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By P. Barnes

These furnaces are of the ordinary Siemens type, and present no special peculiarities of construction. The bed of each is 8 feet by 20 feet clear inside of the walls and ports. The producers are placed at a distance of about 200 feet from the furnaces, and the gas is collected in an iron tube and led across the yard overhead. It then drops underground into the gas flue, and is distributed to the furnaces. A considerable weight of floor-plates over the valve-pits is included in account 39, but none of the general stock of floor-plates for the mill were charged to the furnaces. In Table No. 1 is shown the money cost of the furnaces as distributed to the several accounts named. In Table 2 is shown the proportion of each account due to each of the several items or classes of expenditure named.. It is thus rendered possible, almost at a glance, to determine the money value in this particular case of each of the items named. The regular work of three of these furnaces in heating steel blooms for the months of January and February, 1877, was 77 rounds per week of 60 blooms each, or 4620 30-foot rails per week. Each furnace will heat 8 14-inch ingots, for three rails each, at one time.

Jan 1, 1879

By W. E. C. Eustis

1st. The fine iron ore is mixed with a sufficient proportion of fine coking coal, and is coked in any of the ordinary methods for making coke. The effect of this is to convert the iron oxide into sponge in such a shape that the usual trouble of oxidation is avoided. 2d. The resulting mixture of coke and sponge is melted down ill an ordinary cupola, the coke furnishing more than sufficient fuel for that purpose. I may briefly point out here that in the first place the iron is sponged, and this sponge, as is well known, contains no phosphoras or silicon when the reduction takes place at a low temperature; and in the second place this sponge is melted down in a cupola in which there is no zone of reduction for phosphorus or silicon, and that con . sequently the resulting iron should be free from both of these impurities. 3d. The liquid sponge, now carburized, is run into an open-hearth furnace, where the requisite degree of hardness or softness is obtained by adding some of the fine ore, and the usual dose of ferromanganese, I have merely given above the rough outlines of the prows, bat it is my intention, as early as possible, to bring the process more fully before the Institute.

Jan 1, 1881

Cyanidation and Concentration of Gold and Silver Ores. By J. V. N. Dorr and Francis L. Bosqui. Second edition, completely revised. Mc-Graw-Hill Book Co., New York. $8.50.-First issued 13 years ago, this book has become a milestone in the literature of mining and metallurgy. Mr. Dorr, with the assistance of F. L. Bosqui, has completely revised the book. Its comprehensive picture of ore dressing and hydrometallurgical methods are of importance to mining engineers and operators throughout the entire field. Operating data and methods, flowsheets, testing procedures, and many miscellaneous methods of extracting bullion are given. The book is divided into two sections, the first discussing principal unit processes involved in gold and silver recovery, and the second describing with flow diagrams a number of typical treatment plants selected from the more important gold and silver mining areas in various parts of the world. International Conference on Coal Preparation in Paris. English Language edition of transactions.-The transactions of the recent conference in Paris will be presented in the form of 6 issues of the revue de l'Industrie Minerale, and may be purchased for 3000 francs per set. About 60 papers were presented at the meeting, covering a wide range of interesting subjects. Ad- dress subscriptions to: Secretariat de la Societe de l'Industrie Minerale, 19 rue du Grand-Moulin, Saint-Etienne (Loire) France.

Jan 1, 1951

By Shun-ichi Satoh

A NEW method of treating steel by ammonia has recently been intro¬duced into the metallurgical industry, by means of which piston cylinders of internal combustion engines, shafts and other similar steel products can be made more resistant to wear than formerly. In 1929 the writer' published the historical notes and some experiments upon nitrification. He believes that the corrosion of nitrified steel is a matter of importance and worth studying; and as there have been few studies thereof, he has conducted experiments in this respect. L. Guillet,2 in 1927, reported corrosion tests made on nitrified and cemented steels with acid and salt solutions. In 1928, 0. Hengstenberg3 reported the high resistance of nitrified steel to water vapor and air. V. 0. Homerberg4 stated that nitrified steel has high resistance to water, air and salt solution; and G. Hagg5 studied nitrified layers of iron by means of the X-ray. Though F. Hanaman6 in 1913, measured the single potential difference of steel treated with ammonia at above 650° C., no one, it seems, has ever measured the single potential difference of the so-called nitrified steels having extraordinary hardness. The writer measured the single potential differences of nitrified special steels in various solutions with the object of studying the corrosion problem and, if possible, of knowing whether any new physical property would be caused by nitrification.

Jan 1, 1932

Since the beginning of the 20th century the world has been trying to find a new political system, even as it did at the end of the 18th century. The French Revolution instigated the destruction of absolute monarchies when Napoleon unwittingly showed the masses the advantages of freedom, as opposed to the abuses of unlimited power by the imperialists. In spite of advances in culture, science, and technology during the past 50 years, there is a hangover of laissez-faire economic principles. Failure to divert the trends of minority pressure groups has caused two world wars and is the basis for the current social unrest and turmoil. In the ebullition of ideas there have risen to the surface the dregs of ideas, old and new-Nazism, Fascism, Russian Communism-a hodgepodge of imperialistic, socialistic, communistic and capitalistic maneuverings where state monopoly of capital enables ruthless exploitation of the masses. The United States owes much of its industrial greatness to the work of pioneers in the mineral industries. The task of the pioneer was to locate and develop in a rude way the mineral resources of the nation. Today, mineral industries leaders are still in great demand, but for a different purpose-to direct intelligent utilization of the limited, waning, submarginal mineral resources. Today the need is for trained earth scientists, mineral

Jan 1, 1950

By C. S. Herzig

Some time ago, in Mexico, our signal-bells in a 700-foot shaft caused us considerable annoyance by continually getting out of order, each time so delaying our hoisting operations that we naturally desired to remedy this evil. There were two mays open: either to patch up the old bell, which was of the ordinary pattern, every time it failed to work, or else to devise some new arrangement.. On consultation with our foreman we designed a signal-device which, during the number of months I watched its operation, worked satisfactorily, without once getting out of order. We sought to produce a simple device, in which no greater pull on the lever would be necessary from one level than from another; to counterbalance independently the weight of the pendant bell-rope, so that there would be no direct weight on the working-parts of the bell itself, and likewise to arrange it so as to necessitate only a light pull on the lever in signaling; and, finally, to make some sort of trip-arrangement, so that whenever the signaling-lever underground passed through a certain arc the signal would be given in the engine-room. By this means we wished to obviate the ill effects of sudden heavy pulls and rough usage in general, such as all signaling

Jan 1, 1901

By Lawrence H. Van Vlack

DISCUSSION, H. L. Burghoff presiding C. S. Smith (University of Chicago, Chicago)—The author is to be congratulated on his valuable contribution to the extremely meager absolute data on interface energies in metallic systems. It is interesting to note that the ratio between a and r iron boundary energies is approximately the same in the quaternary alloy with silicon, carbon, and sulphur as in the binary Cu-Fe alloy. A value for the copper grain boundary energy can be obtained from the author's data, Tables IV and VI, by utilizing the energy ratios of the following pairs of interfaces: copper-sulphide/copper, copper y iron, y iron/y iron, y iron/ copper, and copper/copper. This gives a value of 595 erg per sq cm for the free energy of the copper grain boundary. Despite this circuitous route and the assumption that the y iron boundary is identical in alloys with and without sulphur and does not change between 1105" and 100O°C, this figure is in remarkably close agreement with other values of the copper boundary energy, obtained by equilibration against lead and against the free copper surface. It therefore appears either that impurities do not greatly affect the grain boundary energies or that boundaries in even nominally pure metals are already sufficiently contaminated so that further change has little effect.

Jan 1, 1952

By K. F. G. Hosking

I read Professor Gaudin's paper with great interest and pleasure because for some time I have held that the chemical aspect of comminution is a subject of considerable importance to the mineral dresser and deserves to be thoroughly investigated. It does seem appropriate, however, to emphasize the fact that "fresh" edges and corners produced by the grinding of solids display enhanced reactivity has been recognized and utilized in the development of certain mineral identification techniques. Some of these techniques are worth noting, not only because they might facilitate research in the aspect of mineral dressing under discussion, but also because they emphasize the fact that many mineral species commonly regarded as being very inert can display a surprising reactivity when in the freshly ground state. In 1951 Isakov published a number of tests for the components of certain mineral species which depend essentially on grinding in a mortar a mixture of the material under investigation with a solid reagent. Thus when stibnite, 4(Sb2S,), is ground with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the antimony is revealed by a momentary development of a yellow color which changes in air to orange-red. Other antimony minerals need a preliminary treatment before the test can be carried out. This consists of grinding with aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate or potassium bisulfate, and breathing upon the resultant mixture.

Aug 1, 1956

THE following employment items are mode available to AIME members on a nonprofit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of, the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit; 57 Post St., San Francisco; 84 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York office and include 6c in stamps for forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available for $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. POSITIONS OPEN Mining Engineer with some engineering training, capable of doing mapping, surveying, exploration, geology and transit work. Location, New York State. Y7333. Mineral Dressing Engineer, B.S. Mining or Chemical Engineering, age to 35. Must have knowledge of flotation. Duties will be in applied research and field evaluation of cationic and anionic flotation agents. Salary, $3500 to $7000 depending on experience. Location, Chicago. R-8971. Geological Draftsman, 25 to 30, with some experience in working with a geologist. Salary, $5100 a year. Location, New York, N. Y. Y7153.

Jan 1, 1952

One of the results of the work of the Committee on Precious and Base Metals is that the present Bulletin is as large as some of. the annual volumes of Transactions of the Institute, and we extend our. compliments and thanks to the Committee and express to the members thereof and to. the authors, who have so bounteously given of their time and information, the. sincere gratitude of the Institute. In order to get all these papers printed and distributed to the membership in advance of the meeting, it was necessary to divide the work between two printers. This accounts for the discrepancy in the pagination of the Bulletin; and we also ask the indulgence of our readers in case errors have crept into this preliminary edition during the period of unusual pressure. Program of the Butte Meeting.-The program of the Butte meeting will include six technical sessions for the presentation and discussion of papers and five half-clay visits to mines and metallurgical works. The following program is practically in final form, with slight additions which may be necessary later. Every effort will be made to have papers presented and discussed on scheduled time, so that members who are unable to attend the entire meeting may so plan their trip as to hear and discuss papers in which they are especially interested.

Jan 8, 1913

Attention! Engineers! Geologists! Here is your Opportunity to be of Professional Service The war has interrupted the supply of many minerals, which were normally imported. In view of present transportation conditions, a serious shortage exists in certain materials and will soon develop in others. Some immediate action is imperative. The first thing is to take a careful inventory of American resources. We must know where the ore deposits are, what has hitherto hindered their utilization, what methods must be used, and what equipment will be needed if an emergency demands their rapid development. Many properties must be re-examined from a new point of view, that of present necessity rather than of normal profit. When the shortage is realized, the preliminary steps for relief should have been completed. It is a necessary and patriotic form of mineral insurance. Will you have a part in it? Do not forget that these are war times, and that what may have been valueless a year ago may be a "life-saver" now; an abandoned copper prospect of 1913 might make a successful pyrite mine in 1917. We are fighting an autocratic enemy who knows his resources to the last pound, and uses them with most efficient organization. We have no Kaiser, so each of us must do his share to put our Government in the same situation. The Government needs your facts.

Jan 8, 1917

By John Hays Hammond

This is an era of "expansion;" and, conformably with the change in commercial conditions, the function of the mining engineer, as well as that of his confréres in many other professions, has also expanded. From the position of an engineer, limited to the determination of technical questions, the engineer of to-day has come to assume an economic importance in those branches of industry dependent upon engineering skill for their development. He is indeed an engineer of limited usefulness who does not go further professionally than to submit a purely technical report on subjects presented for his consideration. While he has the same responsibility as formerly in the solution of the technical problems involved, he is further expected to supplement his report with advice on the financial and commercial aspects of these problems. For the great majority of problems presented to the engineer ultimately involve the determination of the pecuniary relations of the propositions under consideration. The great corporation lawyer no longer earns his fee by merely submitting his opinion as to the legal issues involved in law-suits affecting the corporation; he now assumes charge of the entire legal work, including both the organization of the corporation and the maintenance of its legal status thereafter. In like manner, the engineer, whose report was, as I

Jan 1, 1909

By H. R. Ogden, E. S. Bartlett, A. G. Imgram

THE tensile and notch tensile ductile-to-brittle transition characteristics of several refractory metals and alloys have been well documented.1-3 Electron-beam melted tantalum and columbium have been shown to retain excellent ductility at very low temperatures. Some indications of brittle behavior (low ductility and cleavage fracture) were observed with columbium tested at -253oC, but no similar effects were noticed with tantalum. Increasing the interstitial oxygen content in these two materials resulted in the detection of indications of brittle behavior at higher temperatures, although good ductility was retained in both bases at -196°C when they contained about 1 at. pet 0. Detailed descriptions of the impact transition behavior of these two materials at various purity levels have not been available. This technical note describes the effect of interstitial oxygen on the impact properties of wrought, fibered tantalum and columbium and compares the transition behavior to the previously determined tensile transition characteristics. Tantalum and columbium impact specimens with three different interstitial oxygen levels indicated in Table I were tested at temperatures ranging from -196o to 300°C. Oxygen additions were made to 1/2-in.-diam bars of electron-beam melted material in a Seiverts Apparatus. The oxygenated bars were then homogenization-annealed to obtain uniform cross-section hardnesses and swaged to

Jan 1, 1964

All the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and PREPRINTS published in 1932 are available at Institute headquarters. They are also on file in public,, university and technical libraries and, when so indicated in the list, may be found in the TRANSACTIONS. Copies of the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS have been mailed to those members of the Institute who are registered in the different classes: A-Metal Mining; B-Milling and Concentration; C-Iron and Steel Division; D-Nonferrous Metallurgy; E-Institute of Metals Division; F-Coal Division;. G-Petroleum .Division; H-Nonmetallic Minerals; I-Mining Geology; K-Mining Administration; L-Geophysical Prospecting. Other members may obtain copies by writing to the Secretary. Copies of PREPRINTS may also be obtained from the Secretary's office. Additional copies are sold at the rate of 1 cent per page; minimum charge, 25 cents. Nonmembers may purchase the papers at the prices mentioned. METAL MINING TECH- NICAL PUBLI- - TITLE AUTHOR MEETING TRANS. CATION VOLUME No. AND PAGE* 484-A.45 Propeller Type Mine Fan at Moose A. S. Richardson New York 102, 86, 93 F.52 Shaft, Butte, Montana (13) Feb., 1932 487-A.46 Progress in the Improvement of Max H. Barber New York, Methods and Equipment at Feb., 1932 Open-pit Iron Mines on the Lake Superior Iron Ranges (9) Pre. Sand Filling through Pipes and Lucien Eaton New York, 102, 33, 41 Boreholes (9) Feb., 1932

Jan 1, 1932

THE Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties situated at 29 West 39th Street in New York City United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr Carnegie made his gift, "for the erection of a suitable union home" for the engineering societies, United Engineering Trustees, Inc (then United Engineering Society) was chartered under Chapter 703, Laws of the State of New York, 1904, for "the advancement of the engineering arts and sciences in all their branches, and to maintain a free public engineering library" The Corporation was further empowered to acquire real and personal property and to use, maintain and occupy it, with the provision that any building erected by the Corporation shall be used perpetually as a meeting place and headquarters for the Founder Societies Thus the Carnegie gift realized the ideal of bringing the engineering societies together under one roof, and the Corporation through its members nominated in equal numbers by the four Founder Societies had the necessary authority to act for the Founder Societies in their joint interests in owning and operating for them not only Engineering Societies Building, but in the course of time, Engineering Societies Library, and

Jan 1, 1952

A school grows big only as its usefulness increases and it will shrink rapidly if inefficient. Usefulness must be recorded in terms of service within the economic structure of the Commonwealth. Under this premise, modern mineral industries colleges must recognize and give equal significance to three interrelated, interdependent functions of service: namely, (1) resident instruction, on both the undergraduate and graduate levels; (2) research under an experiment station plan; and (3) extension training under three classifications, class instruction, correspondence instruction, and informal instruction. To train potential leaders for the mineral kingdom, to discover and teach new truths is only half of the job. Through extension training, equal attention must be given to the on-job, vocational-technical, upgrading of skilled workers on the production line. Similar to the School of Agriculture, the School of Mineral Industries is the only one in the Commonwealth offering the three functions of service in each of the subject-matter fields in mineral arts and sciences. The functions of service must be based on the modern conception of mineral conservation (Fig. 12). Conservation of minerals differs from conservation of natural resources in general because man must find new mineral deposits and excel the geologic forces of nature in processes of concentration. True mineral conservation, therefore, may be defined as energetic discovery,

Jan 1, 1950

Report of Secretary TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS Gentlemen -I herewith present a report of some of the more important activities of the Institute for the year of 1922. The outstanding feature of the year is the optimism felt by our members despite the continued depression in the mining industry. January 1, 1921, found many of our members out of employment or drifting into other industries to tide them over the depression; but almost universally the feeling has been that this was but a temporary condition and that sooner or later the necessary production of raw materials would enable these members to return to their former activities and renew their participation in Institute affairs As the year passed conditions improved and, before it ended, many had found employment in their previous occupations. Bearing in mind that this depression has been very real, we have reason to be well satisfied with the work that the Institute has been able to do The loss of members through inability to pay dues has been large, and income has been correspondingly reduced, but it proved to be materially in excess of that anticipated early in the year, so that a substantial and unanticipated balance was carried forward toward the activities of 1923.

Jan 1, 1923

F. E. BASH, Philadelphia, Pa.-In order to make a definite check on the emissivity of crucible steel under works conditions, a test was planned and executed by the plant of the Midvale Steel Co., by a Sub-committee, as follows: Five crucibles were put in a crucible furnace with-the normal charge and were treated in the same manner as a number of others that were charged at the same time; the only difference was that the five cur-cibles had lids with.2-in. holes in the center. It was thought that after the crucibles were removed from the furnace a reading could be made through the hole in the lid with the optical pyrometer and that such a reading would give the true temperature of the steel as black-body con-ditions should prevail inside the crucible. If after obtaining the true temperature, the crucible lid were removed and the steel poured into the ladle, the apparent temperature could be taken by sighting on the steel stream and the emissivity obtained from the two temperature values. Such a test was carried out with five crucibles. About a third of the crucibles charged into the furnace with the five experimental ones were first drawn from the furnace and poured into the ladle. The experimental crucibles were then drawn and readings of the true temperature were made

Jan 12, 1919

By Charteris A. Stewart

The following scanty notes on the Roumanian oil-region may serve as an introduction to more detailed future study and description. The Roumanian oil-belt follows the outer edge of the sweep of the Carpathian mountains, and may, in a broad sense, be regarded as a prolongation of the Galician belt. It is distributed over a tract of country from 300 to 400 miles in length, with a width of from 15 to 20 miles, and is believed to cover an area of at least 20,000 hectares (49,420 acres). The governmerit claims that 16,000 to 17,000 hectares of its land is petroliferous. The primary deposits of petroleum arc considered to be in the Paleogene (Oligocene) and the Neogene (the salines of the Miocene) formations. Most of the other repositories, especially those of Muntenie, are only secondary, the petroleum there having been introduced by the orogenic movements which raised the Carpathian mountains. The oil-field has been divided by the Roumanian Survey into two regions, the Flysch and the Sub-carpathian, as is shown in the accompanying sketch-map, Fig. 1. So far as is yet known, practically all the seepages and productive pits and wells are situated on anticlinals. Those which outcrop in the Flysch region (called Paleogene anticlinals), as indicated in the sketch-map, Fig. 1,are : Solontz,

Jan 1, 1907

By Leon Banks

THE- Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn., operating in the Waco district, 15 miles northwest of Joplin, Mo., owns large tailing piles made during milling operations of the years 1918-28 by the Butte-Kansas, Acme, and Barnsdall mining companies, whose holdings have been purchased and consolidated under, the ownership of the Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn. These tailings had been considered too low in value to be worth retreating by the ordinary methods. C. Erb Wuensch, consulting engineer of the Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn., noted the difference in the type of tailing from upper-level and lower-level ore. The latter contained hard lime chats. He also found that mill losses had been due to particles of blende on the corners or sides of the chats and to the existence of soft, porous, cellular, lime chats containing varying amounts of blende. He conceived the idea that a quick grind in rolls or ball mills might change the type of the material so that jigging could make a clean tailing for discard and a partly concentrated product sufficient in blende content to justify the expense of fine grinding in ball mills to free the mineral entirely. A laboratory was equipped with the necessary machines and the writers were assigned the problem of developing a method of retreating the tailings.

Jan 1, 1929