall. This technique indicates that the densest Part of a compact pressed from one side is at the top outer circumference and the least dense region at the bottom circumfercnce near the stationary plunger. For Some heights of compacts the density at the axis is such that the lower density is at the top rather than at the bottom. SO irregular a density distribution is due primarily to die-wall friction. As the ratio - diameter to height of compact is increased the die walls play a correspondingly smaller role. More uniform density

Jan 1, 1947

By John Wulff, Steinberg Morris, Robert Kamm

In powder metallurgy it has often been observed that shrinkage may occur in one direction and growth in another during sintering. Even in long-time sintering experiments the rate of shrinkage may be different in different parts of the compact. In the fabrication of some parts requiring a constant permeability it is even questionable in some cases whether pressing from one direction should be attempted. These observations require for their interpretation a more detailed study of green or pressed density than has heretofore been available. Usually average density measurements of the whole compact are made and in some cases carefully cut sections are measured. A different approach to the problem was first mentioned by Rakowskil and also used by Balshin.2 Balshin's diagram is reproduced in Fig I and schematically shows the result of pressing three layers of metal powder with fine intervening layers of graphite. The retarding effect of the die walls and a qualitative example of the density distribution is evident. More quantitative information about the distribution of density within a cold-pressed powder compact would be useful in showing the variation in density in as as influenced by the type of poKder, shape of die, lubricatioll during the process, and other variables. Furthermore, information about the cracking of cold-pressed compacts may be obtained from an analysis of the stress distribution within a, powder compact, and some information about the stress distribution can be obtained in turn from the derlsity and strain distributions. A more detailed report on some of the present experiments appears in reference 3. Present Investigation In order to ascertain the density gradients in cold-pressed metal powders, a deformable lead grid within the powder was employed. After pressing in cylindrical di" the ejected compact was radiographed, giving a pattern of the deformed grid. From the radiograph density and deformation from point to point is readily measured. From the radiograph strain distribution and stress trajectories were also determined. The latter also permits the determination of the coefficient of friction at the die wall. This technique indicates that the densest Part of a compact pressed from one side is at the top outer circumference and the least dense region at the bottom circumfercnce near the stationary plunger. For Some heights of compacts the density at the axis is such that the lower density is at the top rather than at the bottom. SO irregular a density distribution is due primarily to die-wall friction. As the ratio - diameter to height of compact is increased the die walls play a correspondingly smaller role. More uniform density

Jan 1, 1947

By Samuel G. Lasky

FAULTING at Kennecott, with its attendant fracturing, is unusual, complex, and important. As study and knowledge of the various fault systems have progressed, appreciation of that importance has helped in the selection of proper horizons for exploration and in the avoidance of useless crosscutting and drifting. During the study of this faulting and fracturing, a suggestion concerning the formation of the ore-bearing fissures occurred to me. Further study in the available portions of the approximately 45 miles of workings in the Kennecott mines for the purpose of checking up the the suggestion led to the hypothesis which this paper will attempt to present. Briefly, the hypothesis may be stated as follows: The formation of transverse faults that stop against a main system is connected with changes in the strike or dip of the main fault, and such cross faults or fractures lie in the moving block of the main fault system and indicate a change in strike or dip of the main fault. It has been found that each kind of change tends to produce definite effects and that careful study of the evidence can often suggest the exact type of change. Outline of Kennecott Mines Geology The mines at Kennecott are on the northeast flank of a broad anticlinell where erosion has exposed the Upper Triassic Chitistone limestone resting conformably on the Permian or Triassic Nikolai greenstone.2 These two are the only formations exposed in the immediate vicinity of the mines that bear relation to the ore deposits. The Nikolai greenstone is a series of altered basaltic lava flows, the actual thickness of which is unknown. The Chitistone limestone is the ore-bearing formation. At its base is a bed of about 5 ft. of red, green, or black shale which shows strong evidence of movement wherever it is exposed underground—one of the

Jan 1, 1929

By C. J. Sparks, J. C. Ogle, E. A. Starke

DEFORMATION of cold-rolled fcc metals and alloys produces one or the other of two types of rolling textures, usually referred to as the copper type or the brass type. The pure fcc metals, with the exception of silver, develop the copper-type texture when rolled at room temperature. Silver, brass, and many other alloys develop the brass-type texture. Transition from one texture type to another can also occur. Solute additions to pure copper cause a transition from the copper-type to the brass-type texture.' Varying the deformation temperature also produces texture transitions. Copper rolled at -196°C developed the brass-type texture2 and silver rolled at elevated temperatures, 200°C, developed the copper-type texture.374 The work of Haessner,' Smallman and Green,6 and Hu and coworkers3'4 seems to have established an apparent correlation between the type of rolling texture (and the texture transition) and the stacking-fault probability. Thus materials with low stacking-fault energies are thought to develop the brass-type texture while high stacking-fault energy materials develop the copper-type texture. Mikkola and cohen7 measured by X-ray diffraction techniques the stacking-fault probability, a, in the ordered and disordered fcc alloy Cu3Au. Unexpectedly, ordered specimens showed about twice the stacking-fault probability as the disordered ones. Marcinkowski and Zwe118 also found stacking faults in ordered Cu,Au, but not in the disordered CusAu. More recently, Camanzi and coworkers9 have shown that the intrinsic stacking-fault energy of Cu3Au undergoes a considerable decrease (approximately 100 ergs per sq cm) when passing from the disordered to the ordered phase. In general, deformation reduces order'' but some of our measurements showed that some long-range order still remains in Cu3Au after cold reduction by rolling 80 pct. From the above considerations Cu3Au offers the possibility of studying the texture transition in fcc alloys without varying either the temperature or the composition. If the stacking-fault energy correlation is correct, an initially ordered alloy should develop the brass-type texture during rolling while a disordered alloy should develop the copper-type texture. The present communication describes some initial results of experiments designed to investigate this possibility. The rolling textures of ordered and disordered Cu3Au samples were determined after various amounts of deformation. The ordered sample had an initial long-range-order parameter of S = 1, determined from X-ray diffraction. The grain size of both the ordered and disordered samples was the same, and the initial textures of both were also identical and approximately random. No obvious differences in the deformation textures of the ordered and disordered materials were detected up to 35 pct reduction and the (111) pole figures of Fig. 1 resemble that of pure copper. However, with reduction larger than 35 pct and less than 50 pct, a marked deviation from the copper texture was noted in the ordered material. The newly developed orientation was close to the (110)[i12] ideal orientations re-

Jan 1, 1970

World Petroleum Consumption. By V. R. GARFIAS AND R. V. WHETSEL. (Trans, vol 107). A tabulation showing world consumption of gasoline, kerosene, gas and fuel oil, lubricants, and miscellaneous petroleum products by counties in the years 1931, 1932 and 1933 , Totals are given; for instance, Cuba consumed 3,998,000 bbl of all petroleum products in 1933, in 1933; the world consumed 1,366,291,000 bbl. of all petroleum products, etc. Domestic Production. Annual Symposium of Petroleum Division, February Meeting, 1934 (Trans, vol. 107. 181 pages.) The symposium consists of reports on petroleum and gas developments and production in the producing states of the United States. This year the statistical information is presented in a new and far more comprehensive form. The reports on domestic production are as follows: Arkansas, by B C Craft; California, by V H. Wilhelm and H. W. Miller, Colorado, by C. E. Shoenfelt, Illinois, by A H Bell, Indiana, by W. N Logan and P. Simpson; Kansas, by Marvin Lee; Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia, by V. C Smith; Louisi¬ana, by B C Craft, Michigan, by Theron Wasson; Mississippi, by B C Craft; Missouri, by F C Greene, Montana, by H. N Hickey, New Mexico, by C. E Shoen¬felt and D E Winchester, New York, by D. H. Newland, Oklahoma, by L. G. E. Bignell, J 0 Lewis and E. A Hanson, Pennsylvania, by G H Fancher, Tennessee, by L. C Glenn, Central Texas, by R B. Kelly and P R Martin, East Texas, by A R. Denison, Gulf Coast, by L P Teas, North Texas, by H B Fuqua and B. E Thomp¬son; North Central Texas, by J M. Armstrong, Panhandle, by R H Lynn and T. C. Craig, Southwest Texas, by 0. G. Bell; West Texas, by C W. Reith, Utah, by E S Shaw, Wyoming, by J G Bartram.

Jan 1, 1935

By B. C. Burgess

AFTER many years of close and friendly association with talc and soap-stone, this orthographically distinguished mineral steps forth in this edition, for the first time in a chapter of its own. Pyr, the Greek for fire, and phyllite, a rock or stone, form its name and at the same time refer to the first recorded use of pyrophyllite as firestones or hearthstones. Another derivation of "phyllite" is from the Greek phyllites, "of leaves," alluding to the beautiful white radial crystal aggregates that form when pyrophyllite is heated. Pyrophyllite used by the Chinese for carving is called agalmatolite, from the Greek agolma, meaning an image. COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES Pyrophyllite has previously been grouped with talc because of the close similarity of the minerals in physical and optical properties. They have the same space group; and chemically they are closely related, pyrophyllite being the aluminum silicate A12Si4010(OH)2 and talc the magnesium silicate Mg3Si4010 (OH) 2. Another arrangement of the pyrophyllite formula is generally given as A12034Si02H20 because it expresses the chemical composition as usually determined (alumina 28.3 pct, silica 66.7 pct, water 5.0 pct). Vanderbilt gives pH values of pyrophyllite 5.6 to 8.4.29 Pyrophyllite usually is white, pale green, cream or pale yellow, buff or light gray. It is found in darker shades and other colors principally due to oxidation of contained iron minerals. It is translucent in thin sections. In hardness it is 1 to 2 in the Mohs scale. Its specific gravity is 2.8 to 2.9. In bulk specific gravity, the powdered mineral ranges from 0.4 to 0.7. Its luster is pearly to dull; it is infusible in the Bunsen burner flame, slightly affected by aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. It is decomposed by sulphuric acid, with separation of gelatinous silica. It is characterized chiefly by its micaceous structure and cleavage, its softness and greasy feel. Two other varieties occur

Jan 1, 1949

The first discovery of gold in Montana is credited to François Finlay, a half-breed, from the Red River country, in Canada; he went to California during the early days and learned there how to wash the gold from placer deposits; then, on his return, he crossed Montana and found gold on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, on Gold creek, a minor tributary of the Hell Gate river, in what is now Deer Lodge county. That was in 1852.* Finlay did not find enough gold to induce him to continue at work, but six years later a group of miners, led by the brothers James Stuart and Granville Stuart prospected on this same creek, obtaining about ten cents to the pan. They, however, were harassed by the Blackfeet Indians, and they were also handicapped by lack of proper tools; so they too desisted from further operations. Two years later, in 1860, Henry Thomas started to work on Gold creek with three sluice-boxes hewn out of green timber that he cut on the spot. With this simple apparatus he won from $1.50 to $2.00 per day. This may be considered the fist instance of systematic mining in Montana. Meanwhile the Stuarts went to Fort Bridger, in southwestern Wyoming, where they remained as traders until 1861, when, again lured by the gleam of gold, they returned to the valley of the Deer Lodge and resumed prospecting, using 10 sluice-boxes that were brought from Walla Walla, in Washington, 425 miles distant. In the summer of 1862 they were joined by many others, chiefly from Colorado, in consequence of an exchange of

Jan 1, 1932

By F. J. Williams

BARITE, naturally occurring barium sulphate, is the chief barium mineral that is produced commercially. Barite is also called "barytes," "heavy spar," sometimes "baryta" and, locally in Missouri, "tiff." Pure barite is white, opaque to transparent. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, frequently with twinning. Impurities cause a wide variation in color, commonly buff, gray and white with irregular reddish iron stains. Less frequently found are shades of yellow, green, blue, brown, and black. The rock is brittle and breaks with an uneven fracture, although specimens from some of the residual deposits, particularly in Missouri, appear to have a cleavage due to the separation of the different layers of deposition. The hardness varies from 2.5 to 3.5 on Mohs' scale and different localities are said to produce either "hard" or "soft" barite. This generally refers to the ease of grinding of the product. The specific gravity of pure barite is 4.5 and this will vary downward, depending on the impurities present. The mineral has a white streak and a pearly to vitreous or sometimes stony luster. Pure barite contains 65.7 pct BaO and 34.3 pct SO3. Witherite, native barium carbonate, is not mined in the United States at the present time although a number of occurrences have been reported. A small quantity of witherite has been removed from a mine at El Portal, California, but the area high in witherite was small and soon depleted. The bulk of the deposit is predominantly barite. Great Britain is the world source of witherite and small quantities are imported into the United States. DISTRIBUTION OF DEPOSITS Occurrence of barite is widespread; it has been reported on all the continents and in all the major countries of the world. Deposits vary from those containing millions of tons down to scattered rock fragments

Jan 1, 1949

By W. G. Fischer

Basic laboratory tests on trona and the surrounding shales initiated the Rock Mechanics program. The stress-strain curve, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, the uniaxial rock strength, Mohr's envelope, the biaxial stresses at failure, and creep were investigated. A series of underground problems were then approached using this information and various field measuring devices, most of which were developed by the Bureau of Mines. Initially, stress concentrations near mine openings were evaluated using the stress relief technique. This required an accurate determination of the pre-mining stress field. Later, stress concentrations associated with the cave line were studied. After about 30 stress reliefs over an appropriate time interval the effects of one type of mining could be compared against another. The microseismic technique was used to investi- gate a possible application of warning devices near the cave line. A study of mine reorientation was made. Problems related to the shape and size of pillars and barriers were studied. The effectiveness of roof bolting patterns was examined. Control of roof stresses was attempted. A new system of mining in heavy ground has been developed using the information secured in the Rock Mechanics program. Without this system, mining in more than one instance would have been next to impossible. Indeed, from this one discovery alone, the Rock Mechanics program has paid off in improved safety as well as in dollars. The Westvaco trona* mine is located near the town of Green River in the southwestern corner of Wyoming. It is owned and operated by FMC Corp. on land leased from the US Government, the State of Wyoming, and the Union Pacific Railroad. A conventional room and pillar system is being used, (Fig. 1) with complete removal of the pillars during final mining. Return air bleeders surround

Jan 1, 1964