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The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Sept. 10, 1919, to Oct. 10, 1919. L. D. Anderson, Salt Lake City, Utah. P. S. Matthews, Newark, N. J. Ray J. Barber, New York City. A. Poole Maynard, Atlanta, Georgia. L. A. Barton, Major U. S. Engineers. L. J. Mayreis, Jamshedpur, India. J. A. Battle, Chicago, 111. Benj. L. Miller, Bethlehem, Pa. R. W. Bissell, New York City. Geo. D. Morgan, Bartlesville, Okla. Gilman E. Brown, Shanghai, China. A. C. Munroe, El Paso, Texas. Stanley Brown, Chuquicamata, Chile, Paul I. Norton, Jr., Columbus, Ohio. S. A. Walter G. Perkins, Stanford University, Norman Carmichael, Clifton, Arizona. Cal. Richard H. Catlett, Newark, N. J. Fred S. Porter, Seattle, Wash. Roderic Crandall Charles E. Prior, Cherry Creek, Nevada John J. Croston, Atlanta, Georgia. G. M. Richards I. N. Dally, Seattle, Wash. Gilbert Rigg, Melbourne, Australia. A. Faison Dixon, New York City. Pierre H. Sauvajol, Paris, France. Walter Dobbins, Springfield, Ill. Carl Scholz, Chicago, Ill. Foss E. Douglass, Rancagua, Chile. Ellsworth H. Shriver, Marysville, Ohio. H. S. Emlaw, Grand Haven, Mich. Harvey B. Small, Magangue, Colombia. R. S. Everet, Barre, Mass. Henry B. Smith, New Britain, Coma. H. W. Gipp, Melbourne, Australia. J. T. Smoody, Cornwall, Pa. F. A. Glass, Brainerd, Minn. S.. J. Speak, London, England. C. D. Grier, New York City. D. R. Thomas, New York City. James L. Head, Rancagua, Chile. Kirby Thomas, New York City. Geo. B. Holderer, New York City. R. M. F. Townsend, Washington, D. C. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. Carl J. Trauerman, Helena, Mont. Henry Jequier, Paris, France. A. C. Veatch, London, Eng. L. W. Kemp, Chuquicamata, Chile. Myron R. Walker, Pittsburg, Pa. Herbert S. Kohlberg, El Paso, Texas. Curtis C. Webb, New York City. H. M. LaFollette, La Follette, Tenn. James Wilding, San Francisco, Cal. Richard Lamb, New York City. S. H. Zimmerman, New York City.

Jan 11, 1919

By James Fiore

The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 provides a set of rules for proceeding with the identification and selection of sites for a mined geologic repository as well as for interim storage facilities for high level waste in the event storage facilities are needed. The following paper summarizes the sequence of procedures in site selection, and presents the interaction of governmental agencies, the states, the public, and affected Indian tribes in this process. Several agencies have published regulations assocated with the selection of high level waste sites. These regulations set down a diverse collection of requirements designed to ensure public safety. This paper identifies the organizations working to satisfy these requirements, and outlines the role of the geotechnical community in performing data collection activities to support these same requirements.

Jan 1, 1984

AIME 1953 DIRECTORY SUPPLEMENT OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTION; COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Linwood Thiessen, Chairman H. D. Vaughan, Vice-Chairman John H. Melvin, Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE L. E. Thelin, Connecticut J. B. Cunningham, Arizona W. L. Penick, San Francisco G. L. Yates, Kansas DELEGATES Adirondack - C. DeWitt Smith '54 Alaska - Robert 11. Chapman, ?54 Arizona J. B. Cunningham, '53 Black Hills - Sidney M. Runke, '54 Boston -R'. Schuhmann, Jr. ?54 Carlsbad Potash - W. P. Wilson, '54 Central Appalachian - Charles T. Holland, '54 Chicago - H. A. White, '54 Cleveland - Milton Tilley, '54 Colorado - J. Paul Harrison '54 Columbia - Harold Kirkemo, '54 Connecticut - Lewis E. Thelin, ?53 Dallas - Kenneth F. Anderson, '54 Delta - Roy S. Sullins '54 Detroit - F. P. Bens, '53 East Texas - Joseph A. Morris, '54 El Paso Metals - E. M. Thomas, '54 Florida - W. O. McClintock '54 Fort Worth - Ray Elner, '51 Gulf Coast - H. E. Treichler, '53 Kansas - G. L. Yates, '53 Lehigh Valley - H. R. Gault '54 Lima, Peru - R. P. Koenig, ?54 Lou-Ark - A. H. Crawford. '53 Mexico - W. G. Kane, '54 Mid-Continent - J. H. Beesley, '53 Minnesota - J. R. Stuart, '54 Montana - F. W. Strandberg, '53 Nevada - Albert Silver,'53 New York - P. Malozemoff, '54 North Pacific - A. H. Mellish, '54 North Texas - K. F. Anderson, '54 Chio Valley - J. H. Melvin, ?53 Oklahoma City - Charles Miller, '53 Oregon - T. C. Matthews, '54 Penn. Anthracite - D. C. Helms, '54

Jan 1, 1953

The Secretary of the Treasury, acting through the National War Savings Committee, soliciting the support of patriotic associations in America in the sale of War Savings Stamps, has addressed the following letter to the President of the Institute: It is particularly desirable to have you urge the members of your association to give their assistance wholeheartedly, and to this end we urgently request that you write a letter to each of your members, outlining the aims of this campaign. That you may more easily draft your letter, we mention a few things in which your members could render a special service. Agencies and Sales Stations.-We desire immediately to establish several hundred thousand agencies and sales stations. It is as easy to sell a War Savings Stamp as it is in ordinary postage stamp, and we have launched a great drive to establish sales stations everywhere. The plan is simplicity itself! Your town, city, county or State Director can furnish you with supplies, posters and publicity matter. You can get the stamps from your post office or bank. Such stations should be at every pay window of manufacturing, industrial and mercantile establishments, and at every retail counter in the country. These stamps should be the easiest bought merchandise in the world, and when these agencies are established this end will have been accom-plished. Therefore, please lay extra pressure on the thought of immediately establishing these sales stations.

Jan 3, 1918

By C. M. Smith

HOWARD N. EAVENSON, acting for the last time as president of the Institute, presided at the annual business meeting on Tuesday afternoon at 4 o'clock. He spoke briefly of his visits with Local Sections last fall, and read a scholarly address on "Mineral Fuels and Civilization," scheduled for early publication in these columns. Karl Eilers presented the Treasurer's report, showing last year's income to be $134,967.44, compared with expenses of $133.266.51. Comparable figures for 1933 were $121,689.90 and $115,462.60. The Institute's peak income was in 1923 about $208,000. Newell G. Alford read the report of the Membership Committee showing 750 new members elected and placed on the rolls in 1934, compared with 328 in 1933. Losses by resignation last year were 81, compared with 262 in 1933; and 691 were suspended for non-payment of dues, compared with 747 the year before. Total membership, including 579 Student Associates, was 7742 at the end of 1934. Applications for membership have been coming in freely the last few months.

Jan 1, 1935

By Charles A. Bohn

WHEN the need for war work was ended, the late Mrs. Sidney J. Jennings felt that the members of the Woman's Auxiliary, who had worked together so successfully, would profit by having a common permanent aim through scholarship work, financed by annual contributions from the Sections. Under her leadership the Sections responded generously and the educational fund was started. Mrs. Jennings became the first chairman of the executive committee and so remained until her death. It was planned to begin with an award of $500 each year, and to pot aside 25 per cent of all moneys re¬ceived from the Sections to establish an endowed fund. In 1921 the first scholarship of a value of $500 per annum was granted, and an award of the same value has been made regularly every year since. It is called the Subscription Scholarship. The 25 per cent, which is set aside each year and carefully invested, is called the Engineering Education Endowment Fund. Three years ago this fund began to yield around $300 annually and this income has been used each year since to finance a scholarship under that name.

Jan 1, 1937

By C. M. Smith

DELEGATES from 26 Local Sections and- Divisions of the Institute had three stimulating sessions during the Annual Meeting, a few topics still remaining to be discussed after the two Monday sessions.. The final session was held on Thursday morning. An abstract of the discussion will be transmitted to each delegate present. The topics included: Student relations. Section operation, membership, employment, MINING AND METALLURGY, a new nonmetallic minerals Division. licensing of engineers, and increased allotments of money to Local Sections. Some of the Sections felt that the present limit of $250 allotted to them - from the national treasury was insufficient to carry on their activities, and that this maximum should he increased. A resolution to this effect was passed for transmission to the Board of Directors.

Jan 1, 1935

By Davis Baker

The direct-metal cars or ladles of the Maryland Steel Company have a capacity of 18 tons when filled within 12 inches of the top. On account of this large capacity, the formation of skulls in these ladles is by no means as rapid as in smaller ladles; but a skull once formed is a very unwieldy piece of metal to handle, and especially to remove from the ladle. We have found it cheaper to clean ladles often rather than make very heavy skulls. We aim to keep the ring of chilled metal that forms on the surface of the iron chipped off, so that the skull shall form principally at the bottom until it becomes so thick as to render the ladle unfit for service. Sometimes it happens that a ladle may be held for several hours filled with molten metal. This invariably leaves a large amount of chilled metal in the ladle. Frequently the skull will weigh several tons, and will be of the full size of the ladle inside, with a top crust, having perhaps a hole 12 inches square, through which the molten metal was poured. In order to remove skulls that cannot be easily chipped out with a bar, we use what may be called a skull-extractor, consisting of a hydraulic cylinder mounted in the center of a heavy cast-iron plate, standing vertically on a suitable foundation. Figs. 1 and 2 show the construction and operation of this apparatus, Fig. 1 being a view of the extractor with pistons extended to full stroke, and Fig. 2 a view with ladle in position and pistons about to commence the stroke. in both figures, A is the hydraulic cylinder, B the vertical cast-iron plate, and C the foundation. The water-pressure, admitted through the pipe, P, is 750 pounds per square inch, and the inside diameter of A is 14 inches. There are two pistons: D, fitting the bore of the cylinder, and E, 84 inches in diameter, moving inside of D. Both pistons move together when

Jan 1, 1893

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Oct. 10, 1919, to Nov. 10,1919. Carl A. Allen, Salt Lake City, Utah. W. G. Mitchell, Montreal, Canada. M. M. Altmayer, Paris. Henry S. Munroe, Litchfield, Conn. A. E. Bellis, Major Ord., Springfield J. S. Negru, New York, N. Y. Armory, Springfield, Mass. Edmund Newton, New York, N. Y. R. S. Botsford, New York, N. Y. A. W. Newberry, Cleveland, Ohio. Henry S. Burnholz, Monterrey, Mexico. C. C. O'Harra, Rapid City, S. D. D. E. A. Charlton, New York, N. Y. Fred S. Porter, Philadelphia, Pa. C. C. Colburn, Denver, Colo. Donald A. Powell, Columbus, Ohio. C. V. Corless, Coniston, Ontario. Thomas T. Read, Washington, D. C. I. N. Daily, Seattle, Wash., W. L. Remick, Chrome, N. J. E. V. Daveler, Butte, Mont: Hallet R. Robbins, San Francisco, Calif. John Davis, Fairbanks, Alaska.' Milnor Roberts, University Station, E. W. Engelmann, Salt Lake City, Utah. Seattle, Wash. M. E. Erdofy, New York N. Y. Thos. S. Roberts, Lakehurst Proving W. F. Ferrier, Toronto, Canada. Grounds, N. J. H. A. Fisher, Pittsburgh, Pa. George B. Rodgers, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. Walter Fitch, Sr., Eureka, Utah. John C. Rogers, Copper Cliff, Ontario. C. D. Grier, New York, N. Y. Joseph L. Rosenmiller, Bethlehem, Pa. A. Hibbert, London. . C. J. Saville, Portland, New South Wales. John E. Hodge, Minneapolis, Minn. W. A. Scheuch, New Jersey. W. E. Hopper, Newark, N. J. S. B. Shutts, Lynchburg, Va. M. R. Hull, McGill, Nev. E. W. Smith, U. S. Army. A. W. Ibbett, Trinidad, B. W. I. S. J. Speak, London. A. O. Ihlseng, Joplin, Mo. John. B. Stewart, Santiago de Cuba, Sherwin F. Kelly, Lawrence, Kans. Cuba. R. G. Knickerbocker, Logansport, Ind. S. A. Taylor, Pittsburgh, Pa. .M. H. Kuryla, Eureka Colo. Karl Thomas,' New York, N. Y. F. G. Lasier, Detroit, Mich. F. L. Torres, Eureka, Nev. David Lasuer, Elizabeth, N. J. Henry Traphagen, Toledo, .Ohio: H. H. Lauer, Allentown, Pa. W. D. Van Doren, Ottawa, Canada. J. Whitney Lewis, Care First Nat'l Bank, J. A. Vernon, Newport, R. I. Tulsa Okla James Wilding, San Francisco, Calif. James W. Love, Knoxville, Tenn. D. J. Williams, Butte, Mont. Dorsey A. Lyon, Washington, D. C. Harry J. Wolf, New York, N. Y. M. E. Martiner, Boston, Mass.. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Benj. L. Miller, Bethlehem, Pa. Percy E. Wrighn, Seattle, Wash. W. G. Miller, Toronto, Canada. F. Yamada, Tokyo, Japan.

Jan 12, 1919

Jan 1, 1971

By C. P. PERIN, DONALD BELCHER

T HE production of pure iron by electrolyzing solutions of its salts has been the object of scientific curiosity and research for about 80 years; and in the last two decades a realization of the unusual physical and chemical qualities of electrolytic iron has turned the attention of chemists and metallurgists toward a commercial application of this accumulated knowledge. Thus Burgess and Hambuechen in America, . Cowper-Coles in England, and Fischer in Germany- devised methods, more or less successful, for the electrolytic refining of iron, but none of these processes has yet attained large-scale operation. During the war some interesting ,work was done in France and England on building up worn or defective machine parts by electrodeposition of iron. It remained for the Société "Le Fern in France to carry on the process commercially. For six years Les Fonderies et Forges. de Sainte-Maire et Gravigny and the works of Bouchayer & Viallet at Grenoble have manufactured pure-iron boiler tubes in competition with established practice. The French process originated in the researches of Anthelme Boucher in 1910, and was, not put into operation until several years of experimentation had passed.

Jan 1, 1921

By Hollis Peacock

THE Bingham area in the West Mountain mining district on the eastern slope of the Oquirrh range, some 28 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, has been the most consistent producer for the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company, production having been continuous, except for minor interruptions, since the organization of the United States Mining Co. in 1899. This production has come from fissures and mantos largely within limestone members aggregating something less than 10 per cent of a thick quartzite sequence of Pennsylvanian age which has been warped into an open syncline plunging northwesterly. Bedding on the easterly limb dips 10°-45° but steep-ens to 90° and even overturns on the westerly limb. Ore bodies cluster about the more northerly of two elongate interconnecting stocks of monzonite which have risen in an axial position within this syncline. Largely within the more northerly of these stocks is the low-grade copper ore body exploited in the Utah Copper open cut of the Kennecott Copper Corp. The values, in seams, minute fracture fillings, and disseminations of pyrite and silica, pervade not only the stock but adjacent sediments, and form a nebulous, sprawling mass which both mineralogically and geographically is the center of the district. The more southerly of the twin stocks appears to be comparatively inert and without obvious relation to mineralization. which

Jan 1, 1948

Charles H. Fulton, Rapid City, So. Dak. (communication to the Secretary*): Professor Lodge takes issue with Mr. Crawford and myself on results obtained by the scorification-method of assay on " zinc-box precipitates," which we published in a paper on the subject in the publication named below.' In our work we found that the normal seorification-method, employing only test-lead and a very little borax-glass as a flux, gave results on cyanide precipitates which mere invariably very low, loss having taken place by slag-absorption and volatilization, as repeated slag-assays failed to bring up results similar to those obtained by other methods. Professor Lodge anil his students made a large number of what he terms " scorification-assays," but which, I would like to point out, have claim to that name only in that they are made in a scorifier, for the charge consists of test-lead, a very considerable quantity of borax-glass (10 grams), at times also of litharge and even charcoal, so that the assays are in reality crucible assays. A scorification-slag proper is an oxide-slag to all intents and purposes, while the slags made by Professor Lodge are borates, certainly acid-slags. It has been our experience since our paper, The Assay of Cyanide Precipitates, was published, that the nature of the assay slag in the crucible assay has a great influence on the result. A " basic " or oxide-slag invariably causes high slag-losses, while an " acid " slag gives very fair results on material containing much zinc. This has also been the experience of a mellknown cyanide chemist with whom I have corresponded on the subject, who found that acid crucible-slags gave good results on zinciferous material, but that the scorification-method, as ordinarily employed, gave high slag-losses. I believe that if the conditions are such that the zinc can be

Jan 1, 1904

By Krahmann, Rudolf

THE following is an account of a survey undertaken to test the possibility of outlining a kimberlite pipe by magnetouietric methods. Kimberlite is a basic igneous rock closely related to melilite-basalt or alnoite, which occurs either in the form of volcanic plugs or as dikes intruded into rocks of various types and geological ages up to and includ¬ing the Lower Cretaceous. The famous diamond mines of South Africa are all in kimberlite pipes and these pipes are probably the original source as well of the vast alluvial deposits found in various parts of the country. The pipe chosen for this experiment is one that ' occurs on the farm Goedgevonden No. 20, about sixteen miles north of the village of Klerksdorp and ninety miles southwest of Johannesburg. Some prospecting has been done on this pipe and diamonds were produced from it but not in paying quantities. The magnetometric survey was made in June, 1932, by R. Krahmann and H. Wallisch and the results are shown on the accompanying plan. On the plan are shown also the boundaries of the pipe as exposed at the surface and details in regard to the surrounding foundations. These are taken from a geological survey made at a later date by W. Beetz, of Johannesburg.

Jan 1, 1935

By ERLE VICTOR DAVELER

ERLE VICTOR DAVELER, who in his application for membership in the Institute in 1909 modestly described himself as "millman," was born at Denver in 1885 and graduated from the University of California in 1907. After a few months' work at gold mills in California he went to Tonopah, where for the next two years he had a varied experience working on pumps, convey- ors, tube-mills and filters. For the following two years he was experimental foreman and metallurgical engineer for the Utah Copper Co. at Garfield. He was sent in 1911 to be assistant superintendent of mills at the Ray. From 1913 to 1917 he was mill superintendent at the striking but unsuccessful experiment in large-scale low-grade gold mining of the Alaska Gold Mines Co.

Jan 1, 1929

By Fred S. Mulock

THE principal operating and producing properties covered by the Western Operations of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company are the U. S. and Lark mine in the Bingham district of Utah, the Bayard department in the Central mining district of New Mexico, the Midvale mill and smelter near Salt Lake City, the lead refinery of its subsidiary, U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc., at East Chicago, Ind., and the coal operations of its subsidiary, United States Fuel Company, at Hiawatha, Utah. Operations of lesser importance at this time are conducted either on company account or by lessees in the Centennial, Bullion Beck, and Eagle and Blue Bell mines in the Tintic district of Utah, the Hidden Treasure and Ophir mines in the Ophir district of Utah, and the White Knob mine in Custer County, Idaho. The Richmond-Eureka Mining Company, in which the Company owns a controlling interest, has leased its properties near Eureka, Nev., to the Eureka Corporation Limited. The Gold-road property at Goldroad, Ariz., has been shut down since 1942, and due to high costs of labor and supplies, consideration is now being given to removal of all surface and underground improvements. The mine and mill im¬provements at the Sunnyside property in Colorado, recently purchased by the Sunbank Corporation, a subsidiary of the Company, are now being dismantled.

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME AIME

A CORPORATION would go into bankruptcy if its affairs were conducted as are those of the state of New York, according to the Committee on New York State Government Reorganization of the American Engineering Council of the Federated American Engineering Societies, in a report to the chairman, of the Joint Judiciary Committees of the Senate and Assembly. The report, just made public, was signed by the three members of the committee who were appointed by Herbert Hoover. They were H. de-B. Parsons, chair- man, Paul G. Brown and Lewis B. Stillwell. Although the American Engineering Council is a national organization, it decided to aid in governmental reorganization in New York State because of the magnitude of the task. The Council's committee in its report urged the passage of three state reorganization amendments for consolidation of departments, an executive budget system, and a four-year term for the higher state officials. In the words of the report :

Jan 1, 1921

By J. F. Butler, H. W. Paxton

The vapor pressures of manganese in equilibrium with several alloys in the iron-manganese-carbon system between 1200° and 1275°K have been measured using the Knudsen effusion technique in conjunction with a vacuum microbalance. The effect of orifice area of the effusion cell upon the measured pressure has been determined. The binary iron-manganese system shows small negative departures from ideality, and the system of mixed carbides, (Fe, Mn)7C3, in equilibrium with graphite behaves ideally. THIS work is a continuation of the investigations in which the Knudsen effusion method has been used to determine thermodynamic activities in systems and at temperatures of interest to metallurgists. In a previous publication,' the free energy of formation of Mn7C3 was determined and some preliminary work on the solution behavior of this carbide with the hypothetical "Fe7C3" was reported. The present work deals with this latter topic and also includes data on the binary ir-on-manganese system. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD The Knudsen effusion method was used to measure the vapor pressure of manganese in both the alloy and carbide sections of this investigation. This dynamic method of vapor pressure measurement presents a problem when studying solid alloy systems in which one of the components has a much larger vapor pressure than the others. Over-all depletion of the alloy in the most volatile component will occur during evaporation so that the pressure of that component will decrease. Even more serious than the over-all concentration change is the surface depletion of volatile component in the alloy brought about by the slow rate of diffusion of this component from the interior to the surface of the solid particle. Since knowledge of this surface composition is necessary in order to relate it to the activity determined through the measurements, changes in surface composition from the analyzed bulk composition are to be avoided in dynamic vapor pressure studies of solid alloys. The system under investigation in this study presents the problem of surface depletion of manganese since its pressure at 1230°K is 105greater than iron and 1020 greater than carbon. Since the existence of a volatile manganese carbide had been ruled out previously,' the high manganese pressure relative to iron and carbon insured that the only species leaving the effusion cell was manganese. Therefore, the effusing species required no analysis so that the manganese pressure was determined directly from the weight loss of the effusion cell. In order to detect small weight losses near the beginning of effusion, a vacuum microbalance was used to weigh the cell continually. These initial weight loss data allowed the rate of manganese effusion to be determined before the surface of the alloy became depleted in manganese. The apparatus used in this investigation is shown in Fig. 1. Temperature was measured using chro-

Jan 1, 1962

By R. E. Hummel, J. W. Koger

IT is generally accepted that the martensitic start temperature (Ms) can be determined by resistivity measurements and is that temperature where the resistivity vs temperature curve on cooling first deviates from a straight line.1-4 Both Titchener and ever' and pops5 have used resistivity measurements to follow the martensitic transformation in b1 Cu-Zn and ternary Cu-Zn-based b-phase alloys, respectively. Actually because of the nature of their measurements the temperature of minimum resistivity (M) was used by these authors to determine "Ms" . Also, due to experimental difficulties in detecting M, with resistivity measurements, Pops and Massalski 8 determined M, by optical microscopy. The present communication is concerned with high-precision, low-temperature resistivity measurements which reveal a definite M, temperature which differs from the temperature of minimum resistivity (M). It is also shown that M is merely the result of the geometry of the percent-transformation curve and the temperature coefficient of resistivity of the alloy. In other words, it will be demonstrated that M has no apparent significance (except that it denotes a temperature at which some percent of martensite can be detected in a given alloy). Alloy specimens were made by melting 99.999 pct Cu and 99.9999 pct Zn in sealed and evacuated quartz tubes and homogenizing them at 601PC for 300 hr. After the alloy was cold-rolled into foils suitable for resistivity measurements, it was quenched in ice water from 871PC. The chemical analysis showed a zinc content of 38.8 wt pct. The cooling rate during the martensite transformation was 1°C per min and was controlled with a thermistor. Electrical resistivity measurements were made using a K-3 type potentiometer; the reproducibility of the resistivity values was better than 0.03 pct. Temperatures were measured with a thermocouple to an accuracy of better than 0.2° C. Fig. 1 shows the resistivity vs temperature curves of the martensitic transformation in B1 Cu-Zn for both cooling and heating. The starting point of the martensitic transformation (M,) was taken as that

Jan 1, 1968