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By John H. Puffer, Andreas H. Vassiliou

The Bemco mine area is within the Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock terrain of the New Jersey Highlands province. Rocks In the area include a pyroxene granite, a hornblende granite, a quartz-oligoclase gneiss and a pegmatite and its host rock, a lens of amphibolite which becomes a sulfide-rich pyroxenite near the ore zone. The ore-bearing zone occurs along the hanging wall and foot-wall contact of the pegmatite which was emplaced discordantly into the amphibolite-pyroxenite.

Jan 1, 1985

By Koichi Kashida, Mayumi Someno, Kazuhiro Goto

The present work has two objectives: first to develop an experimental method which would give some new information on the micromechanism of the reduction of oxides by gases at elevated temperature; second to clari,fy the intermediate phases of the W-0 system, formed during the reduction. A Galvanic cell with the solid electrolyte , ZrO2 . CaO, was imbedded in powders of W03, CuO, or Fe20s with two measuring electvodes and with a reference electrode. The change of the intraparticle gas composition was measured at An oxygen concentration cell consists of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte through which the transference of electrical charge is accomplished predominantly by the migration of oxygen ions. Many works have been reported on the oxygen con- 600" to loo@ C during the reduction by the gas mixture of hydrogen and argon. The intraparticle gas composition changes stepwise with time. The electromotive force of such temporary interruption corresponds to the equilibrium electromotive force of two solid phases formed during the reduction. The intermediate phases of W-0 system, which are formed in a large quantity during the reduction by hydrogen, are W0 2 W02.72 and WOz. The micromechanism of the reduction of oxides by gases is discussed. centration cells with the solid electrolyte of solid solution of zirconia and lime, since Kuikkola and wagnerl demonstrated the possibility of determination of standard free energy of formation of oxides by an electromotive-force method with the Galvanic cell. One of the present authors (K.G.) and his coworkers have applied the cells with the solid electrolyte of zirconia and lime to the following measurements:

Jan 1, 1969

By Ernest Gayford

When the United States Government started buying gold at varying prices per ounce, set by the President and the Treasury Department, the gold miner found himself facing new conditions, as gold became a commodity with a fluctuating market price. While it was self-evident that the miner was to receive more for his gold than the old established price of $20.67 per ounce, there was an element of uncertainty, which made it difficult, and perhaps dangerous, to decide to invest his time and money to produce gold, especially if the profit would represent only the difference between $20.67 an ounce and the new price as set from day to day by the Government. When, however, on Jan. 30, 1934, the United States went off the gold standard, the price of newly mined gold being rather definitely set at $35 per ounce, with some assurance that the price would be maintained at or near this figure for a long time to come, the gold miner was justified in revaluing his property on the basis of the new price, and the prospector was offered inducement to spend his time and energies hunting for new mines, or going back to old locations previously abandoned as of doubtful value. It is interesting to see what this new price means to the producer of newly mined gold, and how much of the increase is passed on to the producer. It will be found that, as with the base metals, the nearer he can get to producing a finished product himself the greater his reward will be; the net returns for bullion being necessarily higher than for the same amount of gold shipped in concentrates to the smelter. Bullion can be shipped to the United States mints or Government assay offices under the following terms and conditions. An affidavit must accompany the shipment, stating, among other things: 1. The source of the gold; whether ore, tailings or placer. 2. The tons of ore, tailings or cubic yards of gravel from which the shipment was recovered.

Jan 1, 1935

W. S. GRESLEY, Erie, Pa.: Mr. Henrich's Fig. 1 and reference thereto remind me of a section of sand, gravel, clay, etc., which I sketched near Hellesylt on Stor Fjord, Norway, some years ago. Vertical Section of Glacial Morainic Material, containing Angular Masses of Banded Sand. Observed June 29, 1887, about 14 English miles south of Hellesylt, at head of Stor Fjord, near Aalesund, Norway. The accompanying figure reproduces my sketch. It was the angular and tilted blocks of sand in this glacial débris, or moraine, that particularly attracted my notice. The sand was moist; and I could only account for the phenomenon of blocks of sand

Jan 1, 1897

By M. J. Pool, R. K. Saxer, J. R. Myers, D. S. Dickson

ThE equilibrium phase diagram of the Mo-Cr system, described by anssen,' indicates that chromium and molybdenum form a continuous series of solid solutions above 1673K. The liquidus and solidus have been reported to have a minimum at about 12 at. pct Mo and 2133°K by Bloom and Grant2 and by Putnam, Potter, and Grant.3 X-ray studies by Trzebiatowski and ploszek4 and Baen and Duwez' revealed no indication of solid solution decomposition after long anneals at 1473", 1273", 923", and 873°K. However, Bloom and rant' by means of cooling and heating curve analysis of alloys containing up to 45 at. pct Mo found thermal effects at temperatures approximately 100" * 30°K below the liquidus. The only previous thermodynamic study of the Cr-Mo alloy system was made by Laffitte and Kuba-schewski6 who used the Knudsen effusion method at 1471°K. These investigators reported the possibility of a miscibility gap because they observed positive deviations from ideality in their chemical activity

Jan 1, 1970

By R. R. Sayers

VENTILATION may be defined as the process by which vitiated air of an inclosed or partly inclosed space is continuously replaced by fresh air. Fresh air has been defined as invigorating pure air. Pure dry air at sea level contains the following gases:1 Analysis of Air at Sea Level PER CENT. Oxygen 20.94 Nitrogen 78.09 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Argon 0.94 Helium, krypton, neon, xenon, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxid, ammonia, ozone traces CARBON DIOXIDE LIMIT For many years carbon dioxide was used as an index of the purity of the air vitiated by the metabolism of people. It was, however, well known that the untoward effects produced on those exposed to such air was not due to the concentration of the carbon dioxide. It has been found that the untoward effects on the comfort and efficiency of those so exposed are due to the increased temperature and humidity. It has been found that men can breathe air containing many times the amount of carbon dioxide found in our worst ventilated theaters and assembly halls, which, according to Rosenau, do not contain above 0.5 per cent. carbon dioxide.

Jan 7, 1926

By Robert L. Greyer, John I. Myung

The Birdwell 3-D Velocity Log displays photographically the amplitude of elastic waves as a function of time and of the depth of the logging tool in a borehole. The elastic waves are generated by a magneto-strictive source transducer and detected by a receiving transducer, which is at a fixed distance from the source. The output of the receiver, which is proportional to the amplitude of the received elastic waves, modulates the light that exposes the film record. The duration of the receiving time can be selected to record the entire wavetrain of late events or to record only early events at a finer time scale. When a full complement of elastic waves (i.e., the refracted compressional wave, composite shear wave, direct fluid wave, and boundary wave) is recorded, their velocities and the density of the borehole fluid provide the information necessary to compute the elastic moduli and density of the rock surrounding the bore-hole. The differences between the values of the moduli determined from measurements of 3-D Velocity Logs and by other better known techniques are small, well within the limits of experimental error, when the velocity log is interpreted by an experienced seismic analyst. INTRODUCTION Quantitative descriptions of the mechanical properties of the rock environment have long been basic requirements of planning, design, and quality control of engineering projects. Because of this need, many techniques for determining the elastic moduli from static and

Jan 1, 1971

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Jan 1, 1942

By Walter G. Perkins

As this particular product holds a place by itself, it seems desirable to give a paper dealing especially with it as a corollary to my paper entitled " The Litharge Process of Assaying Copper-Bearing Ores and Products, and the Method of Calculating Charges."* The process is first to convert the metallic copper into matte by the addition of sulphur, allowing the two elements to combine at the bottom of the crucible when heat is applied. The

Jan 1, 1903

By Charles A. Schffer

Several months ago, some specimens of the minerals occurring at the Etta tin mine, Dakota, were received at the laboratory of the Cornell University. On examining the heavy brownish-black portion, which I presumed was the tin-stone, I was surprised to find only a faint indication of tin. Further investigation showed the mineral to be tantalite. On searching carefully all the fragments received, a considerable quantity of that mineral was found, and only a single streak of cassiterite, which was attached to a mass of spodumene. Another lot of specimens, from the same locality, consisted of

Jan 1, 1885

By C. G. Fink, G. L. Putnam

The dissolution of gold by cyanide solutions was studied by determining the time required for the solvents to dissolve gold leaf. Minute traces, even 0.5 ppm, of sulphide ion retard the dissolution of gold, and this behavior cannot be accounted for by the presently accepted hypotheses involving oxygen-depletion or thiocyanate formation. On the other hand, traces of the salts of lead, bismuth, mercury, and thallium considerably accelerate the dissolution. The beneficial effect of lead is dependent upon the pH and cyanide ion concentration of the solution.

Jan 9, 1950

By Ray W. Amstutz

The shaft was drilled on US government land m the Piceance Creek basin and was funded by the US Bureau of Mines (USBM). It was drilled to 723 m to provide access to rich deposits of oil shale, nahcolite, and dawsonite for geotechnical test work and environmental mining research. Rotary drilling and dual-string, reverse-air, jet-assist circulation methods were used. Drilling required eight months. Site preparation, running, and cementing the casing required another four months. A 2.44-m ID steel welded casing, 508 mm thick was installed and 2.7 kt of cement were slurried and pumped into the annulus.

Jan 1, 1982

By John E. Hagni, Richard D. Hagni

ORE.ID, a microcomputer program, rapidly searches a database of the principal properties for 573 ore minerals. Searches may be performed on any or all of the following properties: mean Vickers hardness, Talmage hardness, mean reflectance, strength of anisotropism, and colors and tints of the mineral and its internal reflections. Data from the International Mineralogical Association - Commission on Ore Microscopy data card file have been used when available. The program displays the number and type of data matches for each mineral found, displays their chemical components, and allows the range to be narrowed or widened for each of the identification properties for repeated searches, if desired. ORE.ID is much more rapid, allows for the use of more identification properties, and involves more ore minerals than any previous identification system.

Jan 1, 1985

By M. Bevis, A. F. Acton, P. C. Rowlands

Defor~nation twinning and transformation twinning modes most likely to be operative in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C martensites have been determined using a new theory of the crystallography of deformation t~inning.~ This analysis shows that potentially important conventional and nonconventional twinning modes1 have been omitted in previous analyses. Discussion is given on the relevance of the predicted twinning modes to the lattice invariant shear associated with the martensite transformation in steels and to anomalous deformation twinning in Fe-Ni-C martensites. THE two most important criteria which appear to govern operative twinning modes in metallic structures1 are that the magnitude of the twinning shear should be small and that the twinning shear should restore the lattice or a multiple lattice in a twin orientation. The latter criterion ensures that the shuffle mechanism required to restore the structure in a twin orientation is simple. These criteria have been adhered to in the prediction of twinning modes2"6 in bcc and bct single-lattice structures with axial ratios in the range y = 1 to 1.09 as, for example, encountered in martensite occurring in steels. Refs. 2 and 3 in particular consider the martensite transformation in steels and the twinning modes in these cases relate to transformation twinning, and hence the lattice invariant shear associated with the martensite transformation. The list of twinning modes which can be compiled from these sources is incomplete and the ranges of magnitude of shear considered could be unrealistically small, particularly in the case of deformation twinning. The latter consideration is supported by the fact that twinning modes with magnitudes of shear large compared with the smallest shear consistent with a simple shuffle mechanism have been established in, for example, the single-lattice structure mercury7 and the multiple-lattice structure zirconium.&apos; In addition the anomalous deformation twins reported by Ftichrnan4 to occur in a range of Fe-Ni-C martensites still remain unexplained. It is clear that a comprehensive analysis of twinning modes likely to be operative in martensite In steels is required. The results of the application of a new theory of the crystallography of deformation twinningg to these structures are presented in this paper. The theory has been used to determine all shears which restore the lattice or a multiple lattice in a new orientation with magnitude of shear up to a required maximum. The orientation relationships between parent and twinned lattices are not restricted to the classical orientation relationships of reflection in the twin plane or a rotation of 180 deg about the shear direction. PREDICTED TWINNING MODES Twinning modes which restore all or one half of lattice points to their correct twin positions will be referred to as m = 1 and m = 2 modes, respectively. These modes are the most likely to describe operative modes in single lattice structures. The bcc m = 1 and m = 2 modes which have magnitudes of shear s in the range s < 2 and s < 1, respectively, have been given10 and are reproduced here in Tables I and 11. Detailed discussion of the crystallography of these modes and cubic modes in general will be discussed elsewhere (~evis and rocker, to be published). The four twinning elements Kl, &,ql,7)2 as well as the magnitude of shear s are given for each twinning mode, and the twinning modes are given in order of increasing shear. Two twinning modes are given in each row of the tables, the twinning mode Kl, Kz, ql, q2 and the reciprocal twinning mode with elements Kl = K,, Ki = Kl, q: = q2, and 17; = ql. The m = 1 and m = 2 twinning modes which describe twinning shears with small magnitudes of shear and simple shuffle mechanisms in bct crystals with -y = 1 to 1.09 are given in Tables I11 and IV, respectively. On increasing the symmetry of the tetragonal lattice to cubic, that is making y = 1, all modes listed in Tables 111 and IV must reduce to crystallographically equivalent variants of the modes given in Tables I and 11, respectively, or become twinning modes with both shear planes as symmetry planes in the cubic lattice and hence not considered in Tables I and 11. With the exception of this last type of mode only those tetragonal twinning modes which reduce to modes 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, and 2.2 of Tables I and I1 are considered in Tables 111 and IV. For values of y in the range -y = 1 to 1.09 the tetragonal modes and the corresponding cubic twinning modes have approximately the same magnitude of shear. The twinning modes listed in Tables 111 and IV are therefore by the criteria given above the most

Jan 1, 1969

By Joseph Fry, Ralph H. Espach

In the spring of 1943, when it was evident that the Tensleep bandstone in the Elk Basin Field, Wyoming and Montana, held a large reserve of petroleum, Bureau of Mines engineers obtained samples of oil from the bottom of nine wells and analyzed them for such physical characteristics as the volumes. of gas in solution. saturation pressures or bubble points, shrinkage in volume caused by the release of gas from solution, expansion of the oil with decrease in pressure, and other related properties. The composition of the gas in solution in the oil was studied. The pressures and temperatures existing in the reservoir and the productivity characteristics of the oil wells were determined. The data obtained indicate that the oil in the Tensleep Reservoir of the Elk Basin Field has unusually varying physiral characteristics, such as a saturation pressure of 1,250 psia and 490 cu ft of gas in solultion in a barrel of oil at the crest of the structure and a saturation pressure of 530 psia and 134 cu ft of gas in solution in a barrel of oil low on the flanks. The hydrogen sulfide content of the gas in solution in the oil varies from 18 per cent for oil on the crest to 5 per cent for oil low on the flanks of the structure. Of even greater significance is the fact that these and other variable characteristics of the reservoir oil are related to the position of the oil in the structure. Many geologists and petroleum engineers have considered that all the oil in a petroleum reservoir has rather uniform physical characteristics and that equilibrium conditions prevailed in all underground accumulations of oil and gas; that such is not always so is borne out by the results of the study by the writers. INTRODUCTION The Rocky Mountain region is one in which may be found striking examples of the unusual in oil and gas accumulations, as is evident from the following: The high helium content (7.6 per cent) of the gas in the Ouray-Leadville limestone sequence in the Rattlesnake Field, New Mexico, and gases of similar helium content in other fields; 50" to 55&apos; API gravity distillate in solution in carbon dioxide gas and recoverable through retrograde condensation, in the North McCallum Field, Colorado; the occurrence of gas, oil, or both in closely related structures contrary to the usual concepts of gravimetric segregation: the accumulation of gas and/or oil in structures closely related to other structures that apparently are more favorable but do not contain oil or gas accumulations; the high hydrogen sulfide content (as high as 42 per cent) of the gas associated with oil in some fields in the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming; and the wide range of fluid chararteristics found in the Elk Basin reservoir. Elk Basin, an interesting old oil field that has been producing oil from the Frontier formation since 1915, is situated in a highly eroded basin resulting from the erosion of the crest of an anticline and some of the underlying softer shales. The field came back into national prominence during 1943 when it became known that it was the largest single reserve of new oil discovered in the United States that year. The Tensleep sandstone was found to contain oil in November. 1942, when a well drilled to a depth of 4,538 ft (44 ft into the Tensleep sandstone) flowed oil at the rate of 2,500 B/D. By the end of 1949, 137 oil-producing wells and five dry holes had been drilled, and approximately 32 million bbl of oil had been produced. Approximately 6,000 acres may be considered productive of oil in the Tensleep Reservoir, and estimates of the oil that will be produced average 200 million bbl. The Tensleep Reservoir has further interest because it ha-greater closure than any oil field in the Rocky Mountain region; the closure of the Elk Basin anticline is variously estimated at 5.000 to 10,000 ft. of which the top 2.00 ft of the structure contained oil. SUBSURFACE OIL SAMPLING Fig. 1 is a structural map of the Elk Basin Tensleep Reservoir, on which the nine wells used in this study and the numbers correvponding to the well designations hereafter referred to are shown. Wells 1. 2, 3, 4, and 8 were tested and sampled during October and November. 1943. and Wells 5, 6. 7, and 9 during June and July, 1944. An electromagnetic type sampler developed by the Bureau of Mines and described by Grandone and Cook&apos; was used in obtaining the subsurface oil samples. As the wells were tubed nearly to bottom, the sampler was run as far as possible in the tubing hut never below the top perforations. The following procedure was used in testing and sampling the wells: A well was shut in for at least three days, after

Jan 1, 1951

By Joseph Fry, Ralph H. Espach

In the spring of 1943, when it was evident that the Tensleep bandstone in the Elk Basin Field, Wyoming and Montana, held a large reserve of petroleum, Bureau of Mines engineers obtained samples of oil from the bottom of nine wells and analyzed them for such physical characteristics as the volumes. of gas in solution. saturation pressures or bubble points, shrinkage in volume caused by the release of gas from solution, expansion of the oil with decrease in pressure, and other related properties. The composition of the gas in solution in the oil was studied. The pressures and temperatures existing in the reservoir and the productivity characteristics of the oil wells were determined. The data obtained indicate that the oil in the Tensleep Reservoir of the Elk Basin Field has unusually varying physiral characteristics, such as a saturation pressure of 1,250 psia and 490 cu ft of gas in solultion in a barrel of oil at the crest of the structure and a saturation pressure of 530 psia and 134 cu ft of gas in solution in a barrel of oil low on the flanks. The hydrogen sulfide content of the gas in solution in the oil varies from 18 per cent for oil on the crest to 5 per cent for oil low on the flanks of the structure. Of even greater significance is the fact that these and other variable characteristics of the reservoir oil are related to the position of the oil in the structure. Many geologists and petroleum engineers have considered that all the oil in a petroleum reservoir has rather uniform physical characteristics and that equilibrium conditions prevailed in all underground accumulations of oil and gas; that such is not always so is borne out by the results of the study by the writers. INTRODUCTION The Rocky Mountain region is one in which may be found striking examples of the unusual in oil and gas accumulations, as is evident from the following: The high helium content (7.6 per cent) of the gas in the Ouray-Leadville limestone sequence in the Rattlesnake Field, New Mexico, and gases of similar helium content in other fields; 50" to 55&apos; API gravity distillate in solution in carbon dioxide gas and recoverable through retrograde condensation, in the North McCallum Field, Colorado; the occurrence of gas, oil, or both in closely related structures contrary to the usual concepts of gravimetric segregation: the accumulation of gas and/or oil in structures closely related to other structures that apparently are more favorable but do not contain oil or gas accumulations; the high hydrogen sulfide content (as high as 42 per cent) of the gas associated with oil in some fields in the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming; and the wide range of fluid chararteristics found in the Elk Basin reservoir. Elk Basin, an interesting old oil field that has been producing oil from the Frontier formation since 1915, is situated in a highly eroded basin resulting from the erosion of the crest of an anticline and some of the underlying softer shales. The field came back into national prominence during 1943 when it became known that it was the largest single reserve of new oil discovered in the United States that year. The Tensleep sandstone was found to contain oil in November. 1942, when a well drilled to a depth of 4,538 ft (44 ft into the Tensleep sandstone) flowed oil at the rate of 2,500 B/D. By the end of 1949, 137 oil-producing wells and five dry holes had been drilled, and approximately 32 million bbl of oil had been produced. Approximately 6,000 acres may be considered productive of oil in the Tensleep Reservoir, and estimates of the oil that will be produced average 200 million bbl. The Tensleep Reservoir has further interest because it ha-greater closure than any oil field in the Rocky Mountain region; the closure of the Elk Basin anticline is variously estimated at 5.000 to 10,000 ft. of which the top 2.00 ft of the structure contained oil. SUBSURFACE OIL SAMPLING Fig. 1 is a structural map of the Elk Basin Tensleep Reservoir, on which the nine wells used in this study and the numbers correvponding to the well designations hereafter referred to are shown. Wells 1. 2, 3, 4, and 8 were tested and sampled during October and November. 1943. and Wells 5, 6. 7, and 9 during June and July, 1944. An electromagnetic type sampler developed by the Bureau of Mines and described by Grandone and Cook&apos; was used in obtaining the subsurface oil samples. As the wells were tubed nearly to bottom, the sampler was run as far as possible in the tubing hut never below the top perforations. The following procedure was used in testing and sampling the wells: A well was shut in for at least three days, after

Jan 1, 1951

By J. K. Abraham

In recent years there has been interest displayed in the precipitation phenomena occurring in austenitic alloys based on the binary Fe-Ni system.1&apos;2 Previous communications have been extended covering the kinetics of clustering in the Fe-Ni-Ti system and the effect of cluster size on subsequent mechanical properties.3&apos;4 To a great extent the question of coherency, which has a dominant role in determining the mechanical properties, is dictated by the degree of misfit between the precipitate and matrix. Thus, the change in lattice parameter of the matrix with composition is an important variable that should be examined. The lattice parameter, ao, of austenite was determined for Fe-29.75 Ni-1 to 6 Ti and Fe-27 Ni-1 to 10 Ti alloys in this study. The alloys used in this investigation were melted in a vacuum induction furnace from a starting stock of plast iron (99.95), electrolytic nickel (99.9), and ti- tanium sheet (99.5) in a MgO crucible. The alloy compositions in atomic percent are given in Table I and their relative position in the Fe-Ni-Ti ternary is indicated in Fig. 1. The chemical analyses were taken from the homogenized bulk materials treated in a manner related earlier.3 A diamond file was used to obtain powder from the bulk. To remove the stresses induced by filing, the powders were austenitized at 1875°F for

Jan 1, 1969

By L. L. Gray, D. W. Reed, F. Morgan

A flowMeter has been developed at Gulf Research and Development Co. and tested in the field for measuring the flow of gas in well bores. It has been used in a study of the injection capacity of different horizons in gas injection wells in Oklahoma. The flow sensitive element of the meter is a semi-conductor having a very high temperature coefficient of resistance. Advantages possessed by this meter are the result of that property and the high specific resistance of the element. The instrument possesses a sensitivity considerably higher than any reported previously. In the application described here the element is heated to a temperature considerably above ambient by an electric current, which is supplied by a voltage source at the surface. When fluid flows through the meter the rate of dissipation of heat is increased and the temperature of the element decreases. Because of the negative temperature characteristics of the resistance element such a decrease of temperature will be accompanied by an increase of resistance which, under flow conditions ordinarily found in wells, is of such a magnitude that it can be directly measured or recorded in terms of a change in voltage at the surface. In practice, rate of flow is measured in terms of the drop in voltage in the resistance element. All the metering and control apparatus remains at the surface while the thermal element is lowered into the well on a single conductor cable, consisting of an insulated wire and sheath. The meter is calibrated by passing known quantities of gas through it either at the surface or in the hole at a point immediately above the region in which gas is lost to the formation. In case calibration is made at the surface, the ambient temperature in the hole may readily be obtained by a second resistance element which is operated at a current so low that effectively no heating occurs. The instrument has been adapted to con-tinuous recording, but the velocity of the meter relative to that of the gas must be low unless corrections are made. Curves giving data obtained in actual field tests are shown&apos; The meter can also be used to determine the distribution of flow capacity in a gas producing well. A differential form of the meter has been designed and built in which the local flow or injection capacity of the formation is obtained directly. Introduction When fluid is injected into a well in a secondary recovery or pressure-maintenance operation the question of its most effective use invariably arises. Although the core log, when available, will show the regions of good permeability and oil saturation, there is normally no assurance that the fluid actually enters the formation in zones where injection is deemed desirable. In view of the uncertainties involved in such programs, it is generally conceded that measurements of permeability for a formation in place are more significant than those obtained by the core-sampling technique. A subsurface meter has been developed at the Gulf Research and Development Co. for measuring flow of fluids at different horizons in a well bore, and field tests have been made on the instrument in Cooperation with the Tulsa Division of the Gulf Oil Corp. In this paper the meter is de-

Jan 1, 1948

By F. Morgan, L. L. Gray, D. W. Reed

A flowMeter has been developed at Gulf Research and Development Co. and tested in the field for measuring the flow of gas in well bores. It has been used in a study of the injection capacity of different horizons in gas injection wells in Oklahoma. The flow sensitive element of the meter is a semi-conductor having a very high temperature coefficient of resistance. Advantages possessed by this meter are the result of that property and the high specific resistance of the element. The instrument possesses a sensitivity considerably higher than any reported previously. In the application described here the element is heated to a temperature considerably above ambient by an electric current, which is supplied by a voltage source at the surface. When fluid flows through the meter the rate of dissipation of heat is increased and the temperature of the element decreases. Because of the negative temperature characteristics of the resistance element such a decrease of temperature will be accompanied by an increase of resistance which, under flow conditions ordinarily found in wells, is of such a magnitude that it can be directly measured or recorded in terms of a change in voltage at the surface. In practice, rate of flow is measured in terms of the drop in voltage in the resistance element. All the metering and control apparatus remains at the surface while the thermal element is lowered into the well on a single conductor cable, consisting of an insulated wire and sheath. The meter is calibrated by passing known quantities of gas through it either at the surface or in the hole at a point immediately above the region in which gas is lost to the formation. In case calibration is made at the surface, the ambient temperature in the hole may readily be obtained by a second resistance element which is operated at a current so low that effectively no heating occurs. The instrument has been adapted to con-tinuous recording, but the velocity of the meter relative to that of the gas must be low unless corrections are made. Curves giving data obtained in actual field tests are shown&apos; The meter can also be used to determine the distribution of flow capacity in a gas producing well. A differential form of the meter has been designed and built in which the local flow or injection capacity of the formation is obtained directly. Introduction When fluid is injected into a well in a secondary recovery or pressure-maintenance operation the question of its most effective use invariably arises. Although the core log, when available, will show the regions of good permeability and oil saturation, there is normally no assurance that the fluid actually enters the formation in zones where injection is deemed desirable. In view of the uncertainties involved in such programs, it is generally conceded that measurements of permeability for a formation in place are more significant than those obtained by the core-sampling technique. A subsurface meter has been developed at the Gulf Research and Development Co. for measuring flow of fluids at different horizons in a well bore, and field tests have been made on the instrument in Cooperation with the Tulsa Division of the Gulf Oil Corp. In this paper the meter is de-

Jan 1, 1948

By T. Busch, R. A. Dodd

The solubility of hydrogen in pure iron and pure nickel, and of nitrogen in pure iron, has been determined and agrees well with earlier data. Nitrogen is insoluble in pure nickel and cobalt. The solubility of nitrogen in Fe-Ni alloys also confirms earlier- work. The solubility of hydrogen in Fe-Ni alloys increases non-linearly with increase in nickel content, but the solubility of hydrogen in Ni-Co and Fe-Co alloys reaches a minimum at 75 and 50 at. pet, respectively. The solubility of nitrogen in Fe-Co alloys decreases approximately linearly with increase in. cobalt content. Nitrogen is insoluble in Ni-Co alloys. Determined interaction parameters are in good agreement with predictions of Gokcen and Ohlani. THE solubility of hydrogen and nitrogen in liquid iron and iron alloys has been studied by various investigators.&apos;-l&apos; The method of solubility measuremerit due to Sievertsl is usually preferred when the vapor pressures of the liquid components are sufficiently small, but other techniques such as sampling the equilibrated melt and then analyzing by vacuum fusion have been used quite often. Previously reported data on the solubility of hydrogen and nitrogen in ostensibly pure liquid iron are summarized in Table I; certain of the quoted results were obtained by interpolation of the published data. Agreement between the various investigators is only fair, indicative of the experimental difficulties involved in obtaining gas solubility data. The only report found on the solubility of hydrogen in pure nickel is that of Sieverts.2 The solubility of nitrogen in iron-nickel alloys has received some attention, 10, 11 the results indicating that the solubility decreases with increase in nickel content, becoming zero for pure nickel. There is no published information on the solubility of these gases in either pure cobalt or alloys containing cobalt EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Sieverts&apos; method of solubility measurement was used throughout the investigation. The construction of the melting chamber is somewhat different from A. Optical pyrometer F. Alundum cover B. Vycor chamber G. Alumina crucible C. Furnace coils H. Alundum sand D. Glass water jacket I . Alundum thimble E. Chamber support J . Detachable vycor base sealed with de Khotinsky cement

Jan 1, 1961