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By AIME AIME

IN ORDER to carry on its work most effectively, the Committee on Industrial Organization (now known as the Committee on Industrial Relations) consists, of .a number of sub-committees, each composed of a chairman and members who are especially fitted to carry out the work designated by its title. With only one or two exceptions, all of these committees made reports at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February of this year, abstracts of which follow.

Jan 1, 1920

By A. H. Taitt

During 1938, the exploratory drilling by the D'Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd., subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd., was continued. The original basis of the search for oil and results to the end of 1937 have already been described.' During 1938 two further wells were drilled in the south, making a total of five wells completed in that part of England. Test wells were also commenced in the Midlands, East Yorkshire and Scotland, where one well, which proved natural gas, was completed during the year. Southern England.—The test well at Kingsclere, in Hampshire, which at the end of 1937 had reached a depth of 5032 ft. in the Lower Lias, entered the Trias at 5060 ft. and was abandoned in that formation at a depth of 5125 ft. A shallow test well was also drilled near Pevensey, in Sussex, to test the lower horizons of the Wealden series and the Purbeck and Portland beds. Traces of oil were encountered in the Wealden series but no production was obtained and the well was abandoned at a depth of 842 ft. in the Kimeridge clay, which underlies the Portland beds. A geological borehole was begun north of Lulworth in Dorset, where the outcropping Wealden series, Lower Cretaceous, is strongly impregnated with oil, to determine whether a more pronounced pre-Albian anticline underlies the very gentle arch of the unconformable Upper Cretaceous. Drilling is not yet completed. Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire ad Yorkshire.—Geophysical investigations were continued in the eastern part of England where the structural conditions of the Carboniferous rocks are concealed by an unconformable blanket of Permian and younger sediments. Seismic methods failed to confirm the structural picture obtained by the previous gravity traverses, but confirmation of a structure near Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, which was suspected on evidence from colliery workings, was obtained. A location was made for a test well on this structure. Eskdale No. 1, begun on the Eskdale pericline near Whitby, in Yorkshire, to test the magnesian limestone of Permian age, was abandoned at a depth of 2486 ft. in the Trias after protracted fishing operations. A

Jan 1, 1939

By A. H. Taitt

During 1938, the exploratory drilling by the D'Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd., subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd., was continued. The original basis of the search for oil and results to the end of 1937 have already been described.' During 1938 two further wells were drilled in the south, making a total of five wells completed in that part of England. Test wells were also commenced in the Midlands, East Yorkshire and Scotland, where one well, which proved natural gas, was completed during the year. Southern England.—The test well at Kingsclere, in Hampshire, which at the end of 1937 had reached a depth of 5032 ft. in the Lower Lias, entered the Trias at 5060 ft. and was abandoned in that formation at a depth of 5125 ft. A shallow test well was also drilled near Pevensey, in Sussex, to test the lower horizons of the Wealden series and the Purbeck and Portland beds. Traces of oil were encountered in the Wealden series but no production was obtained and the well was abandoned at a depth of 842 ft. in the Kimeridge clay, which underlies the Portland beds. A geological borehole was begun north of Lulworth in Dorset, where the outcropping Wealden series, Lower Cretaceous, is strongly impregnated with oil, to determine whether a more pronounced pre-Albian anticline underlies the very gentle arch of the unconformable Upper Cretaceous. Drilling is not yet completed. Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire ad Yorkshire.—Geophysical investigations were continued in the eastern part of England where the structural conditions of the Carboniferous rocks are concealed by an unconformable blanket of Permian and younger sediments. Seismic methods failed to confirm the structural picture obtained by the previous gravity traverses, but confirmation of a structure near Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, which was suspected on evidence from colliery workings, was obtained. A location was made for a test well on this structure. Eskdale No. 1, begun on the Eskdale pericline near Whitby, in Yorkshire, to test the magnesian limestone of Permian age, was abandoned at a depth of 2486 ft. in the Trias after protracted fishing operations. A

Jan 1, 1939

By J. Parke Channing

ALTHOUGH the original thought of investigating waste in industry came from a mining engineer, Herbert Hoover, and although the chairman of that committee was a mining engineer (although the real work was done by the vice-chairman, L. W. Wallace), it is an interesting commentary that when the report first saw light, at St. Louis, on the first of June, 1921, some people most violently went up in the air when it was submitted by the representatives of the mining engineers. At the time they resented most markedly the report of the committee that 50 per cent. of the waste in industry, or as Mr. Ingalls in his paper has properly said, inefficiency in industry, was to be laid upon management. The reason for that seems to have been that, as a whole, the mining industry is pretty well organized and is superior to a large number of manufacturing industries including those studied by the Report. However, this very meeting shows that even the min-ing engineers have finally realized that there is waste or inefficiency in mining and that a large proportion of it can, with propriety, be assessed against management.

Jan 3, 1922

By E. B. BESSELIEVRE

THE great work of Gorgas in stamping out yellow fever in Panama during the construction of the Canal was one of the chief factors contributing to the ultimate accomplishment of the task, two previous attempts having failed largely through the demoralization of workers by epidemics of contagious diseases. Mining camps, rapidly constructed during the boom days of the rushes to new fields, have been frequent sufferers from typhoid when, as so often used to be the case, little or no attention was given to bacterial examination of the water supply or to the method used for disposing of the sewage.

Jan 1, 1930

By Thomas J. Menner

Jan 1, 1983

By C. W. Robinson

Transportation is the minerals business. Once upon a time the geologist, the engineer and later the metallurgist reigned supreme, but the leading role in mineral development today is the economist-especially the transportation economist. Obviously this trend is more important for large volume, low value mine-to-market movements of such commodities as iron ore, phosphate, potash, coal and petroleum. But, transportation is of sufficient importance to all mining activities to be included in forward planning. Civilization has been influenced by transportation developments to an extent little understood or appreciated. Although industrialists are capable of intelligent historical analysis of this phenomenon, too frequently they have failed to project, or anticipate those changes in transportation techniques which will influence the pattern of industrial growth.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. F. Tanner

A river delivers a given load of sand, and hence heavy materials, into the sea. The load is fixed by drainage basin characteristics and processes. Wave energy available for redistributing that load is fixed in an entirely different way. An equilibrium diagram of these two parameters (load vs energy) pennits a tentative prediction of what will happen to the heavy minerals. Alluvial rivers transport a mechanical load which consists essentially of wash load (finer than about 0.05 mm in particle diam), bed load (coarser than about 0.10 mm) and the transition sizes in between. A few rivers carry no appreciable mechanical load, and are excluded from this discussion. An example of the latter is the Suwannee River of Florida, which empties across an oyster bar into the Gulf of Mexico and does not build a delta despite the absence of significant waves or currents in that part of the Gulf. An alluvial river may deliver its load into a protected sediment trap (such as an estuary, sound or lagoon), onto a low-energy coast (where it builds a delta) or onto a high-energy coast (from which spot the river load is swept away). The nature and disposition of the load depends, obviously, on three sets of factors: 1) drainage basin characteristics and processes, which determine quantity and make-up of the load; 2) coastal structure and geomorphology, which determine the kind of river-sea coupling which

Jan 1, 1962

By R. P. Fischer

The Colorado Plateau region has been the principal domestic source of uranium, vanadium, and radium. The value of these commodities produced from the region through 1964 slightly exceeds $2 billion. Most of the deposits occur in streamlaid lenses of sandstone in the Chinle and Morrison Formations. The ore minerals below the zone of oxidation are low-valent oxides and silicates of uranium and vanadium; all of these, except the quite stable vanadium silicates, oxidize readily to a variety of high-valent uranium and vanadium minerals. The ore minerals partly replace fossil wood but mainly impregnate sandstone, typically forming tabular ore bodies that are nearly concordant to the bedding of the host rock. The deposits range in size from those containing only a few tons of ore to those containing more than 1 million tons. Stratigraphic, lithologic, and sedimentary structural factors obviously influenced the localization of these deposits, but igneous activity, hydrothermal mineralization, and tectonic structures show no similarly consistent influence on localization. The deposits are epigenetic, but the source of the ore metals, the nature of the ore-bearing solutions, and the time of ore emplacement are uncertain. A few uranium deposits in the region are dominantly discordant to bedding and occur in collapsed breccia pipes or along linear fractures. Their origins are also uncertain.

Jan 1, 1968

By Oliver Bowles

THE most important non-metallic mineral industries from a tonnage standpoint are those that are allied with the construction industries and are engaged in handling sand and gravel, crushed stone, building stone, cement, lime and gypsum. The greatest problem facing a number of these industries at this time is over-production. They have experienced un- usual, and in some instances phenomenal, growth during recent years, stinlulated by extensive highway and building construction, but in some localities expansion of producing plants has far outstripped industrial needs. The cement industry is operating at about two- thirds capacity. Over-production tends toward price- cutting and unprofitable and interrupted operation, involving maintenance expenses for idle plants and disorganization of working forces. This condition has encouraged active efforts toward reducing production costs by the introduction of labor-saving equipment. Also, there is a tendency toward the location of manufacturing plants, wherever possible, near the centers of consumption rather than at points of production of raw materials. In order to reduce overhead expense, or for other reasons, many consolidations of companies into larger units have taken place. An economic study of conditions in these industries is highly desirable. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has taken one step forward in this direction in the issuance of Economic Paper 7, entitled "Economics of New Sand and Gravel Developments." Briefly, this report emphasizes the importance of making a thorough study of all the economic factors involved before undertaking new .enterprises.

Jan 1, 1930

By B. M. Larsen

NEVER having actually tried to engage in the systematic education of anyone, and having little direct knowledge of the practical problems and limitations in the field of education, I can pose only as a "nonexpert" in this field, one whose ideas are to be regarded as personal opinions. The necessity for compromise between educational ideals and the practical limitations of time, money, and mental capacities of both student and teacher is evident in the preparation of an end product that we may regard with a reasonable degree of conviction as a professional engineer. We need to do so many things. The engineering student must have a clear understanding of the basic sciences; he should develop manual skills and co-ordination; he should speak and write the language with simple clarity and directness; he should gather knowledge of a special field; and, he should be educated for living in a broad ..

Jan 1, 1948

By J. Gurland

THE microstructure of sintered carbides consists of particles of metal carbides, such as WC and TiC, embedded in a metallic binder which is usually a cobalt—or nickel-rich solid solution. One of the important factors influencing the strength of the alloys is the degree of dispersion of the carbide particles in the binder matrix. While it is generally accepted

Jan 1, 1960

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information-will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries: All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute. can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will he classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 5, 1913

By Daniel R. Shawe

Large tabular beryllium deposits in waterlaid rhyolitic tuff at Spor Mountain, Utah, contain the world's largest known resources of beryllium (as bertrandite). The district also has produced fluorspar and uranium. The largest beryllium deposit is about 2.5 miles long, and known deposits contain many million tons of material with at least 0.5 per cent BeO. The beryllium-bearing tuff (Pliocene?) underlies topaz-bearing rhyolite ( Pliocene?) that contains unusually high amounts of beryllium, fluorine, and uranium, and overlies other volcanic rocks (Pliocene? or Micocene?) and marine carbonate and elastic rocks ( Paleozoic). The deposits occur in hydrothermally altered tuff only where it contains abundant carbonate pebbles eroded from the Paleozoic rocks and where the tuff was deposited as thick layers in now-buried paleovalleys. Basin and Range faults, thrust fa ults, and possibly strike-slip faults formed in this part of the Basin and Range province during the late Tertiary, and volcanic rocks were extruded. Beryllium mineralization probably occurred during this episode. Undoubtedly the beryllium deposits are related genetically to the topaz-bearing rhyolite, but the details of their genesis are not certain and probably are complex. Beryllium deposits are close to major faults, and locally the beryllium is concentrated at faults, indicating fault control of mineralization. Some elements in the deposits, such as lithium, however, are evenly distributed in certain Luff beds and perhaps were introduced prior to faulting. Still other elements, such as manganese and lead, were concentrated in the beryllium deposits and subsequently were leached along late fractures, indicating a period of metal redistribution following mineralization.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

HE State of Utah has an area of 84,990 sq. mi., and like other inland states in the West its population, although steadily increasing, is relatively small. The fact that it is a state possessing vast mineral resources is attested by a careful study of statistics which have been compiled by Federal and State investigators. Some idea of the extent of these resources and the degree of development of a particular state or region may be gained by such a study, but in the case of Utah statistics and other available information fail to portray completely the true extent and value of its existing metallic and non-metallic resources. The State is probably more widely known for its production of metallic ores which has placed it in an eminent position among the metal mining states of the Nation.

Jan 1, 1925

As knowledgeable men in the industry know, a mineral occurrence is found through prospecting but an ore deposit is "made" -made through, first, imaginative and effective exploration; thence through efficient engineering, sales and management. There are two main phases of exploration-reconnaissance and target investigation-each of which can be further divided into two additional stages (see accompanying table). The search for a new ore deposit within a known and geologically mapped mining district involves only the last two stages, whereas the search for a new orebody in a virgin geologic environment involves at least three stages and often the full sequence. Of course, some of the exploration stages may be bypassed depending on available results of previous mineral surveys and/or exploration by individuals, business concerns, and governments.

Jan 10, 1967

By R. W. Smith

IN the manufacture of portland cement, the basic and fundamental essential is a limestone uniformly rich in calcium carbonate and carrying less than 3 per cent magnesium carbonate. In searching for such a deposit, also having in mind quantity of rock, accessibility and quarrying facilities, the Pacific Coast Cement Co. discovered and developed its present quarry at View Cove on the east coast of Dall Island, Alaska. Dall Island is about 100 miles west of Ketchikan and 650 miles north from Seattle. It is 70 miles in length and 5 to 10 miles in width. The climatic conditions are much more favorable than would be expected. The temperature ranges from zero to 70 degrees. The precipitation is considerably more than at Seattle, although there was less snow during the last season than at Seattle. The island is rugged and mountainous; the vegetation is moss and grass and a large portion is timbered with spruce, hemlock and cedar. Some of this timber has market value. The limestone quarry is about 30 miles north of the extreme southern end of the island. The company acquired 240 acres which contain limestone of remarkable uniformity, the percentage of calcium carbonate being about 95. It is estimated that there is ample recover- able rock on the holdings to supply the cement plant at its maximum capacity for well over 100 years.

Jan 1, 1929

By S. E. Craig

Jen Inc., operator of the Cord mine, in the Big Indian district of San Juan County, Utah, has a contract with a milling company that provides a small bonus for proper grading and preparation of uranium ores shipped. To obtain maximum returns on this contract very close grading is required with settlements made on individual lots, which vary from 250 to 300 tons. Another feature of the contract, and one that is rather unique in this country, is that the ore is sold over truck scales at the mine. Grade is determined at the buyer's sample plant. It is necessary to take a moisture sample of each truckload shipped for ac- curate weighing and this is done by the representative of the buyer, using facilities supplied by Jen Inc. The sample is hardly more than a grab sample and includes only the finer and smaller pieces of the ore shipped.

Jan 10, 1958

By F. T. Havard

(Canal Zone meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. THE present truce in litigation between Western smelting and ranching interests gives opportunity for a summary of the results achieved by metallurgists in condensing fume and de-acidifying furnace-gases. In the absence of complete records of past experiments, there has been a good deal of unnecessary duplication of attempts and' failures. Yet, especially under the recent policy of our large corporations, looking to the economic recovery of the values of by- and waste products, original and, in some cases, effective measures have been developed by American metallurgists. In the case of Bliss vs. the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the Montana Supreme Court, recognizing the progressive efforts made to render the flue-gases innocuous, and the value to the community of the smelting company's operations, refused to hamper its work, and returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. In the trial, the experimental firms of the company in the so-called "affected region" were proved to be thriving perfectly, showing that immunity was guaranteed to vegetation and stock by the wide distribution of the sulphurous acid gas in the dry air of Montana. Indeed, L. S. Austin has proved that by the time the fume is 4,000 ft.. distant from the stack, the percentage of sulphurous acid has been diminished from 2.28 to 0.00045; and Angus Smith has shown that rain must contain 40 parts per million of free acid before vegetation is affected. The arsenic in the stack-gases is but a very small part of the original content of the ore, of which 80 per cent. and over is rejected in the concentrator and furnace waste-products or recovered in the flues. Nevertheless, neither the peace in Montana nor the armistice

Aug 1, 1910

By C. B. Foster, S. I. Freedman, E. M. Jamgochian

Coal-oil mixture (COM) combustion technology is regarded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) as near term and Potentially applicable to existing utility and industrial steam generators and for injection into blast furnaces. From work done previously, it has been established that COM can be burned in existing boilers and blast furnaces. Therefore, the issues being addressed by the current DOE program are: (1) determination of best available technology to achieve environmentally acceptable long-term reliable operation and (2) determination of applications for which COM can be utilized economically. Some of the technological options have begun to be determined by projects already under way. However, many projects are still in the early stages of development.

Jan 1, 1980