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INTO their great Pacific Northwest counting house went the members of the Industrial Minerals Division recently, to count their blessings amidst the scenic grandeur and mineral wealth of the State of Washington. From their vantage point in Seattle, those who attended the IMD's fourth Pacific Northwest meeting turned their sights to the South and Southeast, scanned Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Utah, and predicted a very healthy economic future for their region. The praises of Idaho's booming phosphate industry were sung by Earl W. Murphy, secretary of that State's Chamber of Commerce. He said the establishment of Fort Hall, on the banks of the Snake River near Pocatello, first turned the eyes of the world toward what is now the center of the greatest known deposits of phosphate rock-the section adjacent to the common corners of Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. With the founding of Fort Hall, Mr. Murphy said, historians will also rank the construction of the first electric furnaces for the production of elemental phosphorous as equally significant in the commercial history of the West. Those furnaces were installed only last year by the Westvaco Chemical Div. of the Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. at Pocatello, at a cost of $8 million.

Jan 7, 1950

By Robert E. Tally

The ore reserves of the United Verde Copper Co. in 1907 were estimated at 4,500,000 tons, averaging about 7 per cent copper. Seventy-five per cent of this tonnage was confined to the so-called fire stopes and the remainder was virgin ore. The fire area was being operated at a maximum capacity of 150 tons per day, and the other workings furnished the remainder of the ore, approximately 600 tons per day. The mine was developed to a depth of 900 ft. and the lower levels were considered lean and unpromising. The smelter had been built directly over the ore-bodies. Its site was congested, the ground was settling and maintenance costs were excessive. The major needs of the United Verde obviously were 1. Additional ore reserves. 2. A new and modern smeltery. 3. A method for the mining of the fire-stope ores commensurate with the tonnage and values involved. It is the method specified in point, 3 with which this paper is chiefly concerned. Such a method required the removal of the old smelter, and additional ore reserves were essential not only for the maintenance of production but for the investment necessary for the building of a new smelter.

Jan 1, 1932

At the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Institute on Jan. 26, 1917, the following actions were taken: Messrs. A. C. Clark, Lawrence Addicks and G. D. Van Arsdale were appointed Tellers to count ballots for Officers and Directors. Messrs. T. T. Read, V. S. Harper, and. E. J. Hall were appointed Tellers to count ballots on revised spelling. The Finance Committee's audit for the year 1916 was approved and ordered filed. The Report of the Finance Committee upon the method of raising this Institute's share of the deficit on the additions to the building was approved and accepted. Upon the recommendation of the Secretary, increases in the salaries of some of the employees were approved. The St. Louis Section received an appropriation of $200 for the year 1917. The Columbia Section received an appropriation of $150 for the year 1917. The Montana Section received an appropriation of $100 for the year 1917. The Colorado Section received an appropriation of $175 for the year 1917. The Utah Section received an appropriation of $125 for the year 1917. The Puget Sound Section received a set of Transactions in standard binding. The International Engineering Congress received a loan of $300 until the Congress can realize upon some of its assets.

Jan 3, 1917

By John V. Beall

The "free form life," The Wall Street Jourlzal called it. That is what the young people are practicing who have dropped out after successfully completing a college education. The ones described were first-rate students who did not embark on careers but instead selected such nonintellectual jobs as delivering mail, short- order cooking and the like. We couldn't help thinking that it wasn't so long ago, that we had the ideal setup in mining for folks of this persuasion when most college grads were started out as muckers. Actually there isn't much new in this business of doing your own thing. Being a type that takes westerns seriously, we jumped at the chance to catch the rerun of the wide-screen flick "How the West Was Won." There was Jimmie Stewart playing the part of the mountain man, with a canoe full of furs going east down river. Coming west up river, is a settler with his daughters. This mountain man had on his fringed buckskins, his two-year growth of long hair and a tremendous thirst. He had been doing his thing and planned to keep right on doing it. However, one of the pretty settler girls had other ideas. The same fate probably awaits today's individualistic youths.

Jan 1, 1970

W ho holds title to the continental shelf? As submarine mineral ventures move out into deeper and deeper waters, the dispute over this question is bubbling up with greater and greater urgency. Basically, the forces of disagreement are lined up on two fronts--one nationalist and the other internationalist. The nationalists, or "broad shelf" proponents, view the shelf as a geologic extension of the coastal nations and therefore subject to the sovereignty of these nations. The internationalists or "narrow shelf" proponents, seek to circumscribe the jurisdiction of the coastal nations by a topographic line beyond which all rights would be reserved to an international regime. In the U.S. public sector, three groups----the American Bar Association and International Law Association committees and the National Petroleum Council (NPC) - have taken a stand on the broad shelf. These are joined by AIME, which has consolidated its position in a "Policy Statement on the Outer Limit of National Sovereignty Over Seabed Resources." This statement was adopted by the AIME Board of Directors last October 15 after its submission by Earl Cook, Chairman of the AIME National Affairs Committee, at the behest of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. The main organization holding to the narrow shelf is the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources.

Jan 1, 1970

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1941

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1944

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. II. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under-signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1934

By F. H. Buchella

When Duval Sulphur & Potash Co. awarded pre- mining stripping and early mining at Esperanza to an independent contractor, it was agreed that monthly payments for excavation were to be made on a truck count. At six-month intervals, however, adjustments must be made on the basis of actual excavation or cut from the pit area. It was estimated that it would be three times more expensive to have the pit sectioned by chain and transit survey than to use photogrammetry, since it would take two crews of three men approximately two weeks to do the field work, another two weeks to plot the sections, and additional time to establish a control network. Therefore it was agreed to have the mine area mapped by photogrammetry for both the premined surface and for semi-annual check surveys necessary for intermediate settlements. A triangulation net was established with a maximum distance of 900 ft between control points. In about 30 working days a two-man survey crew, using a theodolite, set up and triangulated 30 stations and calculated their results. For ease in spotting on the photographs, control stations were marked on the ground with white-painted tires centered over the survey pins.

Jan 6, 1960

ST. LOUIS LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee ARTHUR THACHER, Chairman R. A. BULL, Vice-Chairman WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. H. A. BUEHLER R. R.-S. PARSONS HERBERT A. WHEELER On the afternoon of May 1, 1915, 42 members of the St. Louis Section, as the guests of E. S. Catch, President, and his associates in the Granby Mining & Smelting Co., visited the new zinc smelter of that company at Roselake, Ill. The annual meeting, which was preceded by a dinner at the St. Louis Club, was attended by 54 members and guests. The Chairman, H. A. Wheeler, presided. The Chairman rendered a report on the activities of the Section during the past year and the Treasurer presented a financial report. The following Executive Committee was elected: Arthur Thacher, Chairman; R. A. Bull, Vice-Chairman; W. E. McCourt, Secre-tary-Treasurer; H. A. Buehler, R. R.. S.. Parsons. H. A. Wheeler, as retiring Chairman, retains membership in the committee. W. L. Saunders, President of the Institute, made an address. H. W. Gepp, of Australia, described the lead and zinc deposits of Broken Hill, Australia, and V. H. Hughes, of Tulsa, spoke on the geology of the Cushing oil pool, Oklahoma. WALTER E. MCCOURT, Secretary.

Jan 6, 1915

By Alfred F. Brainerd

There has been no enterprise undertaken in this and adjoining States which has attracted so much interest, or has been watched so closely as this, the first successful attempt to convert our ordinary high-phosphoric pig-iron into steel from native material. Our iron-masters have noticed intently every attempt to convert high-phosphorus pig-irons into steel by the Clapp-Grifith process in this country, and the basic process on the Continent, and studied the various patents aiming to accomplish the same purpose, and the various litigations arising among various patentees over their rival claitns; but up to August, 1887, nothing was done, and no move had been made to introduce any process for making steel. At the time above named, Mr. James Henderson, of New York, came to this place with a view of introducing his patent furnace and other metallurgical processes and appliances. After some delay and personal interviews between parties interested and the inventor, a party of gentlemen, all of moderate means, and entirely unacquainted with the manufacture of either steel or iron, decided to form themselves into a body corporate, known as the Henderson Steel and Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $20,000,

Jan 1, 1889

By S. H. Brockunier

During the examination of a gold-property in Georgia, last summer, I had occasion to study the effect of different chemicals upon the ore; the object being to find a more economical method of extraction than chlorination, as practiced there, had proved to be. Some of my notes and results may be of interest to others. The country-rock consists of mica-schist, hornblende-schist and black slate. The vein-matter is quartzite and schist, containing some stringers of quartz, the whole forming a body from 20 to 50 ft. wide. All of the rocks in the vicinity have become disintegrated to a depth of from 50 to 75 ft., forming the so-called saprolite. I found the workings to represent two distinct classes : I. Open-cut surface-ore: very soft,oxidized and disintegrated; containing much alumina, silica and iron. Average value, $4 per ton. 11. Ore from lower levels : quartzites and schist; very hard ; containing much silica and manganese, some alumina, and from 2 to 10 per cent. of pyrites. Average value, $8 per ton. Class I. was soon dismissed. The only way to make it pay would have been by the use of steam-shovels and a large crushing-plant. The tendency to slime would be the principal difficulty.

Jan 1, 1902

By Henry D. Hibbard

Henry D. HibbaRd, Pittsburgh, Pa,: This is a most interesting and instructive paper, some of whose lessons should find immediate application. It points out how fuel-consumption is to be decreased in open-hearth practice, by changes in the plan of the furnace. To look first at the greatest item of loss, radiation, it is seen that thicker brick-work is advisable to lessen this. Especially is this true of the roof, made at present, almost universally, only 9 inches thick to prevent cutting. Now that high roofs, well above the course of the flame, are becoming general, and the average melter is better able to judge the temperature of his furnace, that reason has less force; and we may build roofs 18 inches thick, or perhaps better cover the usual 9 inches with an equivalent layer of sand, which has the advantage of following the arch as it rises and falls with the different degrees of heat. The side-walls of the hearth, usually 131/2 inches thick, may also he thickened up to 18 inches, and the door-linings to 7 inches; and the heat thereby saved will be valuable, while its absence from the working-platform will be much appreciated by the workmen.

Jan 1, 1892

By Dietmar Espig

Very useful general relationships between operating parameters and the operating results for open- and closed-circuit grinding under steady- state conditions are described. The basic idea of the developed methods consists of the introduction of a known reference state. The relations derived from very simple approximations to individual processes allow one to evaluate fineness and mass flow of the desired state after changing the parameters (feed rate, fineness of the feed material, mill length, transport behavior through the mill, classifier characteristics). It was also possible to derive some general relationships, e.g., * an equation for the influence of the operating parameters of the mill on the fineness of the mill output * a criterion to establish if the desired state of a closed grinding circuit is steady state at all * a possibility to substitute the common influence of the transport behavior of the mill and of the classifier by-pass fraction with the coarse stream on the mill outlet product by means of a fictitious worse transport behavior. The applicability of the described methodology to many problems in grinding practice, including questions of controlling grinding circuits, is demonstrated by some examples. In particular, a working diagram of the standard closed grinding circuit has been established.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. W. Fahrenwald

THE function of the classifier in modern fine-grinding practice is to remove a finished product from the grinding-mill discharge, leaving material that needs further comminution. The classifier, therefore, makes two products: (1) "finished" product, which overflows the rim of the classifier tank, sometimes referred to as "slimes" or as "classifier overflow," and (2) "unfinished" product, which settles to the sloping bottom of the classifier tank and is removed by dragging or raking. This product is generally referred tows "sands" or "oversize." One of the outstanding features of the closed-circuit classifier is its ability automatically to return the unfinished product of the ball-mill discharge to the feed end or scoop box of the ball mill. This is a distinct advantage because it avoids dilution of the ball-mill feed, and, furthermore, the particular method of removing the settled sand, by raking it up the inclined bottom of the classifier, gives a classifier discharge containing a minimum of water. This leads to maximum classifier efficiency, in this type of classifier, because the maximum volume of water is displaced upward by the settling sands. The closed-circuit classifier is required to deliver a finished pulp of closely specified density requirements, therefore added hydraulic water generally is not permitted.

Jan 1, 1930

By P. Somasundaran, D. R. Nagaraj

This study initiated to explore the potential of commercial chelating extractant for beneficiation of minerals revealed "LIX "65N to be an excellent collector for cuprite and chrysocolla. The collector action of the LIX is proposed to result from its chelation with copper species on the surface of the minerals. Thus, the syn-isomer of LIX65N, which is unable to form a chelate with copper ions, failed also to act as a collector. The proposed mechanism takes into account partitioning of LIX between the mineral surface (to form a surface chelate) and the copper chelate dispersed in the bulk aqueous phase (either due to formation of the chelate with dissolved copper, or due to detachment of chelate formed at surface). The efficiency of the collection is dependent upon this partitioning since the bulk chelate is found unable to collect. The marked decrease in flotation obtained when copper was added to the system supports this mechanism. The dependence of flotation of chrysocolla and cuprite on pH and reagentizing time is discussed on the basis of the proposed mechanism. Batch laboratory flotation tests using synthetic mixtures of oxide, sulfide and mixed oxide-sulfide copper minerals with quartz demonstrated the ability of LIX to separate the copper minerals from quartz.

Jan 1, 1980

By F. L. Wolf

THE reclaiming of metallics from slag and sweepings is of vital interest to every brass-foundry man, but the first cost and interest on the investment often make it prohibitive for the small foundry to enjoy the benefits of a complete concentrating unit. However, the cost of such an installation and the cost of operation are often exaggerated to such an extent that foundries dispose of their copper-bearing refuse at a great loss. This paper gives the actual costs and the returns obtained in the reclaiming plant used at the Ohio Brass Co. This plant is divided into two sections, the preliminary treatment and concentrating departments. In the former occur the screening, crushing, and hand-picking operations whereby most of the non-valuable and heavy metallic constituents are removed. The concentrating equipment consists of an elevator, bins, jigs, ball-mill, and table. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT The preliminary treatment varies, depending on whether the material is slag, foundry-floor sweepings, or brass casting-floor sweepings. Material of the first class is produced from the operation of six Steele-Harvey and six Schwartz furnaces; the second class represents sweepings from an average of thirty-five molding floors per day; and the last is collected around the sprue cutters. and knockout bench.

Jan 9, 1920

By Keith Leonard Sutherland, Ian William Wark

Mercaptobenzthiazole and its sodium salt are marketed under the trade names Flotagen and Flotagen S respectively, for use as collectors for cerussite and other minerals. The structural formulas for sodium rnercaptobenzthiazole and for sodium ethyl xanthate are: Chemically there is a resemblance between the two compounds, though the free acid (mercaptobenzthiazole itself) is much more stable than xanthic acid. Both are readily oxidized, e.g., by iodine to disulphides, and can be estimated by iodometric titration. Qualitatively they are similar as collectors in flotation, although there are quantitative differences between them that may be important in practice. It is deduced that the influence of the nitrogen atom is subordinated to that of the sulphur atoms, and that the dominant group of these compounds is the mercapto group —SH or —5Na. The general method of investigation has been based on contact tests. Two temperatures, 10" and 35" C., have been chosen, and with a standard concentration of 20 mg. per liter of mercaptobenzthiazole (i.e., of the free acid) the influence of alkali, cyanide and copper sulphate on contact at sulphide mineral surfaces has been studied. This standard concentration corresponds to about 19 mg. per liter potassium ethyl xanthate; it brings out the differences between the minerals better than a higher concentra-

Jan 1, 1939

By D. A Dahlstrom

THE necessity for slime elimination from valuable mineral and coal products has become increasingly significant within the past 5 years.' , Most of the mechanized mining and present beneficiation methods have resulted in larger tonnages of extreme fines, silts, and clay, commonly called slimes, processed by the preparation plant. Economics in turn have forced the plant operator constantly to lower the bottom size of effective beneficiation, necessitating an almost complete recovery of valuable solids regardless of particle size. When these important factors are considered, the need for an efficient slime removal method for fine solids becomes self-evident. Ordinarily slimes have been classified as ranging from 75 microns, or 200 mesh, down to colloidal dimensions of less than one micron. At the same time there is general agreement that the most troublesome slimes are primarily clays, silts and extreme fines, so that the actual top size may be placed at approximately 30 to 40 microns. This immediately restricts any desliming operation to classification, as screening or other methods would be both uneconomical and grossly inefficient at such dimensions. The liquid-solid cyclone has been recognized as one of the most efficient fine size classifiers available to the mining industry. Applications of cyclones to thickening, high efficiency solid recovery, degritting,

Jan 1, 1953

By D. A. Dahlstrom

THE necessity for slime elimination from valuable mineral and coal products has become increasingly significant within the past 5 years.1,2 Most of the mechanized mining and present beneficiation methods have resulted in larger tonnages of extreme fines, silts, and clay, commonly called slimes, processed by the preparation plant. Economics in turn have forced the plant operator constantly to lower the bottom size of effective beneficiation, necessitating an almost complete recovery of valuable solids regardless of particle size. When these important factors are considered, the need for an efficient slime removal method for fine solids becomes self-evident. Ordinarily slimes have been classified as ranging from 75 microns, or 200 mesh, down to colloidal dimensions of less than one micron. At the same time there is general agreement that the most troublesome slimes are primarily clays, silts and extreme fines, so that the actual top size may be placed at approximately 30 to 40 microns. This immediately restricts any desliming operation to classification, as screening or other methods would be both uneconomical and grossly inefficient at such dimensions. The liquid-solid cyclone has been recognized as one of the most efficient fine size classifiers available to the mining industry. Applications of cyclones to thickening, high efficiency solid recovery, degritting,

Jan 1, 1952