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E. A. Peretti (University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.)—Mr. Deitz and Professor Halpern are to be congratulated on a fine piece of work which adds to our knowledge of precious metal—cyanide-solution reactions. I should like to offer the following comments: The authors state, "the rate plots were always linear, indicating a zero order reaction rate." This appears to conflict with the data of Fig. 6 which clearly show the rate to vary with the NaCN concentration. It seems to me that the rate curves are linear because of the experimental setup. The volume of solution is so large that over a three-hour period the change in NaCN concentration is very small. A rough calculation for the experiments of Table I where the initial NaCN strength was 0.0096 mol per liter show a change of NaCN concentration of about 0.0009 mol per liter at the end of three hours. In short, over the period of time that the experiment was in progress, the NaCN strength was practically constant; hence the rate of dissolution remained practically constant. Eq. 10, as written, specifies that 1 mol of H202 and 2 mol of hydroxyl ion are formed when 2 mol of silver react. Is this true? The effect of H,O2 on the rate was made in solutions having an oxygen pressure of 4.8 atm. Were any tests made in solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, but no oxygen? G. M. Willis (University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia)—The authors have shown that, under their experimental conditions of high O2 concentrations, the rate of solution of silver in aqueous cyanide solutions is controlled by diffusion of O2 or CN- to the metal surface. With diffusion control, it is generally not possible to obtain further information about the mechanism of a process.

Jan 1, 1955

By R. R. Seeber

In the copper-mining district of northern Michigan a fair-sized mine usually operates two or more shafts along the strike of the lode, these shafts being usually at least 1,000 ft. apart. The tonnage to be hoisted from each shaft is large—from 13,000 to 25,000 tons per month. The hoisting-engines used are generally steam-driven, non-condensing, duplex engines with Corliss valves, supplied by steam from separate boiler-plants where the distance between shafts is great. In an attempt to centralize power-plants and secure central-station economies, the Winona Copper Co. installed an electric hoist of the Ilgner type, with Ward Leonard control. A brief description of this plant has already been published.' The only point of variation from the simple Ilgner set lies in the connection of two generators to a single induction-motor by flexible couplings. These generators serve motors which operate hoisting ing-drums at separate shafts, viz., No. 4 shaft, Winona, and No. 1 shaft, King Philip. The hoist for No. 4 shaft is about 1,700 ft. from the power-plant, arid in this building the motor-generator set is placed. No. 1 King Philip hoist is 1,500 ft. from the motor-generator set. The equipment of the motor-geaerator set is as follows: In the middle of the set is a 12-pole, 450-h-p., 600-rev. per min., 2,080-volt, three-phase, 60-cycle, variable-speed induction-motor, connected on each side to a 20-ton fly-wheel which is 10 ft. in diameter, and to a 6-pole, 170-km, 575-volt, interpole, direct-current generator. On each side of the shaft is placed a separate exciter, which delivers current at 125 volts. The lubrication of the four main bearings that support the fly-wheels

Jan 1, 1911

The Delegation of American Engineers constituted by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, that visited France in December, 1918, in acceptance of the invitation extended by the Congrés General du Genie Civil consisted of the following: Representing the American Society of Civil Engineers, Major James F. Case, past president, Geo. F. Swain, vice-president, Nelson P. Lewis, treasurer, Geo. W. Tillson, past director, Geo. W. Fuller, director, A. M. Hunt. Representing the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, president, Chas. T. Main. Representing the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, past president, L. B. Stillwell. Representing the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers past-president, E. C. Spilsbury. The delegation organized on the way over by the choice of Major James F. Case as chairman, and Geo F. Swain as secretary. On arriving at Bordeaux, the Delegation was met by Mr. S. D. Brown, associate member of the American Society of Civil Engineers; and on its arrival in Paris it was joined permanently by the following attaches: Captain P. Charton, of the French Engineers, Delegate of the Commissariat-General to accompany the Delegation and serve as liaison officer; Captain Carpenter of the American Army; and Mr. Geo. Herdt, representing the Society of Civil Engineers of France. The object of the visit was to discuss with the French engineers the large engineering, problems now facing France. Engineering problems in their restricted technical sense came up for discussion practically not at all, for the French do not need advice nor assistance along strictly scientific lines. It was in the -larger and economic aspects of engineering, to aid in building up the industries and commerce of France, that our French associates desired to learn from the experience of the American Delegation.

Jan 9, 1919

By Arthur Redfield

IN ESTIMATING the unmined petroleum reserves of Central America, it is not feasible to employ the methods that have been worked out in the oil fields of the United States. No producing wells have been brought in and no drilling sections have been made public. It is accordingly necessary to fall back on a crude "barrels per square mile" estimate. The method chosen is a comparison of the structure of the foreign field of unknown reserves with that of some supposedly analogous North American field of which the reserves have been estimated. This method makes no pretense at scientific accuracy; bit furnishes a working basis for an estimate. The areal geology of Central America is illustrated in the map prepared by Sapper and more recently in the geologic map of North America accompanying U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 71, "Index to the stratigraphy of North America." Disregarding for the present the Arrow Quaternary coastal plains and alluvial deposits of the river valleys, three chief zones may be distinguished. These are: A zone of late eruptive and effusive rocks; a zone of highly folded pre-Cambrian(?) or early Paleozoic crystalline schists and slates, considerably intruded by pre-Tertiary plutonic rocks; and a zone of more or less folded sediments, chiefly of Cretaceous or Tertiary age. The zone of late eruptive and effusive rocks of Central America begins in southeastern Chiapas, Mexico,. and extends, with increasing breadth, across southern Guatemala, across practically the whole of El Salvador, and across southern Honduras to the valley of Rio Goascorán, where the igneous zone attains a width of about 100 mi. (160 km:) East of the Goascorán Valley late eruptives and effusives play a subordinate part, being confined largely to the Departments of Valle and Choluteca. Dikes and sills of igneous rocks intrude the sedimentary formations of central and northern Honduras.

Jan 7, 1922

By Bauer. Larry G.

The vast coal reserves in the Wyoming, Montana, North and South Dakota region are sufficient to supply the total energy needs of the United States for several hundred years. Not only is there an abundance of this sub-bituminous and lignite coal available, but it is easily obtainable by strip-mining . The overburden varies from several feet to several hundred feet. This western coal has yet another asset, namely, a low sulfur content. Whereas eastern and midwestern coal has a sulfur content of 2.5%, the upper Great Plains coal contains sulfur in the 0.5% range. The importance of the sulfur content of the coal is a direct result of federal government emission standards for sulfur dioxide (SO2). Hand (1) points out that "sub-bituminous coals and lignites have a propensity for retaining this sulfur in the ash under certain conditions which is not evident in higher rank coals." This would tend to reduce further the SO2 concentration in the combustion gases of boilers. Western coal is no panacea, however, in that it is far removed from most population and industrial centers. Furthermore, the moisture content of the coal varies from 20 to 40%. This moisture is almost exclusively inherent, that is, it is chemically and physically bound to the organic matter of the coal. It is believed that the water forms a part of the coal structure perhaps as water of hydration of organic salts or organic acids, perhaps by hydrogen bonding, or perhaps by simple adsorption (2). The primary market for this coal is the electric power industry. Lesser markets will be as coke for the steel industry and possible as a raw material for coal gasification and coal liquefaction plants.

Jan 1, 1983

By Gherman Pavlovich Nikonov

Results of preliminary research on the use of small diameter water jets at high pressure for cutting rocks has demonstrated the possibility of effective cutting of anthracite. Detailed research has, therefore, been conducted at the Skotchinsky Institute of Mining to study the dynamics and structure of the small water jets and the mechanism by which they cut coal. One of the objects of this research was to obtain data for the design of a machine for cutting rock, based on the same principles as that for cutting coal. The productivity of water jet mining machines depends on the hydro- dynamic parameters of the jet. Therefore, the research on small diameter water jets was directed, initially to a study of the nature of the variation of these parameters, and to obtain a profile of dynamic pressure distribution over the section of the jet. As has been confirmed previously, the required jet pressure (to cut coal) lies in the range of 100 to 500 atmospheres. These pressures were utilized for the research. The diameter of the nozzle was changed as ~follows; 0.97; 1.24; 1.5; 2.17; 2.87; and 3.57 mm. Graphs showing dynamic pressures for each nozzle diameter and varied axial dynamic pressure were obtained over distances ranging from 2 to 70 cm from the nozzle. One of the most important hydrodynamic parameters of a jet, closely related to the dynamics of jet disturbance in air, is the magnitude of the axial dynhmic pressure. A study of the variation in this pressure with increasing distance from the nozzle led to the separation of the jet into three specific parts, which differ from each other not only in the nature of the change in dynamic pressure, but also in structural properties.

Jan 1, 1971

By S. J. Aresco, A. A. Orning

This paper presents a scheme for determination of precision for the various steps in coal sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. It also gives resulting data on 100 American coals from various coal fields covering all ranks from lignite to low-volatile bituminous. The variances of the various steps of the process are studied as a function of the coal preparation, the top size of coal as sampled, and the ash content. To understand the variables that control the overall precision of coal sampling, sample reduction and analysis, there is need for measurement of the variances due to successive steps of the process. The purpose of the present paper is to study these variances as a function of the coal preparation, the top size of the coal as sampled, and the ash content. The sampling data included are from 100 individual preparation plants from various coal fields in the United States and cover all ranks of coal from lignite to low-volatile bituminous; various types of preparation; deep, strip and auger mines; and, in many instances, mixtures from two or more coal beds or types of mines. The collection of data is continuing, but sufficient work has been done to draw some important conclusions. Since the work was done in conjunction with the Bureau of Mines sampling of coal, the time that could be spent at any one preparation plant was limited. This, in turn, limited the number of samples that could be taken for each coal. For this reason, the results from various plants were pooled in blocks. Two major blocking categories were "raw" and "washed!' The raw coals had no preparation other than crushing and/or screening. The washed coals were prepared further by some combination of wet or dry mechanical cleaning. The categories were further divided ac-

Jan 1, 1965

By M. B. Yung

Location THE Fu Chuan district lies near the eastern boundary of Kwang Si province in southern China and is connected with the coast by the West river and its branches. The Journey The first part of the journey from the coast is made very comfortably in one of the West river steamers which runs to Wuchow, the great distributing center for tile whole province. From here there are two ways of reaching the Fu Chuan district. One is to drop clown the West river for 15 miles and ascend the Yuen river for 120 miles. The other is to ascend the Fu river, which joins the West river at Wuchow, and at Ping Lok tike chairs across country. Of the two the former is the more direct and shorter but for other reasons I chose the latter. At Wuchow one must provide his own means of transportation, which may be a native boat anywhere up to 40 ft. in length, but not over 18-in. draft. The method of working these river boats against the swift current which in many places develops into rapids is interesting and worthy of note. Tracking along the bank with the tow line attached to the mast head is the most common procedure, but poling, sculling, sailing and winding up the rapids by a windlass are used as the case may require. The boatmen are the hardiest set of fellows I have ever seen often putting in 15 hr. of the most exhausting labor. The average clay's run against the current is 15 miles. On this trip one should have his own food, bedding and servants, and a guard of 10, or more soldiers is almost a necessity as certain parts of the river are infested with pirates.

Jan 9, 1914

By MCA Woolsey

(Butte. Meeting, August, 1913.). IN metallurgical circles it is known widely, but somewhat vaguely, that the ease of: reduction of metallic oxides depends largely on the way they have been prepared. It is likewise known that different forms of carbon have different and greatly varying reducing powers. It is the purpose of this paper to show somewhat more definitely and scientifically these facts. Some years ago the writer published an account of pyrometric determinations of the reduction- temperature of zinc oxides variously prepared and of several kinds.1 In said paper it was shown that the temperature it which zinc oxide evolves zinc according to the equation Zn0. +' C = Zn + CO depends upon the ;nature of:., the.' two reacting bodies. The determinations bad a range of accuracy of from 2° to. 6° C.,whereas differences were found to. amount to an extreme. of 90° C. :.86 the differences are real ones and must have, definite cause. The equation of boiling water, (H20)4 = 4 (H2O) has a fixed temperature for equilibrium of 100° C. at 760 mm. pressure. , In general, all equations. reacting e in .the liquid or the gaseous phase have-well-defined constant physical conditions which govern the equilibrium point and reaction velocities. In a reaction where we have one or more solid phases, the temperature conditions requisite for the unbalancing of the stable system are found to vary. These variations are due to the fact that in a solid there is a very complex molecule and it is not, a question solely of the tearing away of two interlocked atoms, but also of the destruction of a complex molecule containing hundreds, or possibly thousands, of smaller molecules.

Jan 7, 1913

By S. R. Maloof

In 1945, Hollomon' showed that after plastic yielding and prior to necking under simple tension, both ferrous and nonferrous materials are approximated by an equation of the following form: where, a = true stress K = strength coefficient 5 = true strain n = strain hardening exponent If a material is stress free, a plot of log o vs log 6 would be expected to be a straight line, the slope of which is the strain-hardening exponent (n) and the intercept on the ordinate axis for 6 = 1. is the logarithm of the strength coefficient K. It can be easily shown that the strain-hardening exponent in the above equation is equal to the total uniform elongation prior to necking. Thus, one can determine the total uniform elongation prior to necking from such a plot and, as pointed out by C. W. MacGregor, 2 it is the amount of strain prior to necking which determines the extent to which a material may be deep drawn. In the view of the current interest in the fabrication of beryllium shapes, it was thought that a knowledge of the strain-hardening exponent of cross-rolled beryllium sheet would be of general interest. Load-strain data after yielding and prior to necking was taken from the work of Greenspan,3 converted to true stress and true-plastic strain, and plotted on log-log paper as shown in Fig. 1. The value of Young's modulus E for beryllium was taken as 43 . l06 psi. The slope of this plot gave a value of 0.212 for the strain-hardening exponent (n) and the intercept on the ordinate axis a value of 105,000 for K. The total uniform elongation is thus 21.2 pct, in excellent agreement with the value estimated by Greenspan (about 20 pct). Furthermore,

Jan 1, 1960

By Francis Peabody

THIS paper will not be a technical paper, because, although I have been in. the business of mining and selling coal for 30 odd years, I am neither a mining engineer nor a practical miner. If I digress from time to time from my thesis, I must be forgiven by the expert engineers and highly technical gentlemen for whose proceedings this article is written. Waste of the wonderful store of power that the Creator placed at our disposal appears to have been the theory and the basis of our methods of extracting this power-waste from the time the coal is mined to the time it is consumed. Let us consider the prime causes of this wastage which has been the heritage of the coal mining industry. In the early days-about 150 years after "Stone Cole" was discovered in Illinois by Joliet and Marquette, and Father Hennepin noted a, "sole" mine on his map-the mode of mining prevalent among farmer land-owners, on whose property coal was discovered near the surface or outcropping on the hillsides, was to enter the seam by a shallow shaft or drift into the hillside and remove the coal by wedging it down until a large room was left. The roof without support would fall and our primitive coal operator would then sink another shaft or drive another drift. In these early operations only the large lumps were taken and all small pieces and screenings were left to be covered by the fall of the roof-in fact this condition prevailed in Illinois up to about 1885. Gradually the method of mining changed from the open chamber, to a single entry with rooms turned to the right and left. Later, as the demand for coal increased and the necessity for larger mines became evident, the "room and pillar" system grew to be regular practice.

Jan 5, 1917

By W. W. Colpitts

To me, as to many other students of railroad needs, the necessity for reducing the dead weight in railroad rolling stock, both passenger and freight, has been apparent for, many years. The problem of weight reduction of passenger cars is so entirely different from that of freight cars, is so much more to the fore at the present moment and would seem to be so much nearer solution, that I shall confine myself in these remarks to the former. On the surface of things there would appear to be no close association of thought between the decline in traffic on the railroads, which is largely responsible for their present deplorable financial condition, and new metal alloys. It sounds like a trick riddle a school boy might propound to his parents. But that there is a relationship between the two, and one that bids fair to be of great mutual benefit to the railroads and the makers of .high-strength metal alloys, I hope I shall be able to show before I have finished. To make the situation understandable to those who are not entirely familiar with the problems of railroad management, and, who feel that the railroads have not moved as rapidly as they should in the direction of greater use of newer materials and newer appliances, I shall have to review briefly the course of recent railroad history. If in this part of my talk I seem to the professional man to be a little off key I feel sure my remarks will be fully appreciated by the business man who cannot understand why he is not making better headway in selling things to the railroads. To do this I shall have to go back to war times for a moment.

Jan 1, 1936

By Donald R. Williamson

Ore estimation at Cyprus Pima mine begins with estimating average copper grades for mine model blocks. Accuracy of the estimates has been checked four times in the last several years by comparing the estimates with arithmetic averages of corresponding blasthole (BH) assays. The data file now contains 3.567 estimated blockgrades and more than 10,000 blasthole assays. These data were compared by straight-line regression analysis at appropriate intervals as the body of data grew. Arithmetic averages of the estimates differed each time from arithmetic averages of the BH averages by nearly the same amount. More significantly, regression curves of the new total sets of data did not change position appreciably showing that copper grade estimates of blocks in all grade ranges from the lowest to the highest grade ores remained in error by nearly the same amount. Other studies revealed that core hole assays of the dominant ore type are biased and that that bias almost equals the error in estimation. Discovery of constancy in error indicated that regression analysis could be a means for correcting estimates of average block copper grades. A correction for estimated block grades was developed. It required determining which regression is appropriate for the particular problem, and a mechanism that is demonstrably sound. This paper describes the problem and the solution: No comparable study has been, found in the literature. Two other applications of regression analysis to metal grade comparisons are presented. Each adds a bit of support to a generalization which was suggested by correction of average block copper grades, namely, when performance of an estimate is to be evaluated, the variable taken to be the yardstick for the performance should be regressed on the estimate.

Jan 1, 1980

By John S. Alexander

THE spirit of this age encourages the substitution of mechanical for hand labor wherever possible, experience proving that the employer, employer and consumer share alike in the resulting benefits. Through the efforts of the inventor, millions of the laboring class have been raised from being mere contributors of muscular force to be brain workers and directors of those ingenious contrivances now so widely used in the various branches of agriculture, manufacturing, printing, etc. While the genius of invention has accomplished so much in other departments, it seems remarkable that she has not long ere this descended into the coal mine with her wheels, levers, and eccentrics, and provided the toilers there with some device by which their unusually laborious work could be lessened. Until within a very few years, however, little special attention was given to this subject, owing largely, no doubt, to the fact that coal miners as a class were prejudiced against innovations of this kind and ignorantly clung to muscle as the only means of wresting from nature her treasures stored within the coal measures. Thanks, however, to the enterprise and skill of some Scotch and English mine proprietors and inventors, the present decade has seen rapid strides in the right direction, and mechanical coal mining has become a fixed fact in some portions of Great Britain. Making her acknowledgments to the mother country for these earnest and successful efforts, America now comes forward with the Monitor Coal-Cutter as the result of a trial on her part to advance the common cause of economical coal production; for upon cheap fuel the future greatness of both nations largely depends. The object of this paper is to give a few items in regard to this Monitor Coal-Cutter, which, so far as the writer is informed, is the

Jan 1, 1875

By Tribhawan N. Srivastava

The Henderson Mine started production in 1976 utilizing a unique, push-pull, mine ventilation plan. As the mine expands in size, the mine ventilation requirements will increase and a more comprehensive system for maintaining ventilation will be needed. A computer simulation study was completed and has resulted in a revised, systematic, mine ventilation plan which is being implemented as mine development proceeds. Based on the computer simulation study, the new ventilation plan takes into account mining of the orebody simultaneously from both the 8100 and 7700 production levels. Present experience and empirical data indicate that volumes of air needed to adequately ventilate both production levels cannot be obtained utilizing the existing mine layout. The total volume of air needed for the mine excluding haulage tunnel will increase from 708 m3/s (1 500 000 cfm) to 1652 m3/s (3 500 000 cfm), thus a new No. 5 exhaust shaft and connecting drifts are being developed to expand the mine ventilation system to service both production levels. The original ventilation plan for the 7500 haulage level was to bring air from the No. 2 and No. 3 intake shafts and exhaust it through the 94X raise to the 8035 exhaust level and then through the No. 1 exhaust shaft to surface. Control of air volumes in loading drifts was initially planned to be achieved by air doors and air curtains. Air doors on the 7500 level require large cutouts, expensive installations and constant maintenance. The computer simulation study indicates that air- flow in the 7500-level production drifts can be con- trolled exclusively by air curtains which are less expensive to install and more effective in regulating airflows than air doors. Air from the 7500 level can be exhausted through a new raise to the new 7635 exhaust level and then through the new No. 5 exhaust shaft.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. C. Heard

The review by Professor J. C. Jaeger (Chapter 1) briefly summarizes and discusses a select group of papers by various workers dealing primarily with aspects of fracture in brittle rock materials. Professor Jaeger's treatment is primarily concerned with the correlation of phenomenological and theoretical failure criteria with empirical results from short duration tests at ambient temperatures and generally at low lithostatic and interstitial fluid pressures. As engineering rock mechanics becomes more concerned with new techniques of mineral exploration and production at increasingly greater depths in the crust, it is well to be aware of the effect of the environment -that of the superposed stress field upon the lithostatic and interstitial fluid pressure, the temperature and the duration of the loading upon the failure of rocks either by fracture or flow. All results to be discussed here are from laboratory tests on small homogeneous samples, thus caution should be used in the direct extrapolation of these results to large inhomogeneous rock masses having quite different boundary conditions in the earth. The purpose of this supplement is to briefly point out the major effects of these parameters as examined singly, with all others held constant, and to cite some recent results which apply to the main theme on the brittle failure of rocks. The total stress field imposed upon a small volume of porous and permeable rock in the earth's crust may be thought of as the sum of an applied differential stress, plus a lithostatic pressure, plus an interstitial fluid pressure. The differential stress portion may be completely specified by nine components, six shear and three normal. If the small volume element is in rotational equilibrium, by suitably choosing our coordinate axes we may resolve these nine components into the three principal com-

Jan 1, 1967

By S. R. Zimmerley, John Gross

The deductions drawn in crushing and grinding operations have heretofore been based on a separation of the products into various sizes. A crushed product may be sized by sieving, by elutriation and by aid of the microscope. To estimate the surface of each size the relation of the surface to the estimated average diameter must be assumed. Such a relation, owing to the irregularity of the particles, may involve two assumptions: First, a factor to convert average diameter to surface for one particular size; and second, a variation in the factor as the diameter of the particle changes. Obviously a surface measurement in which such assumptions and estimates are involved is questionable. In the first paper of this series1 a method has been given by which an accurate measure of surface of quartz can be obtained from its dissolution rate. By the use of this method, surface measurements have been made on a series of sieve sizes of crushed quartz, the results of which are given and discussed in this paper. Prepaeation of the Quartz Sizes The quartz, consisting of large uniform pieces with a density of 2.65 and a purity of 99.5 per cent. SiO2, was crushed to pass 20 mesh and was then sieved. Tyler standard sieves were used, the sieving being done by hand according to the proposed standard method submitted by the senior author to the Milling Committee of the A. I. M. E. A wet split of the sample was made on a 270-mesh sieve. This was followed by dry sieving until less than 0.05 per cent. of the weight of the sample passed through the sieve in 1-min. sieving. The +28-mesh material was discarded because that size did not contain the difficult grains from the 20-mesh sieve.

Jan 1, 1930

Discussion of the paper of DAVID COLE, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 9S, February, 191.5, pp. 431 to 444. R. H. RICHARDS, Boston, Mass.-The Butchart riffle seems to violate, according to our preconceived notions, some of the very essential principles of the Wilfley riffle, and therefore ought not to succeed, but it does. On this account it must conform to other very important principles, or it would not succeed. It would beinteresting to know what these principles are which enable it to succeed. E. P. MATHEWSON, Butte, Mont.-I cannot, explain the principles on which this riffle acts, because I have not given it personal attention. All I can say is that I first saw the riffle in operation several years ago at the Steptoe Valley mill in Nevada, and I was told that a man had been around there guaranteeing that these riffles would make the table do twice as much work and do it better than with the ordinary Wilfley riffles. I heard nothing further about it for a long time. I heard about a year ago, from David Cole, the author of this paper, that the riffles were a success, and that he was using them at Morenci, and if, we were interested he would send the inventor to show us how they worked. As we knew of David Cole's reputation, we invited Mr. Butchart to come up and show us how his riffles worked. We did not have sufficient confidence in the invention to guarantee Mr. Butchart his traveling expenses, but lie came up entirely at his own expense and put in a set of the riffles on one table. It was known as a roughing table in our No.

Jan 5, 1915

By James Hall

A geological map of a State involves very much, and its pre sentation to the public incurs grave responsibilities. It has been for a long time my earnest desire to bring out and place before the pub lic a geological map of New York which might be creditable to the State and worthy of a place among her scientific publications. We have done much for the advancement of geological science in this State—very much, and in many directions—but unfortunately, this feature, which should have been made the basis of all our work, has been too long neglected and delayed. For twenty-five years I have been laboring and looking forward to this consummation. I have recorded the field-work, systematic and desultory, upon such maps as were available for this use; and notwithstanding their imperfec tion, I have been able to transfer this recorded information to a more perfect base, which it is hoped will be completed during the early months of the next year. In 1883 I had combined, upon a small map of the State, the in formation which we possessed at that time, and communicated the same with my annual report to the Legislature. The report mas published in the regular course, but the special appropriation made for the map was vetoed by the Governor. Not discouraged by this untoward and unexpected circumstance, I continued my work, and made every effort to render the map more complete, preparatory to its communication with the next annual report. I brought together all the information within my reach, whether published or unpublished, reviewing and revising, as far as practicable, the work done by myself and assistants in southern and southeastern New York.

Jan 1, 1893

By W. G. Matteson

BENJAMIN L. MILLER, So. Bethlehem, Pa.-In discussing the question personally with Mr. Matteson I have found that he simply proposed this as a suggestion and he recognizes, as well as a great many other oil geologists and oil operators, that to put into practice such a suggestion would mean the overcoming of many difficulties. Yet perhaps it may be possible to overcome the various objections that may be offered. Undoubtedly one of the most serious objections is that of incomplete and inaccurate well records. Faulty records are worse than no records at all. Perhaps, however, definite instructions and insistence on their observation may remedy this defect after a time. THE CHAIRMAN (M. L. REQUA, San Francisco, Cal.).-This subject is a. very important one, but just how far the National Government can go in .taking action is a question: It involves, of course, the question of State rights. California, I .think, has done very well up to date and probably will do better in the future. The law that was passed at the session of the Legislature 2 years ago is working as satisfactorily as anything of that kind can work with so little experience to guide the framers of the statute. We recognize in California the vital necessity of conserving the oil of the State. We have come to the conclusion that there is not as much oil ,in California as we thought there was. In the month of December the State drew on its oil stocks to- the extent of 1,800,000 bbl. and I think that the January statistics will show probably as much more. There is more or less of a.: panic at the present time among the large marketing concerns regarding the question as to where they are going to get their oil for future requirements

Jan 4, 1917