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By K. D. McBean, W. H. Hannay, B. A. Stimmel

The electrolytic plant at Trail, B. C., was erected by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Ltd., for the treatment of zinc ores and concentrates, particularly those of the Sullivan mine at Kimberley, B. C. It began operations in 1916 at a rated capacity of 60 tons of cathodes per day, which has been steadily increased to the present production of 400 tons per day. The Sullivan has furnished the greater part of the zinc so far produced, although notable tonnages of customs zinc concentrates have been treated. The maximum yearly tonnage of customs concentrates, 25,000 tons, was treated in 1926. Practically no customs concentrates hale been treated since 1929. The total bar zinc production to the close of 1935 was 1,092,782 tons. The zinc mineral in the Sullivan ore is marmatite of somewhat variable composition, ranging between 6ZnS.FeS and 8 ZnS.FeS. Practically all the zinc ores tributary to this plant are marmatites; and the iron content of the zinc mineral varies considerably. The formation of zinc ferrite during roasting is now a matter of common knowledge, so the possible extraction from any zinc concentrate is largely a function of the iron content; the progress made in concentration is reflected directly in zinc-plant recovery. The Trail plant operafes on the low-acid system, as do all the other major plants on this continent at present operating, except the electrolytic plant of the Sullivan Mining Co. at Kellogg, Idaho. The new Magdeburg plant, in Germany, occupies an intermediate position between high and low acid. Plant operation at Trail will be treated in this paper under five main sections: roasting, leaching and purification, electrolysis, cadmium recovery and melting. The oxide section of the plant, treating zinc fume from re-treatment of lead blast-furnace slag, is practically a separate zinc plant; this is necessary because of the presence of fluorine in the smelter zinc fume. Cadmium is recovered electrolytically from the purification residues of both the sulphide and oxide leaching plants.

Jan 1, 1937

By Thomas Elliott

It is now clearly evident that 1963 is witnessing a record year for prospecting and exploration in British Columbia and Yukon Territory, as substantiated by the following facts: ? About 60 large mining companies and many smaller ones are active in the search for new ore deposits. ? More than 500 prospectors and exploration geologists have been in the field this season. ? It is estimated that $10 million has been spent this year on the search for new ore deposits. ? Claim staking in B. C. to July 31, totalling 14,250, is up 2000 over 1962. ? Helicopter companies report a record total of 25 aircraft chartered to mining groups, with additional numbers used in oil-gas exploration. ? Leading assayers state that business with the industry is double that of the previous year. ? Diamond drillers report an increase of approximately 25% in the amount of contracts now on hand. The question is often asked, "Why is mining so active in Canada's Pacific Northwest?"

Jan 12, 1963

By William Rawles

THIS report is the first of a series planned by The Mineral Inquiry, organized by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers to make factual studies of the world's mineral resources in their political and international relations. The efforts of The Inquiry are directed toward filling certain notable gaps in available information, without duplication of many other investigations touching this field which" are being conducted by other organizations, public and private. Much of its work is indirect-suggesting topics for study by other individuals and organizations and aiding in their planning and correlation. The present report is designed to show the nationality of the commercial control of mineral resources, in addition to the geographic distribution of production by nation-in other words, the overlapping of political and commercial control. Detailed accuracy cannot be claimed for the figures presented. For some companies division of ownership by nationality has been very difficult to ascertain, as many companies are reluctant to dis-close the extent of their holdings in other corporations, and the impossi-bility of tracing all stock ownership is obvious. Also there are frequent changes in the distribution of stock control. The percentages given rep-resent only the participation that has been identified definitely, even though it is known in some cases with fair certainty that larger interests exist, as, for instance, American participation in foreign chromite companies. In bringing' together these figures we have had the cordial co-operation of the United States Bureau of Mines, the United States Geologi-cal Survey, the Mineral Division of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the Brookings Institution, and of many specialists connected with the mineral industries covered. The report does not cover the entire list of minerals. Coal, although it is one of the most important minerals, was omitted because not more. than one or two per cent of the world's production comes from mines that are owned by companies foreign to the countries where the coal is produced. Others, such as gold, are omitted because sufficient data have not yet been accumulated. It is hoped that some of these may be covered in subsequent reports. It is not our purpose here to discuss the significance of the figures sub-mitted, but only to point out the general nature of the problems on which they have a bearing.

Jan 1, 1933

By Daniel Bloomfield

ONE of the major problems of management is how to restore in some measure the personal relation-ship between employer and employed which, in the days of small concerns, meant better morale among employees. The complexity of industry today, the heterogeneous mass. of workers employed, many .of them new to this country and to its institutions, the inability of those whose task it is to get out production to spend much time on the problems of labor-all these and many other factors serve to make of great impor-tance the question of how to establish more satisfactory mutual good will. While there is no such thing as a sure cure for labor troubles, in spite of the fact that charlatans have been selling alleged cures to guileless employers, study and experience have brought to light methods of approach to the problems confronting management in its relation to labor that are well worth consideration. Labor problems must be approached with common sense and an open mind. Facts must be the basis of action. So it is with the question of morale in industry. What makes or breaks morale? What are the forces behind the actions of men? What is there in one man that makes him act differently from another man under similar circumstances? How are men affected by the actions of others in their own group or by the actions of those under whose supervision they work? These are questions that must be carefully studied if we are, to get at the bottom of industrial unrest. It is an easy thing to say that good will can be created by "treating men right." That involves so many things and points of view that it will hardly serve as a full answer to our problem; but it is a good starting point if we mean by right treatment the payment of wages consistent with the well being of the worker and his family as members of the community, and if we also mean the provision of sanitary, wholesome working conditions and a working schedule that does not overtax the worker physically, and mutuality-a give and take relationship. With this as a basis we can go a step farther and see what else can be done to promote better relations between management and the workers.

Jan 9, 1922

By F. Louis Grammer

The following study of flue-dirt and the influences controlling it may be interesting to many. It is published because it represents observations at about thirty furnaces at different times. It may assist in giving an impetus to the making of similar observations elsewhere. Until ten years ago, the metallic waste in furnace-gases was not considered a problem of pressing urgency in iron metallurgy—certainly not in the blastfurnace end of it. Many plants at present ignore, or pay but little attention to, top-pressures. Prior to the introduction of Mesabi ore, the losses in escaping gases, if considered at all, were regarded as thermal losses, or losses of fuel (except by those interested in lead, zinc, silver, etc.). In a high-priced material like ferro-manganese, such losses were, indeed, considered important. But the behavior of the Mesabi ores, corning, as they did, in practically inexhaustible quantities, could not be disregarded by the furnaceman. These ores came to stay. The tables appended below have purposely been altered to disguise the plant, the company and the ores used. The comparative values are maintained. In these tables, the influencing elements and conditions which are constant, or practically so, namely, size of furnace, quantity of wind, fuel used, etc., are not mentioned. The figures represent observations consistently followed up for a long period. The weights of flue-dirt were obtained from cars on which no other dirt was thrown. The analyses and calculations are based on the best of sampling. The effects of slips are excluded. Slips should not occur at well-regulated or properly-constructed furnaces, excepting under unusual and rare conditions. Allowances are made for moisture, scrap charged and silicon in the metal. The cutting effect of Mesabi

Jan 1, 1904

By Geoffrey Gilbert

The Montana Phosphate Products Co., subsidiary of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, operates three phosphate properties north and northeast of Garrison, Powell County, Mont. Production of all three is from the same phosphate bed, a 3 to 4-ft. member of the Phosphoria formation, whose outcrop is traceable across the mountains of the Garnet Range in a series of southeasterly pitching folds. Because of topographical differences and of variations in the attitude of the bed, each property has its own mining methods and problems. Most of the phosphate rock produced since 1930 has been shipped to the plant of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. at Trail, B.C., where it is treated with sulphuric acid for conversion to phosphoric acid, which in turn is used to produce various fertilizers. History The occurrence of rock phosphate in Montana has been known since 1910, and the Garrison area was mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1913. In the nineteen twenties William Anderson, owner of a ranch 8 miles north of Garrison, discovered phosphate on his land, and the Montana Phosphate Co., which later became the Montana Phosphate Products Co., was formed to work the deposit. Montana Phosphate Products Co. later obtained United States leases on two adjoining parcels of ground, and this combined property, known as the Anderson mine, has been the main source of Con-solidated's phosphate rock. The mine now includes an adjoining parcel leased from Anaconda and mined from the Anderson workings. In 1940, the Graveley mine, a small privately owned property 6 miles east of the Anderson, was leased from the owner by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and a U. S. lease held by Graveley on some adjoining ground was subleased. In 1943 the Luke mine, on the Mineral Hill property, 1 3/4 miles south-southwest of the Graveley, a U. S. lease, which previously had produced a few thousand tons, was optioned from the lessees by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and is now being developed. At both these mines the rock is appreciably higher grade than at the Anderson mine. Geology The Phosphoria formation is the Permian member of an extensive sequence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. It is underlain by Pennsylvanian (Quadrant) quartzite and Mississippian limestone, and overlain without any marked unconformity by Jurassic (Ellis) shale and Cretaceous shale and sandstone. In the Garrison area, the Phosphoria itself consists mainly of about 50 ft. of gray to yellow chert. Immediately below the chert is the phosphate, usually 3 to 4 ft. thick. Below the phosphate occur a few

Jan 1, 1948

By Geoffrey Gilbert

The Montana Phosphate Products Co., subsidiary of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, operates three phosphate properties north and northeast of Garrison, Powell County, Mont. Production of all three is from the same phosphate bed, a 3 to 4-ft. member of the Phosphoria formation, whose outcrop is traceable across the mountains of the Garnet Range in a series of southeasterly pitching folds. Because of topographical differences and of variations in the attitude of the bed, each property has its own mining methods and problems. Most of the phosphate rock produced since 1930 has been shipped to the plant of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. at Trail, B.C., where it is treated with sulphuric acid for conversion to phosphoric acid, which in turn is used to produce various fertilizers. History The occurrence of rock phosphate in Montana has been known since 1910, and the Garrison area was mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1913. In the nineteen twenties William Anderson, owner of a ranch 8 miles north of Garrison, discovered phosphate on his land, and the Montana Phosphate Co., which later became the Montana Phosphate Products Co., was formed to work the deposit. Montana Phosphate Products Co. later obtained United States leases on two adjoining parcels of ground, and this combined property, known as the Anderson mine, has been the main source of Con-solidated's phosphate rock. The mine now includes an adjoining parcel leased from Anaconda and mined from the Anderson workings. In 1940, the Graveley mine, a small privately owned property 6 miles east of the Anderson, was leased from the owner by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and a U. S. lease held by Graveley on some adjoining ground was subleased. In 1943 the Luke mine, on the Mineral Hill property, 1 3/4 miles south-southwest of the Graveley, a U. S. lease, which previously had produced a few thousand tons, was optioned from the lessees by Montana Phosphate Products Co., and is now being developed. At both these mines the rock is appreciably higher grade than at the Anderson mine. Geology The Phosphoria formation is the Permian member of an extensive sequence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. It is underlain by Pennsylvanian (Quadrant) quartzite and Mississippian limestone, and overlain without any marked unconformity by Jurassic (Ellis) shale and Cretaceous shale and sandstone. In the Garrison area, the Phosphoria itself consists mainly of about 50 ft. of gray to yellow chert. Immediately below the chert is the phosphate, usually 3 to 4 ft. thick. Below the phosphate occur a few

Jan 1, 1948

By E. H. Dix

The work of Merical and other investigators indicates that the phenomenon of age-hardening in alloys of the duralumin type is primarily dependent upon the variation in the solubility of copper with temperature. In addition to copper, however, these alloys contain small amounts of magnesium, silicon, manganese and iron, which may affect the age-hardening either directly or indirectly. The effect of these elements on the solubility of copper and on the manner in which this solubility varies with the temperature is of considerable interest, therefore. The effect of magnesium is of especial interest because apparently it exerts a marked effect on the natural or room-temperature aging of alloys of the type described.2 A series of investigations3 has been in progress in the research laboratories of the Aluminum Company of America to determine the functions * Metallurgist, Aluminum Research Laboratories. f Metallurgical Division, Aluminum Research Laboratories. Formerly with Metallurgical Division, Aluminum Research Laboratories. 1 P. D. Merica, It. G. Waltenberg and H. Scott: Heat Treatment of Duralumin. U. S. Bur. Stds. Sn. Paper 347 (1910). 2 M. Gayler: Constitution and Age-Hardening of Alloys of Aluminum with Copper, Magnesium, and Silicon in the Solid State. Jnl. Inst. Met. (1922) 28, 213. W. Fraenkel: Vergutbare Aluminiumlegiengen. Ztsch. Melallkunde. (1920) 12, 427. E. H. Dix, Jr.: Note on the Microstructure of Aluminum-Iron Alloys of High Purity. Proc. Amer. Soc. Test. Mat. (1925) 26, Pt. 2, 120. E. H. Dix, Jr. and H. H. Richardson: Equilibrium Relations in Aluminum-copper Alloys of High Purity. Trans. A. I. M. E. (1926) 73, 560. E. H. Dix, Jr. and W. D. Keith: Equilibrium Relations in Aluminum-manganese Alloys of High Purity. Proc. Inst. Met. Div., A. I. M. E. (1927) 315. E. H. Dix, Jr. and A. C. Heath, Jr.: Equilibrium Relations in Aluminum-silicon and Aluminum-iron-silicon Alloys of High Purity. Proc. Inst. Met. Div., A. I. M. E. (1928) 164. E. H. Dix, Jr. and F. Keller: Equilibrium Itelations in Aluminum-magnesium Alloys of High Purity. Proc. Inst. Met. Div., A. I. M. E. (1920) 351. E. H. Dix, Jr., F. Keller and R. W. Graham: Equilibrium Relations of Aluminum-magnesium Silicide Alloys of High Purity. Trans. A. I. M. E., Inst. Met. Div. (1931) 404. W. L. Fink and K. R. Van Horn: Constituents of Aluminum-iron-silicon Alloys. Trans. A. I. M. E., Inst. Met. Div. (1931) 383.

Jan 1, 1932

By Roland J. Lapee

A history of the progress made in copper refining in Montana is presented. The casting furnaces and the newly rebuilt electrolytic refinery are descmbed and operating details are given. Experiences with various addition agents, effects of rernoval of chlorine from the electrolyte, and effects of separan on electrolyte and on copper deposit are discussed. Observatzons are made on the effect of various impurities in anode copper and behavior of thezr salts in electrolyte and in slime, on treatment of slime for removal of copper, and on electrolyte puriification problems. The improved method for production of starting sheets is described. Attention is given to new materials for construction and to improvement in matrials handling ad quality control. COPPER refining at Great Falls, Montana, dates back to 1892. The original plant produced 65,000 lb. of cathodes per day at a current density of 16 amp per sq ft. In this plant anodes and cathodes were handled to and from the cells by means of hand-operated chain blocks and were moved about the plant by hand trucks. Cathodes were melted in coal-fired, reverbera-tory furnaces, were charged by hand, and refined copper was dipped by hand and cast in iron molds. In 1916, a new, modern plant with capacity to refine 18 million Ib. copper per month was built. Two refining furnaces were built, and each was provided with a twenty-mold Clark casting wheel. In 1922, the furnaces were converted to the use of pulverized coal: in 1923, to the use of oil; and in 1928, to the use of natural gas. In 1926, the plant was enlarged 50 pct. The use of pulverized coal for refining copper at Great Falls was discussed1 in a paper presented at the Salt Lake City meeting of the Institute in September 1925. Also, a comparison of the use of various fuels in copper refining furnaces was discussed 2 in a paper presented at the New York meeting of the Institute in February 1932. Prior to 1943 the cellroom was operated with twenty-five 720-lb. anodes and 26 cathodes per cell. Four cathodes, each weighing about 165 lb., were produced from an anode. In 1943 the weight of the anode was reduced to 460 lb., and two cathodes, each weighing about 190 lb., were produced from an anode. In 1949, a Billet Casting Wheel for the production of 3 in. diam phosphor deoxidized billets was built. A paper, presented at the New York Meeting of the Institute in February 1956, describes3 this plant and operation. In the electrolytic refinery, production is controlled by variation of the current density. In 1956, germanium rectifiers on a separate electrical circuit were provided for the starting sheet section so that current density could be maintained at any desired figure. Also in 1956, a program of modernization and enlargement of the Electrolytic Copper Refinery was started. This program, when completed, will raise the capacity of the Great Falls Electrolytic Copper Refinery approximately 33 pct, to 33 million lb. of cathodes per month. Furnace capacity for melting cathodes and anode scrap is ample to take care of the increased production from the electrolytic refinery. This fortunate condition came about primarily as the result of the three following changes: 1) The furnaces were lengthened 10 ft in 1922 when the fireboxes were found unnecessary for burning powdered coal. 2) Furnace life, and hence furnace capacity, was increased by the successful efforts of the Copper Refinery staff to develop a method for sanding furnace side walls and roof. 3) The natural gas being used has a very low sulfur content. As a result, it is possible to reduce time spent rabbling and poling and thus greatly increase tons per furnace charge. TANKHOUSE AND TANKS The Great Falls Electrolytic Refinery is 535 ft long by 252 ft wide. The cells are arranged in four crane bays in which are operated seven 10 ton Whiting Cranes. The old cells are in groups of ten, with circulation of electrolyte through five cells in cascade and with aisles between the groups of ten cells. The new cells are nested in groups of sixteen with no aisles, are all on one level, and have individual circulation to each cell. Present plans call for 1792 commercial cells and 128 stripper cells. To reduce confusion during the construction period, and to use the cranes, cars, and other equipment already on hand, the cells in the rebuilt section were designed to have approximately the same inside dimensions as the cells in the old part of the

Jan 1, 1962

By D. M. Collingwood

The year 1928 has been marked by scattered but considerable wildcat drilling considering the overproduction prevalent in the oil industry. This wildcatting has resulted in the discovery of oil in one interior salt dome, several small fields producing from serpentine, Taylor marl, and Austin chalk, and two new fields producing from the Edwards limestone, one of which in the Bruner or Salt Flat area of Caldwell County promises to be of major importance if not quite as large as the Luling field. Fig. 1 shows production by fields for 1928, compared in the case of the older fields, with that for 1927. New Production From Salt Domes Boggy Creek Dome This salt dome was discovered in 1927 by core drilling and deep tests recommended on the evidence of surface geology. A large block of acreage controlled by the Humble Oil & Refining Co. covers the dome. Since the discovery of the deep-lying salt plug and oil on the flank of this dome in 1927, development has proceeded slowly. Since most of the acreage is controlled in a large block by one company there has been no intensive competitive drilling. Approximately 8 producers and 16 dry holes have been drilled. Production is from the eastern equivalent of the Woodbine and Eagleford horizons of the Mexia district, and has been found extending in a northeast-southnlest direction across the River Neches on the southeast flank of the dome. One of the best wells, the T. H. Jones No. 2, had an initial production of 90 bbl. per hr., and others have made from 100 bbl. per day to 50 bbl. per hr., but production of the better wells has either been shut in or choked down to less than 2000 bbl. per day. At the end of the year the daily average, production was about 2500 bbl. from 8 wells. Considerable gas pressure is present and one well, the Elliot Clark No. 2, drilled in 1927, was shut in with an estimated wet gas production of over 5,000,000 cubic feet.

Jan 1, 1929

By Mark R. Lamb

THE treatment of slime is of special interest to those engaged in cyaniding gold- and silver-ores. The usual practice is to make as small a percentage of slime as possible. In many instances the slime is given no treatment, but is impounded in dams in the hope that the future will develop some method of economically treating this product. The filter-press was the first step upward from ordinary decantation, but, on account of heavy labor-charge and high cost, its use has been limited to high-grade material. The slime at the Combination mill at Goldfield averages perhaps $20 per ton, and although the values are quickly dissolved the filter-press installation was not entirely satisfactory, resulting in the erection of the canvas-cell filter, developed by Chas. Butters and his staff. This filter is a great improvement over the filter-press, and the following description of it will be of interest to those engaged in treating slime produced in crushing ores, especially in view of the fact that, by the use of this filter, slime can be treated at a lesser cost and with a higher percentage of gold- or silver-extraction than in the ordinary treatment of sand; and, moreover, the initial outlay for an all-sliming plant is less than that for the ordinary sand- and slime-plant. The economy of construction of the Butters filter-plant is clearly shown in Figs. 1 and 2, which illustrate the 20-frame filter of 40 tons capacity, now being installed by the Nevada Goldfield Reduction Co. In this construction the slime-pump is so connected that it can pump to or from either tank or the filter by changing the valve-settings-a combination which is necessary in this particular installation, since sufficient fall is not available for filling and discharging the filter by gravity. Ordinarily, a slime-plant comprises: a filter-box with frames

Jan 1, 1907

By M. F. Trice

PYROPHYLLITE is a hydrous aluminum silicate (A12Si4010(OH)2)1 that occurs in both the foliated and the massive forms. The foliated variety resembles talc in that it has a greasy feel, a pearly luster, perfect basal cleavage, and usually is white, although in some deposits apple green, gray, brown, russet, and nearly black specimens may be found. The massive deposits of pyrophyllite yield pearl gray to light tan aggregates, some of which are so friable that they may be crushed with the hands into a fine gritty powder. Frequently specimens of the massive variety are studded with crystals of radial structure. The mineral has a specific gravity of about 2.7 and a hardness of 1 on Mobs' scale.1 The chemical composition of commercial pyrophyllite reflects the mineralogy of the deposits, which, according to Stuckey,2 contain pyro-phyllite and quartz, together with chloritoid, sericite, and a few other minerals of negligible importance. The latter, he says, "are noticed in but small quantities to the extent they might occur as accessory constitu-ents of an igneous rock or as products of regional metamorphism or weathering. . . . Quartz is abundant everywhere except in the very best grades of pyrophyllite." Analyses of specimens from several deposits are listed in Table 1, showing that the silica content varies from 57 to 73 percent and the alumina from 22 to 33 percent. Oxides of iron and the alkaline metals are collectively present, with one exception, to an extent of about 1 to 1.5 per cent.

Jan 1, 1940

By Robert B. Paul

This paper describes the new lead smelter and refinery recently completed by the American Smelting and Refining company in Southeast Missouri.

Jan 1, 1970

By John Henry Harden

This shaft, located in the northern anthracite coal-field about 2300 feet southwest from the court-house at Wilkes-Barre, in the County of Luzerne, Pa., is the property of the Lehigh & WilkesBarre Coal Company. The sinking and cribbing to the solid rock (see isometrical view on Plate IX) was conducted by Mr. W. W. Kenrick. Dimensions of the earthwork to the foundation of the cribbing, 51' 2" long, 17' 4" wide, 31' deep. Total amount of excavation in cubic yards, 998.5. Dimensions within the permanent cribbing, 45' 4" long, 11' 16" wide, 31' deep, divided into six parts by buttons 8" x 12", each division, 7' x 11' 6". Permanent cribbing 12" x 12"; temporary cribbing 8" x 10" ; backing, 3" thick ; clay puddle to exclude surface water, 12" thick; conductors, 8" x 5"; lining, 1" thick from top to bottom of the shaft. In the latter part of the year 1871, Mr. H. Murray & Son contracted with the company for the continuation of the work at the rate of four hundred dollars per yard in depth, to a point 100 feet below the Hillman seam of coal; for the succeeding 100 feet the price to be increased twenty-five dollars per yard, and so on until the bottom rock of the Baltimore seam of coal was found. The size of the shaft within the cribbing timbers is 45 feet 4 inches by 11 feet 6 inches, having six divisions of equal dimensions, 7 feet by 11 feet 6 inches, giving room for what is known as the "standard diamond " car, whose capacity when level full is 100 cubic feet, but when loaded by the miner 4 inches above the top contains 112 cubic feet." Two divisions of this shaft are intended for hoisting coal from the Hillman seam, two from the Baltimore seam, one for ventilation, and one for pumps. The works were planned for two pairs of direct-acting, high-pressure engines, twenty-four boilers, and for an estimated output of 2500 tons of coal per day from the two seams.

By H. B. Pulsifer

ABOUT 15 varieties, or modifications, of the best magnesium available were prepared and subjected to etching tests, then examined for microstructure. Of the 30-odd etching reagents that were tried, nearly half, mostly ammonium salts, etched the metal satisfactorily. The surfacing and etching of magnesium is shown to be a very simple and quick operation. The density and hardness of magnesium were determined. The most interesting new observations relate to the finding of the hexagonal etch figures, the crystal laminations, and the fact that the metal is plastic, cold, when restrained or quickly deformed. Under slowly applied pressure cold metal deforms slightly, then shears to fracture without plastic flow: The chief structural features of magnesium are presented in two reduced photographs and 30 photomicrographs.

Jan 1, 1927

By John V. Beall

Let's start at the beginning, Mr. Turner. Where and when were you born? In Lansing, Mich., on July 31, 1880. And what was your education? I went to the University of Michigan, where I got an A.B. degree in 1902; then to the Michigan College of Mines at Houghton, graduating from there in 1904 with a B.S. and an E.M. What was your first job in the mining industry, Mr. Turner, and what were you paid? In the summer of 1902, 1 was a field assistant for the U. S. Geological Survey in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, working under Israel C. Russell, professor of geology at the University of Michigan, who incidentally, had just returned from an expedition to study the effects of the eruption of Mt. Pelee, on Martinique. I was paid $60 a month and found; in addition to doing geologic and hydrographic work, I cooked many of the meals for a party of four, and wrangled four horses. I slept for four months under the stars, without a tent.

Jan 1, 1949

. E. P. MATHEWSON, New York, N. Y.-I would like to call attention to the excellent plan for protecting the lining of the tanks from rough handling by the excavator. Many engineers, when considering mechanical excavators for lead-lined tanks, have been afraid that the machinery might get out' of order and rip out the lining. This difficulty seems to have been entirely overcome in this installation, and those who have been responsible for its success deserve a great deal of credit. A. F. CASE,* Cleveland, Ohio. (written discussion t).-The application of the automatic unloader to the copper leaching process at Ajo was a very radical departure from the common use of this machine, inasmuch as the only previous use of this device has been in connection with the unloading of coal and ore from vessels on the Great Lakes. There are many phases in connection with the unloading of ore from lake vessels that are not presented in the extraction of ore tailings from leaching vats. For instance, in unloading from boats, it is necessary to provide means to reach under the hatches to parts of the cargo hold which do not lie directly under the hatches, and to work in inaccessible places that do not exist in a leaching vat. These necessities require complications that could be very easily dispensed with in this new application. On this account the unloader, is applied to the New Cornelia, plant, represents what is probably the simplest development of the machine that has ever been produced, and, manifestly, in its simplest form it could he expected to show results corresponding to its performances when installed with all of its complications. One of the requirements of vessel unloading is extreme vertical travel, when the bucket is required to reach the bottom of the, cargo hold, often 12 or 13 ft. below water-level, and discharge into a receptacle 30 ft. above-the water. This was materially simplified at Ajo for the reason that the vertical travel was never more than 20 ft. This condition immediately resulted in the possibility of shortening the walking beam which carries the bucket leg, and, in fact, in entirely reducing the size of all the working, parts of the trolley, walking beam, and bucket leg, as far as reaches were concerned.

Jan 11, 1918

By Frederic Benard

PRIOR to 1936, the Ontario Refining Co. received all incoming blister copper from The International Nickel Company's smelter in the usual form of 460-lb. cakes, or slabs. These were received in open cars in lots of 250 pieces. At the refinery the cakes were unloaded onto narrow-gauge cars, for convenient handling and pickup by charging cranes. In March 1936, an investigation was started on the feasibility of transferring converter copper in the molten state from the smelter to the refinery anode furnaces, a distance of 1 ¼ miles. Although common in steel practice, the transportation of blister copper in this form had not previously been attempted and a preliminary study of the various factors involved was therefore necessary. For this purpose, a series of experiments was made in which molten copper, removed at different stages during the furnace cycle, was held in a small portable holding furnace. This vessel was essentially a refractory-lined steel cylinder provided with ports for filling and emptying, heated by an oil burner. Dimensions of the steel shell were 3 ft. 10 in. diameter by 7 ft. 3 in. long, and thickness of refractories depended on the design and combination used for the particular experiment. The vessel was filled with approximately 2 ½ tons of copper at a predetermined temperature, the lining having been preheated to a definite point by means of an oil burner. All openings were well luted and temperature readings were made every 15 min. by means of an immersion-type thermocouple. In this manner the rate of heat loss resulting with different refractory design could be developed. The ratio of exterior surface to weight of metal was taken into consideration in comparing the experimental results with what might be expected for a full-sized unit, and observations were also made on type and degree of slag accretion. It was not possible to get as much information on this latter point as desirable, but all evidence showed that the problem would be control of slag build-up rather than attack on refractories. From the information derived, and in consultation with the engineering staff of the supplying company, an order was placed for the first

Jan 1, 1938

By H. H. Bein

Most western industrial sands are feldspathic and contain feldspars in variahle amounts. A few deposits will show alumina contents of less than one per cent while others will contain over twelve per cent alumina. Some industries are not especially concerned with the amount of contained feldspar but are interested only in color and in size gradations. Other industries, however, are very much interested in alumina content and set up quite rigid specifications as to this content. Several western plants are beneficiating crude sands both to reduce the iron content and to control the feldspar content. At present, most of these plants are using flotation processes for both controls although a few plants do use magnetic separators for the reduction of iron content. Some work has also been done with electrostatic separators for the feldspar-quartz splits. The Sand Division of Del Monte Properties Company, Pebble Beach, California, has been operating a flotation plant for iron removal and the separation of quartz and feldspar since 1950. As mentioned before, control of alumina, especially in the quartz product, is very important. Some users require an alumina content of less than two per cent and others will demand a product of less than one per cent Al2,O3,. The standard Quinolate method for determining alumina is lengthy and time consuming. The HF —H2SO4 evaporation step is especially critical and, if forced, spattering is apt to occur with a resulting loss of sample. Standard procedure is to evaporate to dry ness overnight at a low temperature. Even with forcing under optimum conditions the procerlnre will take two or three hours to complete. A new method has been developed which allows an alumina determination to be made, in 10 or 15 minutes, on a sample of the quartz product as it is being produced. This pocedure, although simply an approximation, has been most helpful in showing whether or not the product being formed is meeting specifications. This procedure has also allowed a great reduction in samples formerly taken and analysed by the orthodox method. Whether a sample assays 1.75% A12O3, or 1.95% .41,0, is not so important as the fact that it is below the allowable maximum of 2.00%. Similar thinking would apply to products required to contain less than 1.00% A1,0,. The step by step procedures for the method are as follows: 1. Collect sample, drain or filter, and dry. 2. Split sample through standard Jones sample cutter to quarter or eighth sample, depending on size of original sample taken, then split down to about 5 grams through Sepor micro-splitter. 3. Screen through 50 mesh sieve (U.S. Series) and reject undersize. 4. Weigh out 2 grams and place in platinum crucible. 5. Etch with 3-5 mls 38.40% HF for 1 minute at room temp. 6. Decant and wash. 7. Stain for two minutes in same crucible with a 1% water solution of Nigrosene dye. 8. Decant and wash well. 9. Dry.

Jan 1, 1961

By A. B. Parsons

AT the outset, the authors of this paper desire to file a disclaimer and an, explanation. They have no inside information from occult sources; neither of them feigns clairvoyant powers in the slightest degree. It is true that they have indicated on be graphs an approximate trend for the consumption of seven important mineral commodities up to the year 1954. At best this is a risky business; the figures do not pretend to be any- thing more than reasoned conjectures that are predicated on an attempt to evaluate some of the more obvious of the many factors that are likely to have a bearing on the future.

Jan 1, 1937