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By Joseph Chalmers

PROBLEMS dealing with the movement or ,migration of fluids through porous beds have been the subject of much research. The subject is not peculiar to the production of oil and gas, as many investigators have studied the nature of this movement and its relationship to the problems of other industries. Darcy1 conducted a series of experiments relating to the percolation of water through filter beds. King2 carried on an extensive series of laboratory experiments with the object of formulating some conception of the rate of movement of water through soils and sand strata in the drainage of surface water into underground channels and subsequent recovery of this water through wells drilled into the source beds for irrigation purposes. Slichter3 undertook a study. of the same problem from a mathematical standpoint, and more recently Furnas4 has investigated the flow of gases through beds of broken solids with particular reference to blast-furnace operation. With specific reference to gas production, Muskat and Botset5 of the Gulf Research Laboratory undertook an experimental study to establish quantitatively the characteristics of and laws governing the flow of gases through consolidated and unconsolidated porous materials of fine texture with a view of predicting the performance of gas in an underground reservoir. There seems to be a general agreement that many of the relationships between the numerous factors influencing the flow of fluids through porous materials are far too complicated to be attacked by analytical methods based upon a knowledge of hydrodynamics. For gases, the laws of

Jan 1, 1932

By Joseph Chalmers, E. L. Rawlins, D. B. Taliaferro

PRoblems dealing with the movement or migration of fluids through porous beds have been the subject of much research. The subject is not peculiar to the production of oil and gas, as many investigators have studied the nature of this movement and its relationship to the problems of other industries. Darcyl conducted a series of experiments relating to the percolation of water through filter beds. King2 carried on an extensive series of laboratory experiments with the object of formulating some conception of the rate of movement of water through soils and sand strata in the drainage of surface water into underground channels and subsequent recovery of this water through wells drilled into the source beds for irrigation purposes. Slichter3 undertook a study of the same problem from a mathematical standpoint, and more recently Furnas4 has investigated the flow of gases through beds of broken solids with particular reference to blast-furnace operation. With specific reference to gas production, Muskat and Botset5 of the Gulf Research Laboratory undertook an experimental study to establish quantitatively the characteristics of and laws governing the flow of gases through consolidated and unconsolidated porous materials of fine texture with a view of predicting the performance of gas in an underground reservoir. There seems to be a general agreement that many of the relationships between the numerousfactors influencing the flow of fluids through porous materials are far too complicated to be attacked by analytical methods based upon a knowledge of hydrodynamics. For gases, the laws of

Jan 1, 1932

By N. A. Tiner, Saara Asunmaa

The early stages of nucleation of vacuunz-deposited gold coatings on electropolished surfaces of pure nickel and binary alloys of Ni-A1 and Ni-Ti have been studied, employing carefully controlled temperature and vacuum conditions. The preferential nucleation of gold on slip-plane edges on the crystal surfaces gave rise to a very pronounced decoration effect which was used in studying the morphology of the pain boundaries, etch pits, and slip planes on crystal faces. Characteristic surface patterns were observed with local dimensional variations. Most pronounced geometric patterns were ohserved in the pain boundaries of nickel and on the crystal faces of Ni-A1 alloy. The nucleation behauior of gold indicates contamination on the Ni-T1 alloy and the getter properties of titanium are presented as a tentative interpretation for the detected contamination. The markings and imperfections on cleavage surfaces of crystals have long been observed by optical microscopy.1,2 Surface-replica techniques are also used to detect the smallest steps and structural details on crystal surfaces by electron microscopy. Recently, Bassett3-5 and Sella, Conjeaud, and Trillat 6 have shown that, when gold is deposited onto a rocksalt cleavage surface, there is preferential nucleation at steps and slip-plane edges on the crystal surface. This gives rise to a very pronounced decoration effect which is invaluable for revealing the lattice steps on a cleavage surface. According to Bassett,3 gold atoms arriving during vacuum evaporation at the crystal surface have a certain mobility on the surface after arrival, particularly at elevated temperature. If a significant

Jan 1, 1964

By Charles R. Keyes

I. Introductory,.......... 185 II. Hypotheses oF the Origin of OzaRk Ores..... 186 1. General Considerations........ 186 2. Schmidt-Leonhard and Gage View...... 187 3. Jenney Opinion.......... 187 4. Posepny Idea,.......... 188 5. Winslow-Robertson Hypothesis....... 188 6. Branner Proposition......... 189 7. Keyes Statement.......... 189 8. Van Hise-Bain Theory........ 190 III. Requirements of an Adequate WoRking-Hypothesis,... 190 IV. GeneRal Geotectonics of the OzaRk Region.... 192 1. Salient Aspects.......... 192 2. Geologic Formations......... 192 3. Character of Faulting...192 4. Extent of Flexing......... 193 5. Unconformity Inequalities....195 6. Warping of Strata...195 V. Classes of Ore-Deposits... 196 VI. Vadose ORe-ConcentRation,........ 197 VII. GeogRaphic DistRibution of the Ore-Bodies,... 199 VIII. Relation of ORe-Deposit to Geologic Structure... 201 1. General Occurrence of Ore-Bodies in Basins.... 201 2. Deposits of the Central Missouri District..... 203 3. Deposits of the Southwestern Missouri District.... 203 4. Deposits of the Northern Arkansas District... 305 5. Deposits of the Southeastern Missouri District.... 206 6. Synclinal Ore-Deposits of Other Districts.....207 7. Significance of Ore-Troughs in Prospecting... 209 8. Origin of the so-called Synclines,...210 9. Significance of the Cross-Bars of Joplin..... 213 10. Relation of Ore-Run to Ancient Relief-Features,... 215 IX. Direction of GRound-Water Circulation..... 216 X. VeRtical Range of Workable Ore-Bodies,... 218 XI. Oscillation of Ground-WateR Level...... 219 XII. Relations of Ore-Bodies to Lithoclasic Features,.. 220 XIII. PRimaRy Source of Ore-Materials,...... 220 XIV. Zone of Ore-Enrichment,......... 222

Jan 1, 1910

By A. F. Melcher

The present paper is a progress report on an investigation of the physical factors of oil and gas and especially of their sands,' such as pore space, size of pores or permeability, retentivity, viscosity of the oil, temperature, pressure, thickness and area of the pay sand, water relations, and capillarity. The purpose is to determine as many of these physical factors as possible, and to ascertain the relations existing, directly or indirectly, between these physical factors and the production of oil and gas. As yet only pore space2 and size of grains of pay sands have been investigated, although an apparatus has been designed to determine the permeability of a sand to oil, water, or gas under definite drops of pressure between the entrance face and exit face of the sample. Messrs. E. W. Shaw, R. Van A. Mills, D. Dale Condit, G. B. Richardson, G. C. Matson, and C. H. Wegemann collected the samples upon which the physical determinations were made. Acknowledgment is made to my colleagues of the United States Geological Survey for many suggestions and criticisms; to Mr. Mills for the production data given of the oil wells from which some of the samples were collected; to Mr. A. W. McCoy of the Empire Gas and Fuel Co., Bartlesville, Okla., for many ideas. Determining Pore Space of Oil and Gas Sands In selecting a method for the determination of pore space, two objects were kept in mind: First, the method must not only be sufficiently

Jan 1, 1921

By E. P. Polushkin

This work has for its purpose the establishment of a new method for determining the structural composition of alloys. The area occupied by a constituent on a few representative photomicrographs of the alloy is measured, by a planimeter, especially designed for metallographic work, and the volume and proportional weight of the constituent calculated. Experiments have shown that the results are accurate enough to justify the application of the method to many problems in metallographic research instead of chemical analysis. The advantage of the method is the possibility of determining the amount of the constituents without separating them from the alloy; their composition may also be determined if the ultimate chemical analysis of the alloy is known. Suppose Fig. 1 represents a part of a photomicrograph on which the total area of the black figures is to be found. By a system of parallel lines drawn short equal distances apart all figures may be divided into trapezoids. As the area of a trapezoid is equal to its median multiplied by its altitude, the relation between the total areas of the black and the white figures comprised within each strip is equal to the relation between the sums of medians for these figures respectively. This is also true for the whole area of the photomicrograph. Therefore, to determine the total areas of the black and white figures we must first find the proportion between the sums of the medians and then divide the area of the whole photomicrograph in the same proportion.

Jan 1, 1925

By K. Adam

Grinding in steel mills adversely affects the flotation of pyrrhotite. The electrochemical nature of inter action between pyrrhotite and active metals was investigated by contacting pyrrhotite with platinum at different applied potentials. Flotation tests, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were wed to examine the surface properties of pyrrhotite. The formation of hydroxide or oxide and sulfate species of iron through the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathodically polarized surface of pyrrhotite was shown to be the mechanism responsible for the reduced floatability of pyrrhotite.

Jan 1, 1985

By P. LEROY FOSTER

G EOPHYSICAL prospecting was presented in its several aspects and discussed with much vigor at two sessions during this year's annual meeting of the Institute. The first session was devoted entirely to the presentation and discussion of various technical papers, while the second meeting took the form of a round table conference on the advisability of revising the existing mining laws to recognize the results of geophysical prospecting. This conference was immediately followed by further consideration of technical papers. Each session was well attended and great interest was displayed by everyone present.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. K. Buehler

With the rapid acceleration of the cost of shovel dippers and major standard shovel clipper rebuild components, maintenance management at Kennecott Copper Corp.'s Bingham Canyon mine initiated a dipper maintenance and rebuild program. The program focused on extending the service life of the shovel dipper, reducing field labor in maintaining dippers, and lowering shovel dipper rebuild costs. While comprehensive evaluation of the program is still underway, preliminary benefits of the program indicate: •Reduced field ,gelding for shovel dipper field maintenance, •Fewer dipper rebuild units entering the shop, and •Reduced dipper rebuild costs per unit.

Jan 1, 1979

At Asarco's Mission mill. located near Sahuarita, Ariz., the 20 500-t/d (22,500-stpd) throughput of highly abrasive and corrosive copper ore can play havoc on equipment wear parts. To minimize frequent replacement work and extend life on key components, Asarco engineers have over the past five years utilized liners made of "Towniprene" in the secondary grinding and flotation area of the plant. Results to date have indicated that these liners last between three and five times longer than those made of metal or ordinary rubber.

Jan 8, 1978

By AIME AIME

FEW men are as well known to metallurgists or steel men everywhere as this year's Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division. This is evident from the writer's experience some years ago while visiting Krupp's new open-hearth plant near Essen and the Skoda Works at Pilsen. The first question asked there was: "You know Dr. Herty?" Knowing Charlie Herty has advantages, not the least of which is (or was in 1933) a fine lunch with a plethora of good Rhine \vine at Essen and a super- plethora of Pilsener beer at Slioda.

Jan 1, 1941

By A. G. Starliper, H. Kenworthy, A. Ollar

Vapor pressure determinations were made on synthesized germanium sulfides. Germanium and cadmium were removed from sphalerite concentrates by fuming. The fume was retreated to separate some of the cadmium from the germanium and, at the same time, upgrade the germanium to more than 5 pet content. MANY sphalerite concentrates contain certain impurities which have economic value as byproducts. These may include the volatile sulfides of germanium, cadmium, and lead. The objectives of the research reported in this paper were to study the fundamental volatility characteristics of germanium sulfides, to increase the recoveries of ger-

Jan 1, 1957

By T. W. Healy, D. R. Dixon

The mechanism of activation of ZnS by metal ions and the subsequent flotation induced by xanthate has been considered as a surface redox reaction. By ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of ZnS suspensions, the normally inert ZnS is caused to react with xanthate in the absence of activator. By similar UV irradiation, the rate of adsorption-exchange of activator ions at the ZnS-H2O interface is also increased. Mechanisms of these reactions are proposed and compared to current electrochemical and semiconducting models of sulfide flotation.

Jan 1, 1976

By John M. Warde, Eileen P. Burke

ORES of manganese and chrome have a high order of strategic importance, both metals are basic to the metallurgy and usefulness of steel, the fabric on which our economy rests. Looking beyond the current recession and short range picture of oversupply in these ores, this review attempts to answer the following questions regarding the longterm outlook for these key commodities: By 1970, what will be the probable demand here and abroad, what are future supply prospects, and what effect is the USSR likely to have on the world market? (See summary forecast on facing page.)

Jan 8, 1958

THE annual meeting of the Institute was held at the Office of the Secretary on Tuesday, May 23d. President Holley appointed Messrs. J. C. Kent and Frank Firmstone scrutineers to examine the ballots of the Institute. The following were declared elected: President-ABRAM S. HEWITT. Vice-Presidents-W. P. BLAKE, E. B. (AXE, R. W. RAYMOND. Managers-R. W. HUNT, J. S. NEWBERRY, T. F. WITHERBEE. Treasurer-T. D. RAND. Secretary-T. M. DROWN. The meeting was then adjourned to June 20th. The adjourned meeting to be held in Philadelphia.

Jan 1, 1877

Oregon State Agricultural College, School of Mines, Corvallis, Ore Available publications of the old Bureau of Mines and Geology of Idaho have lately been distributed through the School of Mines of Oregon State College As the School of Mines was abolished in the summer of 1932, all of the bulletins and publications available have been turned over to the State College Library for distribution. At present plans have not been completed for further distribution For information on available publications, address: Director of Libraries, Oregon State College, Corvalhs, Oregon

Jan 1, 1933

The Institute's stock of Volumes XXXI, LI, and LII has become much reduced by sales: If members have copies of these volumes which they can spare, the price of $3 per volume will be paid for them, if in good condition. If desired, a copy of the Index for Volumes XXXVI to LV will he given for one of these volumes of the Transactions and one dollar additional. For two volumes of the Transactions, a copy of the Index will be sent and the balance will be credited to the payment of clues.

Jan 12, 1918

By John Bonar

A switch to refractory-type slurry pump linings has significantly reduced maintenance costs arising from liner failure at a Missouri lead mill. The pumps routinely handle a slurry consisting of 79 to 81% solids with occasional tramp iron, and are subjected to intense abrasion which previously wore out rubber liners in anywhere from three days to two months. Average liner life at the 1.5-million-t/y (1.6-million-stpy) operation was 30 days. Experimentation with mild steel liners and even manganese steel liners failed to extend liner life beyond two months.

Jan 3, 1978

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

268. The greater part of the specimens or masses of minerals that occur may be described as aggregations of imperfect crystals. Many specimens whose structure appears to the eye quite homogeneous, and destitute internally of distinct crystallization, can be shown to be composed of crystalline grains. Under the above head, consequently, are included all the remaining varieties of structure among minerals. The individuals composing imperfectly crystallized individuals may be: 1. Columns, or fibers, in which case the structure is columnar or fibrous. 2. Thin lamina, producing a lamellar structure. 3. Grains, constituting a granular structure.

Jan 1, 1922

By F. L. Misaqi

The total amount of radon-222 released into the atmosphere by the US uranium mines and mills is only an infinitely small fraction of the total amount of radon released by the top layers of soil with a high concentration of uranium, such as is found in Grants, N. M. Even when compared to areas where mineable deposits of uranium are unknown, the amount of radon released by all US mining and milling operations is still relatively insignificant. Of course, higher local concentrations of airborne radioactivity may be observed around stockpiled ore and

Jan 8, 1976