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By Arnold Hague

In the short time allotted to me* I can only hope to present to you a brief sketch of the main geological features of the country which you are about to visit. My remarks must, of necessity, be more or less incomplete, as my desire is not so much to elucidate any special problem connected with the many interesting geological questions to be found here, as rather to offer such a general view of the region as will enable you, during your five days' trip through the Park, to understand clearly something of its physical geography and geology. The Yellowstone Park is situated in the extreme northwestern portion of the Territory of Wyoming. Its boundaries, as determined by the original Act of Congress setting apart the Park, are very ill-defined. At the time of the enactment of the law establishing this national reservation, the region had been but little explored, and its relation to the physical features of the adjacent country was but little understood. Since that time, surveys have shown that only a narrow strip, about two miles in width, was situated in the Territory of Montana, but it was also found that a still narrower strip extended westward into the Territory of Idaho. The question of properly establishing the boundaries, -based upon our present knowledge of the country, is now before Congress, and an Act has already passed the Senate, proposing to make the northern boundary coincide with the boundary between Wyoming and Montana, and the western boundary coincide with the Wyoming and Idaho line. The Act under consideration extends the southern boundary of the Park to the 44th parallel of latitude, carrying the area of the reservation southward nine and one-half miles. The eastern boundary is made to coincide with the meridian of 109' 30') adding a strip of country about twenty-four and one-half miles in width along the entire eastern side of the Park.

Jan 1, 1888

By Henry M. Howe

The object of the present paper is to suggest injecting into the hearths of iron blast furnaces, whose temperature has become unduly lowered, some form of fuel whose calorific intensity, under the peculiar conditions existing there, is considerably higher than than of liquid petroleum, the rose of this substance for melting out chills having grievonsly disappointed the high hopes which were at first entertained of it. A chill being a fall of the temperature below that needed for the complete liquefaction of the slag, which requires, according to Plattner, about 1800' C., one would suppose that the chief thing to be accomplished in curing it would be to raise the temperature in the crucible of the furnace. The most obvious ways of doing this seem to be to raise the temperature of the blast, and to increase the amount of fuel in the crucible itself. Simply increasing the rate at which the blast enters the furnace, if carried beyond a certain point, should lower the temperature in the crucible. The existence of a chill shows that the fuel is arriving too slowly at the tuyeres. If air be introduced so rapidly as to he in excess of that required for the combustion of the fuel, all that excess will simply lower the temperature around the tuyeres, carrying the region of intense heat upwards, and weakening its intensity by increasing its size. Up to a certain point, increasing the rate of introducing the blast will increase practically pari passu the rate at which the fuel reaches the tuyeres. But when mechanical obstructions, which so often accompany chills, retard the descent of the fuel, there must be a point beyond which this does not hold good, and beyond which farther

Jan 1, 1883

By Rossiter W. Raymond

The substance known as carbonite, or natural coke, has been several times the subject of comment before the Institute. The most important contribution hitherto made to the discussion is that of Dr. Henry Wurtz, of Hoboken,* who states, upon the strength of a chemical analysis, that carbonite is not a coke, but contains 14.08 per cent. of volatile combustible matter. In 1882 a mine was opened upon a carbonite seam, near Midlothian, Chesterfield County, Va., by Messrs. Jewett & Brother, of that place. The seam, which dips westerly at an angle of about 30 degrees, was struck at the depth of 137 feet with a vertical shaft, and followed on the dip 325 feet, at which depth gangways were opened north and sooth. For these statements (having made no personal examination of the locality), I am indebted to Mr. Albert Blair, of Richmond, and for the following section, to Mr. John Bladon, engineer at the mine. The section was taken in the face of the gangway, February 17th, 1883. It shows an aggregate thickness of 15 feet of "coke," of which about 5 feet were extracted by the system employed last winter. It is reported that under the "coke" seam there is a thick seam of highly bituminous coal, which has been extensively worked on a neighboring property, a little south of the Jewett colliery, the coal being sold for gas-waking. The carbonite is used for domestic purposes, and is said to burn

Jan 1, 1883

Jan 1, 1888

EdgaR S. Cook, Pottstown, Pa.:—Many friends and acquaintances seem to be under the impression that the Warwick Iron & Steel Co. received a' license from Mr. Gayley, free of cost, as an inducement to adopt the process. This impression is not correct, since the license was paid for, and I think it was the first payment that Mr. Gayley received for the use of his process. As president of the Warwick Iron & Steel Co., I am responsible for its earnings, and with only the experience at the Isabella furnaces as a guide, the directors of the company considered that there was a great risk in expending the large sum of money required for the plant. They, however, acted favorably upon my recommendation, and to this extent I am responsible for the installation at the Warwick furnaces. I made the best agreement possible with Mr. Gayley, and naturally our company received certain advantages. It will be contrary to all experience if subsequent plants do not show some improvements and economies in construction. It is to our indirect benefit that all subsequent licenses granted by Mr. Gayley should be charged at a much higher rate than we paid; and I trust that he will see to it that all such licenses granted, especially to companies making merchant iron, shall be at a maximum figure. The Warwick Iron & Steel Go. is not interested in any way in exploiting the merits of the Gayley dry-blast process; on the contrary, looking at the subject from a narrow and selfish standpoint, it is to the advantage of our company that no merchant blast-furnace competing with our iron-product should be equipped with a dry-blast plant. There is a clause in the contract with Mr. Gayley, whereby our company agrees to furnish him with all the data derived from the operation of the dry-blast plant, and that he or his

Jan 1, 1909

By W. O. Crosby

INTRODUCTION. THE crystalline belt of the Atlantic Seaboard, south of New York, attains its maximum breadth of 220 miles on the northern border of North Carolina; and in this State it is most widely characterized by the occurrence of gold in workable deposits. Half a dozen auriferous belts have been recognized by Nitze and Hanna.1 These are, in the main, coincident in position and trend with the NE.-SW. zones of metamorphic slates and schists, which, more than any other feature, give character to the geological map of North Carolina. The central gold-belts, accompanying the main zone of slates and associated igneous rocks, are much the more important and persistent, and may be regarded as continuous northward across Virginia and southward into South Carolina. Tile eastern belt, on the other band, is the shortest and, economically, one of the least important. Its extreme length does not exceed 25 miles, the narrow band of slaty rocks to which it belongs passing, both NE. and SW., beneath the coastal-plain formations. But, although limited in area and production, this belt is, perhaps, comparable with the central belts or any part of the sea-board crystallines in the variety of conditions under which the gold occurs. It lies chiefly in the NE. part of Franklin county and the NW. part of Nash county, on the watershed of Fishing creek and other tributaries of Tar river. The elevation is between 400 and 500 ft. ; and the Tertiary peneplain has here an exceptionally perfect development, the reliefs separating the slightly incised stream-courses consisting of broad, flat-topped peneplain remnants, bounded by gentle lateral slopes.

Mar 1, 1908

By B. C. Blake

IN general, billet-type or long slender ingots are used when it is desired to produce directly from the ingot in one conversion a product of medium or small cross-sectional area. They are designed to eliminate the blooming and billet-mill stages of the usual procedure. As used at Connors, they constitute a means of keeping a continuous rolling mill busy in the production of high-quality small rods, small angles, hoop stock, baling ties and concrete reinforcing rods without the need for a blooming or billet mill. They represent sound steel with the best surface that is commercially practical to use in the rolling of small continuous mill products.

Jan 1, 1947

By W. N. Best

THIS paper is not intended as a scientific discussion of the combustion of oil but is written from, the standpoint of an operator who has the experience and qualifications necessary to guide others in producing the most economic results in the use of liquid fuels. Oil, in this paper, usually, means petroleum or its products but incidental reference is made to other liquid and gaseous fuels, so that the term may be considered, as referring to all liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in comparison with solid fuels, as coal and. wood. However, only a few of the principal factors in the use of oil as a fuel can be given. The present, and prospective, high price of coal is causing users of fuel to renew inquiry as to the merits of other forms of fuel for industrial purposes. Crude oil (petroleum) is proving to be one of the world's most valuable mineral resources. The recent discovery that oil underlies a considerable area of the United States, Mexico, and other parts of the world to a greater extent than was formerly believed and the large production of some of the wells in these areas shows the probable quantity of fuel oil that may now be available. Through the energy of Lord Cowdrey, who was one of the pioneers of the oil industry in Mexico, oil has been discovered in England; some prominent geologists believe that it may be found yet, in quantity, in Great Britain. For years, oil has been known to be of great value in the manufacture of metals. It has proved incomparable in forge shops, steel foundries, heat-treating furnace s, and wherever accuracy of temperatures is essential, or where a maximum output is desired as well as quality of metal. In some types of equipment, the output produced with oil as fuel is double that obtained with coal and, at a reduction of 50 per cent, in the cost of the fuel. For example, in drop-forging plants, the metal is always waiting for the man when oil is used as fuel, whereas with coal, the man must wait for the metal to become sufficiently heated.

Jan 8, 1920

By W. N. Best

This paper is not intended as a scientific discussion of the combustion of oil but is written from the standpoint of an operator who has the experience and qualifications necessary to guide others in producing the most economical results in the use of liquid fuels. Oil, in this paper, usually means petroleum or its products but incidental reference is made to other liquid and gaseous fuels, so that the term may be considered as referring to all liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in comparison with solid fuels, as coal and wood. However, only a few of the principal factors in the use of oil as a fuel can be given. The present, and prospective, high price of coal is causing users of fuel to renew inquiry as to the merits of other forms of fuel for industrial purposes. Crude oil (petroleum) is proving to be one of the world's most valuable mineral resources. The recent discovery that oil underlies a considerable area of the United States, Mexico, and other parts of the world to a greater extent than was formerly believed and the large production of some of the wells in these areas shows the probable quantity of fuel oil that may now be available. Through the energy of Lord Cowdrey, who was one of the pioneers of the oil industry in Mexico, oil has been discovered in England; some prominent geologists believe that it may be found in quantity in Great Britain. For years, oil has been known to be of great value in the manufneture of metals. It has proved incomparable in forge shops, steel foundries, heat-treating furnaces, and wherever accuracy of temperatures is essential, or where a maximum output is desired as well as quality of metal. In some types of equipment, the output produced with oil as fuel is double that obtained with coal and at a reduction of 50 per cent. in the cost of the fuel. For example, in drop-forging plants, the metal is always waiting for the man when oil is used as fuel, whereas with coal, the man must wait for the metal to become sufficiently heated. It has only been since January, 1919, that the oil supply could be relied on for boiler service, owing to the war conditions and the inability to get oil tankers for the delivery of the oil from Mexico to Atlantic ports; but now a constant supply is assured, and many manufacturers are installing it in their power plants. The cost varies with the size of the

Jan 1, 1921

By W. N. Best

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) INTRODUCTION CRUDE oil attracted attention because of its excellence as a fuel for open-hearth furnaces; for making crucible steel and brass; for melting copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel, silver, malleable iron, gray iron; and for the production of steam in all sizes and types of boilers. For heating furnaces, mold-drying ovens, core ovens, ore roasters, calciners, hot-air furnaces, sand drying, asphalt road work, etc., its superiority over other fuels is due to the fact that the heat is at all times under perfect control, so that a constant temperature may be attained and maintained at the will of the operator. This means a maximum amount and uniform quality of work. Crude oil is of two kinds, paraffine base and asphaltum base, and varies from 11 to 46 gravity Baumé. The light-gravity oil does not require heating before use; but oil of less than 20 gravity Baumé should be heated to just below its vaporizing point, in order to reduce its viscosity and to obtain the highest efficiency of combustion. Heavy California oil vaporizes at 230°'F., Mexican crude oil at from 175° to 210° F., and Beaumont, Texas, oil at 142° F. Fuel oil vaporizes at 130° F.

Jan 8, 1915

By W. N. Best

Crude oil attracted attention because of its excellence as a fuel for openhearth furnaoes; for making crucible steel and brass; for melting copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel, silver, malleable iron, gray iron; and for the production of steam in all sizes and types of boilers. For heating furnaces, mold-drying ovens, core ovens, ore roasters, calciners, hotair furnaces, sand drying, asphalt road work, etc., its superiority over other fuels is due to the fact that the heat is at all times under perfect control, so that a constant temperature may be attained and maintained at the will of the operator. This mcans a maximum amount and uniform quality of work. Crude oil is of two kinds, paraffine base and asphaltum base, and varies from 11 to 46 gravity BaumB. The light-gravity oil does not require heating before use; but oil of less than 20 gravity Baumé should be heated to just below its vaporizing point, in order to reduce its viscosity and to obtain the highest efficiency of combustion. Heavy California oil vaporizes at 230". F., Mexican crude oil at from 175" to 210" F., and Beaumont, Texas, oil at 142" F. Fuel oil vaporizes at 130" F. Scientific Installation Essential The burning of oil is an art based on science, and the "rule of thumb" should never be employed, especially in heating heavy crude oil. Thermometers should be used on both suction and supply pipes so that the fireman or smith will at all times know the temperature of the fuel. The indicators on such thermometers should be large enough to be readily seen by the operator, night or day. It is necessary to have an unvarying pressure of steam or air through the burner, to atomize the fuel. Also, the air used to support combustion should be delivered through a nozzle under the burner at a constant pressure. The oil pressure must not fluctuate; under no eircumstances should it vary more than 1 1b. The oil pump, which should be brass-lined, with the aid of the pulsometer and superheater, will insure a constant

Jan 1, 1916

By Waldemar Lindgren

IN spite of a world production of lead amounting to 1,300,000 tons, of which the United States produces slightly less than one-half, it appears that the mines at present are hardly able to supply the demand. For this there are several reasons. The lead deposits, geologically speaking, were formed comparatively near the surface under conditions of lower temperatures, with the richer deposits often residuary; that is, enriched by surface water, and consequently soon exhausted. Lead is practically absent from a great part of the world. The great Canadian shield, the eastern part of the Dominion, contains practically none. Scandinavia contains no lead. It is absent from geo- logical formations of great age, but does occur in large quantities in the deposits in the Rocky Mountain region. These deposits are, more or less directly, of igneous origin, but here, too, there is a tendency of the lead shoots to concentrate in the upper part, and when they go down the deposits turn to zinc-copper and some other metals. This is one of the best established facts of economic geology. The deposits of the Mississippi Valley district, from Kansas-Oklahoma, to Canada, are in comparatively accessible limestone beds, at a depth seldom more than 500 ft. Therefore, the lead is easily mined but more easily exhausted.

Jan 1, 1926

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month Twenty-first Meeting The Twenty-first meeting of the Boston. Local Section of the Institute was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Comonwealth Avenue, Boston, Monday evening, Oct. 5, 1914. Twenty members and two guests were present. The Chairman, Henry L. Smyth, presided at the dinner, at the close of which he introduced, as the speaker of the evening, John M. Longyear, who gave a most interesting talk about his work in exploring for coal on the islands of Spitzbergen, 400 miles north of the North Cape of Norway. The talk was illustrated with many photographs, which showed clearly the nature of the work and the extraordinary difficulties of the location. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1914

By William Newton Best

Oil burners, oil furnaces, and methods of installation, have been the subject of many articles, but information concerning oil-burning systems, based upon scientific principles, is still in great demand, especially in the manufacturing districts of our country. Fuel oil, as it is termed (this being the residuum from oil refineries), has for many years been of great service to our manufacturers, and has justified its popularity not only by producing a superior manufactured product, but by turning out approximately 50 per cent. more product than can be made with coa1 fuel under like conditions. To install a system requiring only an oil-storage tank, a small pump, and an oil-supply main with numerous laterals leading to the various burners, furnaces, boilers, etc., is a comparatively simple matter; and, because fuel oil is very volatile, it is not necessary to heat it, even during the winter months in a very cold climate. Furthermore, only a small amount of power is required to atomize fuel oil, this often being done by a positive pressure blower, or by a mechanical burner. An analysis of fuel oil, together with that of various other liquid fuels, is given in Table I.

Jan 1, 1915

JAmes E. Howard, Watertown, Mass.:—In connection with this paper, it is the desire of the Watertown laboratory to receive suggestions as to the lines of work and the particular direction along which the examination of the ingot-metal should proceed, and any suggestions so offered will be noted with care, and the tests conducted so as to embrace such features as it is thought desirable to have investigated. To me the question of structural continuity seems of para-

Jan 1, 1909

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month, Twenty-third Meeting The Twenty-third Meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., on Monday evening, Nov. 30,- 1914. Prof. R. A. Daly addressed the meeting on The Iron Ores of Küruna; Sweden. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS Secretary.

Jan 1, 1915

By AIME

NEW YORK'S largest hotel, the Pennsylvania, will be filled with mining and oil men and metallurgists the third week of February when some 3000 AIME members, their wives, and guests will gather for the Institute's 1948 Annual Meeting-its 166th general meeting. Except for the usual Sunday afternoon and evening sessions of the Mineral Industry Education Division at the Columbia University Men's Faculty Club, the big assembly will be under one top and members will not this year have to consult compass and map to find their next session. Possibly enervated by the stupendous effort of the Anniversary Celebration last spring and the plethora of highly successful fall meetings, the various committees have been a trifle slow in arranging their social and technical programs, but in mid December as we go to press there is already much to report indicative of substantial fare and high interest. The definite timetable schedule will appear in the February M&M.

Jan 1, 1948

By Robert E. Sorenson

EXPLORATION for deep-seated orebodies in the Silver Belt area of the Coeur d'Alene mining district is complicated by meager surface expressions of diagnostic criteria, lack of knowledge of the significance of specific alteration phenomena, and the great expense involved in the exploration for ore shoots, the tops of which often occur near sea level elevation or below and as much as 4000 ft or more below the surface. Except for the early studies of Ransome and Calkins in 1903 and 1904,[1] little geological work was done in the Coeur d'Alene district for many years, and it is only during the last 15 to 20 years that complete and careful geological mapping has been applied to most of the mines in the area. Much early information, which now would prove invaluable, is lost in hundreds of miles of caved and inaccessible mine openings not mapped by mining geologists. In more recent years mining geology has become a tool of greater use in the district, and some measurable progress is being made in the accumulation of observations that are adding gradually to the knowledge of ore deposits in the district.

Jan 7, 1951

By W. L. Saunders

THE world's greatest producing area is, geographically, in the midland region of North America about the Great Lakes. This area, with but one- third of the nation's population, produces, with the exception of tobacco and cotton, three-quarters of the principal staples. It provides the surplus or export grain, meats, dairy products, steel and leading minerals. The social and political condition of a nation is determined by its industrial efficiency, and the share of the commerce of the world obtained by a nation is fixed more by the economy of its transportation than by any other factor. It is an economic maxim that: The total cost is the cost of production plus transportation cost. The cost of carrying 1000 tons by water or 100 tons by rail is equal, over the same distance

Jan 1, 1921

By KENNETH W. GREENAWALT, William Greenawalt

THE patent system, through which an inventor is given exclusive right to his invention for a limited period as a reward for his industry and in reimbursement of his expenditures, originated in England in the famous "Statute of Monopolies," enacted in 1623. The first patent granted in America was to Samuel Winslow, in Massachusetts, in 1641. The basis of the patent system of the United States is a provision in the Constitution giving Congress the power to secure to inventors for a limited time the exclusive use of their discoveries. The first legislative enactment was the law of 1790, which was placed on the statute book after Washington had addressed Congress in its favor. Under this law, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, and the Attorney General constituted the board for the examination of patent applications and the granting of patents. The first Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, became the first administrator of the patent sys- tem in this country. He personally examined every application filed during his term of office.

Jan 1, 1930