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By J. E. JR. Johnson

AT the Cleveland meeting of the Institute in October, 1912, I had the honor to present a paper outlining the conditions surrounding the charcoal iron industry, and giving some of the results of an investigation started about three years ago for the purpose of determining the reason for the poor reputation of the Lake Superior charcoal irons as compared with the Southern and Eastern irons. In that paper I explained the effect of high carbon on quality, and tried to make clear that that paper was a preliminary one, as we felt convinced that we should eventually discover other factors affecting quality. The progress of the investigation has brought out facts that seem to us of the utmost importance practically and theoretically, and the purpose of the present paper is to present these facts with the proofs which seem to us to establish them. The closing year of the nineteenth century saw the publication of the first definite and connected statement of the relationship between the cast irons and the steels.' The metallurgical world was ready to accept the fundamental unity of these two series, acceptance being greatly hastened by Professor Howe's classic paper, The Constitution of Cast Iron, presented at the Richmond meeting of the Institute, February, 1901.

Jan 1, 1914

By Ancel St. John

DURING a session on coal and coke at the February, 1926, meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the writer called attention to the important work on the X-ray analysis of coal1,2 being carried on in England by C. Norman Kemp and his associates. This aroused so much interest that a paper on the subject was requested for the October meeting. It has seemed advisable to make this paper a preliminary survey of the present status in the application of X-ray methods to coal problems and to follow it from time to time with further articles as the art develops. A survey of this sort naturally divides itself into two parts, radioscopic analysis of the distribution of constituents through the body of the coal, and diffraction analysis of the state of association of the elementary components. In this article the subject matter concerning radioscopic analysis has been drawn almost entirely from the writings of Kemp and his associates and the illustrations have been specially furnished by him. It is a pleasure to record here a great indebtedness for this courtesy and cooperation. The subject matter and illustrations concerning diffraction analysis are taken from the author's unpublished researches.

Jan 10, 1926

By C. G. Fink

A PART of the material incorporated in this paper was derived from the studies of ancient metal objects examined by the authors from time to time for museums and art collectors, in order to verify the age of the metal. The data thus accumulated during several years was systemati-cally surveyed and supplemented by new material obtained in examina-tion of a set of specimens that had been generously donated by museums for this study. Altogether over 50 pieces were investigated, of which 39 are described in this paper. Every specimen is at least 1500 years old; the majority are considerably older. Exact conditions to which these bronze and copper objects were exposed in the ground are unknown, unfortunately. It is safe to say that exposure conditions did not remain constant during the long period of burial. Although the collection of specimens studied represents a wide variation in location and age of the objects, as well as in the nature and composition of the metals, it was found that fundamental changes in the metal structure were limited to a few typical cases which, therefore, may be considered as more or less general. The authors' chief aim was to study the effect of extremely long periods of corrosion on the structure of bronze and copper.

Jan 1, 1936

By PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS

THE opening session of the Institute was held at Hazle Hall, Tuesday evening, October 27th, with a large attendance of members. President Raymond called the Institute to order, and after a few introductory remarks, introduced Mr. I. Lowthian Bell, President of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, and Honorary Member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Mr. Bell was received with great applause, and made his acknowledgments in a brief speech, of which the following is the substance: He desired to thank the Institute personally for the honor conferred upon him in his election to membership, and also for the invitation extended last year to the body of which he was President. The difficulty felt by many members of the Iron and Steel Institute, of leaving for a long journey the works of which they had charge, aggravated by special industrial troubles at the time of the invitation, had obliged them to conclude that it could not then be accepted in a fitting manner. The iron manufacture of this country is a subject of great interest to Englishmen, who look with pride upon the achievements on this side the water of the descendants of a common ancestry. His own reception in this country had far surpassed in cordiality even the well-grounded anticipations he had formed from the assurances of the President and other friends. Notwithstanding the flattering manner in which his friend, in introducing him to the Institute, had spoken of his contributions to the science of iron metallurgy, he could not take to himself alone the significance of this welcome. He knew it was a recognition of the services rendered by the body which he had the honor to represent; and he was glad to see present a member of that body, Mr. Thomas Whitwell, who had fortunately been able to make the journey at this time, and whom he had had the pleasure of meeting on the shores of Lake Champlain. He had been requested to say something of his impressions of the American iron industry. It was not easy to digest so soon the vast

Jan 1, 1875

James Gayley, Braddock, Pa. (communication to the Secretary) : Mr. Potter has made reference to our practice at the Edgar Thomson works in the direction of increasing the life of the lining, and mentions the product of one of our furnaces as having reached a total of 370,000 tons. It may be interesting to know that this furnace has been put out of blast with a record of 452,685 tons, after a run of three years and nine months. A companion-furnace to this will produce, hefore the present year is ended, half a million tons. As Mr. Potter has quite correctly designated this as " the newest problem in furnace-practice," a description of the construction of this furnace lining may be Welcome to members. The bricks used in the lining are 9 and 134 inches long, with the requisite quantity of straight and key-shapes to turn the circle. There bricks are well suited for enclosing the numerous bosh-plates used for cooling. The bosh-plates (the efficient fortress of the lining) extend from the top of the tuyere arch to the mantel, and are inserted in rows, 18 inches to 2 feet apart. These form a perfect defence against encroachment on the bosh-lining, and leave the bosh at the end of the blast of the same thickness as at the beginning. The protection afforded by these bosh plates is the principal cause of the increased duration of the furnace-lining. But it must be noted that the shape and material of the plate are essential elements. The most serviceable plate is that made of bronze or copper. We have tried every form of iron plates without obtaining satisfactory results. These were replaced with bronze plates, built into the lining, which gave excellent results so long as they did not leak; but when this occurred, as it did in time, the water was shut off, and, since the plates could only be removed with difficulty, they were allowed to burn off. This permitted encroachment on the bosh-walls, which thus became enlarged beyond the limit required for economical practice. With the introduction of the removable plate, made tapering on the sides, with plain surfaced top and bottom, these troubles have

Jan 1, 1895

MINING AND METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA San Francisco Section The San Francisco Section of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America held a joint meeting with the local section of the American Institute of Mining Engineers at the Engineers' Club, San Francisco, on Tuesday, Apr. 16, 1918. The meeting was preceded by a dinner. Letters from the parent body in NewYork asking for the consideration of the proposed bill before Congress, and an expression of opinion relative to the appointment of a Federal Administrator of Mines justified the joint meeting of the local sections of the two mining societies, in that a more representative opinion of the engineers of California could he obtained. The meeting was called to order at 7:15 P.M. by Mr. Frank H. Probert acting as Chairman. About thirty engineers were present. Mr. Probert read a letter of March 14, from Secretary Huntoon, asking that the meeting be called. He read excerpts from Bulletin 117 of February 28, 1918, of the Mining and Metallurgical Society containing a copy of the proposed bill, so that all present might be advised of its essential contents. He briefly commented on the urgent need of such legislation and invited discussion of the subject. After long and thorough discussion on the part of the members present, Professor Lawson made the following motion: I move that a resolution expressing the sense of the joint meeting of the local sections of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and Mining and Metallurgical Society of America be forwarded to the secretaries of the two societies to the effect that we heartily approve of the purpose and intention of the bill designed to promote and stimulate the production of minerals necessary for the successful prosecution of the war; and that we suggest prices should be fixed for the period of the war and two years thereafter, and that these prices, guaranteed by the Government, should apply at the nearest shipping point to place of production of the minerals. This motion was carried. The meeting then adjourned, and a telegram was sent by Mr. Probert, the Chairman, to Mr. Huntoon, notifying him of the motion that had been carried at the meeting.

Jan 7, 1918

By J. Elmer Thomas

If 1929 witnessed a growing realization on the part of the oil industry that supply must be balanced against demand, 1930 proved conclusively that excessive inventories constitute a price depressant even with balanced conditions. Increased attention was certainly paid to economic considerations last year, and the achievement of holding daily crude production, with a constantly mounting potential, to levels 500,000 bbl. below the output of the summer before, deserves special mention. The ill-advised accumulation, however, of gasoline stocks, at least 10,000,000 bbl. larger than necessary, nullified the restraint exercised by the producers and finally necessitated drastic downward price revisions. An event of special significance was the appointment by the Federal Oil Conservation Board, last March, of a temporary Committee on Petroleum Economics that attempted a forecast of demand, an estimate of supply, and an allocation of the latter between the principal producing states. Thus for the first time was an economic program for an entire basic industry drafted by an independent body under the auspices of the Federal Government. The report was widely discussed and generally approved, but its schedules were not adopted by the refining division nor by oil producers in the State of Texas until too late to contribute to the industry's prosperity during 1930. If the restraint of November had been exercised in May a profitable year might have been the result: The gasoline price war in California during June, however, illustrated the point that even with a fairly sound statistical position insistent pressure to expand normal marketing outlets must result in losses to all concerned. The balanced program so painfully attained by producers must be maintained by refiners and distributors to be completely effective. Again in November the Federal Oil Conservation Board, acting on the request of the directors of the American Petroleum Institute, called its Committee on Petroleum Economics back into existence to prepare a new estimate for the next six months. An economic program adopted in advance of the winter period of accumulating inventories may aid this large and essential industry toward the profits to which it is entitled

Jan 1, 1931

By W. J. Locher

One important means of reducing steel consumption in grinding mills is not mentioned in S.G. Malghan's paper. It is simply to reduce the oxygen content in the mill and pulp. While oxygen dissolved in pulp is not readily reduced without additives, reduced aeration and reduced ventilation of grinding mills are often feasible. It is not necessary to completely eliminate the oxygen to achieve substantial benefits, since corrosion rates vary with oxygen content in a manner analogous to combustion rates as oxygen content increases. It is difficult to generate indisputable quantitative data on the relationship of oxygen reduction in a milling system to changes in consumption of grinding steel. Perhaps this accounts for the absence of technical papers on the effects of reducing oxygen content in grinding mills by reducing aeration of pulp and ventilation of grinding mills. One qualitative observation is that mills operating at a lower percent of critical speed will tend to have lower media consumption for similar fineness of grind without necessarily having an equivalent reduction in power consumption per ton of product. Reduced mill speed would also tend to reduce both ventilation of the mill and entrainment of air in the pulp. Larger grinding mills tend to be more media efficient because they operate at a greater ratio of charge volume to pulp surface area, which will tend to reduce the aeration per unit of pulp volume. The mechanical steps required to reduce aeration of grinding mill pulps depend on the configuration of the grinding circuit and related process. Reply by S.G. Malghan Mr. Locher stated that my paper did not mention the reduction of oxygen content of the pulp as a potential method of decreasing the steel consumption. I would like to bring to the attention of Mr. Locher that an indirect reference was made to the fact that pulp oxidation potential controls the corrosion wear of steel. Though dissolved oxygen is one of the factors that controls oxidation potential, additional discussion was deliberately avoided for the reasons mentioned by Mr. Locher. The most important reason being the difficulty of decreasing and controlling the oxygen concentration of the pulp in a commercial mill.

Jan 1, 1984

By Will L. Clark

He who enters a mining claim within an Indian reservation of the United States of America acquires no rights thereby, because of the fact that the lands within such Indian reservation are not a part of the public domain, and cannot be located or acquired as mineral land. However, where such an entry is authorized as to a particular reservation by an Act of Congress, such claims as may be ontered under such authorization are thereby segregated from the reservation, and the Indian title is oxtinguished. Under the Choctaw Constitution, any citizen of that nation, in other words any Choctaw Indian, who discovered a coal mine, acquired an exclusive right to all coal within a radius of 1 mile. The laws of the Chickasaw nation provided for the formation of corporations to develop coal and other mines, with authority to contract with others to develop and work the mines. Under these laws, leases were made; but Congress subsequently abrogated all existing leases, prohibited all persons from receiving royaltics from such mines, and provided that all coal within the nation should remain the common property of the tribes. , Such leases are now expressly prohibited by an Act of Congress (32 United States Statutes at Large, 655). All leases of mineral lands upon Indian reservations must now be made under regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior, and the royalties must' be paid into the United States Treasury for the benefit of the tribes. In Canada the Indians have no rights to the royal mines and minerals, and the government can make no stipulation with the Indians which would affect the rights of the Province in which the lands are situated. Therefore, while it is true that under our present law no rights can be acquired to a mining claim within an Indian reservation, it seems to be fully within the authority of Congress to make laws, giving such rights to mineral locators as it may deem necessary or expedient. There is a demand for a general law that will permit mining upon Indian reservations, and I am informed that most of the members of both houses of Congress from the Western States are in favor of Congress pass-

Jan 1, 1915

By F. Selig, E. J. Couch

The following points serve to supplement the interesting theoretical study on forward combustion by Thomas, and may be of some general interest. The mathematical model presented by the author can be viewed as a first approximation to the problem of calculating the vertical burned height profile resulting from ignition of the interval | z |<h/2 in a very thick formation. However, the assumption of a given minimum combustion temperature T, would give a better approximation to the vertical burned profile if the burning height were not constrained to stay within the ignited layer. This follows from the fact that both fuel and oxygen are present in the adjacent region, |z|>h/2, and for certain combinations of process variables the temperature is sufficiently high for complete combustion to occur. In this case, the vertical coverage will first become greater than the ignited interval before cutting back to zero as the extinction limit is approached as shown in Fig. 1. Such growth of vertical coverage is possible if the minimum combustion temperature is less than the initial source temperature (r = rj) at the edge (z = h/2) of the ignited interval. But this latter temperature is equal to one-half the source temperature for the case of infinite burned height.&apos;,&apos; Thus growth will occur initially if The fact that the vertical burned height can be greater than the ignited interval complicates the picture considerably, as can be seen by referring to Fig. 1. Here burning occurs in Region A, whereas none was possible in the original mathematical model. At the same time, there is no combustion in Region B, contrary to the assumption of burning in the entire layer |z|<h/2. This apparent inconsistency suggests that the vertical coverage derived from this simple model does not adequately represent the vertical height of the burned zone. A more compatible model will result from the actual stepwise calculation of the burning length (as a function of time) that would give rise to the specified combustion temperature. This problem can be more conveniently attacked by using the temperature distribution, given by the author&apos;s Eq. 12, expressed in the integrated form:

By A. R. Troiano, W. J. Barnett

The existence of a grain size stabilization effect on martensitic type reactions as shown by Scheill in an iron-29 pct nickel alloy and by Troiano and Tokich2 in cobalt prompted a review of other martensitic reactions to determine if this stabilization effect is characteristic of all martensite type reactions. Preliminary work has shown this effect to be present both in the gamma —+ epsilon transformation in an iron-20 pct manganese alloy and the martensite transformation of SAE 4140 and 3 pct Cr-O.40 pct steels. No appreciable effect was found in an SAE 2340 steel. The M, temperature for the gamma —+ epsilon transformation was lowered from 380°F to about room temperature by varying the annealing treatment following cold work as shown in Table I. The effect of austenitic grain size on the M, of three steels is shown in Table 2. M, was deter- mined by the conventional quench-temper method of Greninger and Troiano. In a single crystal the change in external shape concomitant with the homogeneous shear mechanism of the martensite transformation can take place unhindered. In a polycrystalline specimen a restraint of these changes must occur at the grain boundaries. Therefore, the smaller the grain size the greater the shear strain energy necessary for the formation of a martensite crystal. The degree of lowering of M, due to the reduction of grain size is much greater when the change in crystal structure involves only a small energy change, such as face-centered cubic —+ close packed hexagonal (that is, CO and Fe-20 pct manganese alloy). The maximum lowering of M, observed in the steels investigated was 50°F with a change in the ASTM austenitic grain size of 1-2 to 8-9. In comparison, the crystal structure change face-centered cubic —+ body-centered tetragonal involves a considerable energy change. There is little doubt that with much finer grain sizes the increased grain boundary restraint would greatly enhance this stabilization effect. The implications of this phenomenon are multifold. Undoubtedly. under certain conditions it offers a method of stabilizing high temperature phases for room temperature

Jan 1, 1949

The pattern of the coal industry west of the Mississippi River, so far as its history is concerned, is entirely different from that to the east of the "Father of Waters." When the Louisiana Purchase was consummated, one of Jefferson&apos;s first thoughts was to ascertain what sort of a country had been purchased, and to that end he sent Lewis and Clark to ascend the Missouri River and to reach the Pacific Ocean if possible, but above all to bring back a report showing the character of the country, its mineral and other resources, inhabitants, etc. This first expedition was supplemented by others to various parts of the vast domain for the same purpose; years later, when transportation routes were necessary to hold and develop the western country, a number of expeditions were sent to explore possible routes for railroads. The records of nearly all of these explorers, as will be shown later, contain references to coal in many localities, the possible value of which was realized but its potential value remained dormant for many years until increasing population and methods of transport made markets available. Missouri was the first state west of the Mississippi in which coal was produced and the names of a number of places show that the French were familiar with the coal deposits there. Lewis and Clark, soon after they left St. Louis, passed "a remarkable Coal Hill on the Larboard Side, called by the French Carbonere, this hill appeares to Contain great quantity of Coal."1 This hill was about seven miles below St. Charles. No other outcrops were seen by them until they had passed the present limits of the state. The Louisiana Gazette of April 9, 1805 contained an article on "The Missouri," author not stated, which said, "the short stay we have generally made among the savage nations has prevented us from making those researches, which would have supplied us with a more extensive information respecting the various mines found on the borders of the Missouri; we know with certainty only those of iron, lead and coal." In 1806 Pike passed through Missouri on his tour to Mexico. On August 17th, along the Osage River he remarked, "here the river-bank is

Jan 1, 1942

We note with sincere regret the death of H. T. Chen,, who was killed by forest fire in the mountainous re-ion of Kokiu-Chang where he had been operating as Engineer in Chief of the Yunnan Tin Trading Co. Mr. Chen graduated in 1911 from the Department, of Mines, .University of California, being the first Chinese Government scholar in mining to attend that institution; and one of the first in America. He came of a distinguished family, many members of Which are in official life in Peking and in his native province of Hunan, all of whom are noted for their classical scholarship. He was himself a Hsiao-tsai or Bachelor of Arts, a coveted degree of the old literati class, Which he won under the Manchu regime when he was still a stripling. His mining work in Yunnan was carried on with only the most primitive facilities and in a distant province, but was, nevertheless, attended with great success and profit for his company. The region is infested with brigands and rebellious troops. who frequently turn marauders and prey upon the countryside, and Mr. Chen has had to go to the mines always with a large armed guard sometimes aggregating 150 men and some hundreds of miners, also armed. Two armed squads of men keep in touch with his base &apos;at Kokiu-Chang every day to get supplies and food, and it is feared that the brigands who have thus been prevented from plundering and mobbing his parties have started &apos;he fires to burn him out, with the disastrous result reported. Mr. Chen has thus given his life to his country in the attempt to win for modern China and Chinese civilization the raw materials of her new industrial life. He did so cheerfully and with full appreciation of the dangers that beset him, and China regards this as one of the most noble sacrifices of her young sons on the altar of patriotism. He is survived by a daughter of two years and by his widow who was also a graduate of the University of California and will be remembered by her classmates as Lucy Kong, 1912.

Jan 7, 1917

By Hallan N. Marsh, Bruce H. Robinson

It is generally believed that the flowing of wells through tubing instead of casing results in the conservation of gas. It is further believed that use of tubing prolongs the flowing life of a well and results in greater ultimate recovery, provided either that there are no adjacent wells, or that any adjacent wells are similarly operated. Recent experience in the flowing of Buckbee zone wells at Santa Fe Springs has not only substantiated both of these beliefs but has led to the further conclusion that the use of tubing results in a greater cumulative flowing production, &apos; even in a highly competitive field like Santa Fe Springs, where the wells concerned are closely offset by wells of both the same and other companies flowing through casing. Further, gas-oil ratio has been so reduced that greater ultimate recovery can be expected. In the belief that such would be the case, the majority of the Buckbee zone wells of one company were brought in through tubing, but enough wells were flowed through casing to form the basis for a comparison. For the purpose of this comparison, wells with flow strings 2½ or 3-in. dia. are designated as tubed wells, while those having flow strings larger than 3-in. dia. are designated as untubed wells. Casing used was mostly of 5 ¾-in. dia., the remainder being of 4¾-in. dia. There were 15 tubed wells and 8 untubed wells and they were scattered over the field in such a way that neither group appears to have any distinct advantage as regards location. Locations of all wells involved in the comparison are shown on Fig. 1. All the Buckbee sand wells of the company are included in the average production curves, with the exception of eight that were unsatisfactory for reasons other than the method of flowing. Findings 1. Buckbee sand wells flowing through casing larger than 3 in. had an average maximum production rate of 4670 bbl. per day, while wells flowed through straight tubing or 3-in. casing had an average maximum production of only 3300 bbl. per day. (See Fig. 2.)

Jan 1, 1932

From the early part of the thirteenth century bituminous coal was called "sea coal" in England, from the fact that the coal seams in the Fife and Northumberland fields outcropped on the shores of the North Sea and wave action and erosion resulted in lumps of coal being found in large quantities along the shores. These were gathered by women and children and sold for fuel to replace wood. Coal first reached London by sea, and there was a "Secole Lane" in that city in 1228. The term was gradually applied to all coal and for some hundreds of years all coal in England was called "sea coal", and the term is not yet obsolete there. Another reason for the use of a defining word was the fact that from time immemorial, in England and elsewhere, the word coal meant char-coal, or coal made from wood, as this was the common fuel of those times when anything other than natural wood was burned. The biblical references to coal all mean wood-coals or charcoal, and one must be careful in writings prior to at least 1750, when "coal" is used to be sure that it means stone, or mineral coal, rather than wood or charcoal. "Sea-coal" was in common use along the Atlantic seaboard until after about 1780; the first map showing coal in Pennsylvania, Ohip and Kentucky, made as of 1750, used the term "sea-coal here."2 In the interior stone coal was used by the early writers almost entirely, partly to differentiate it from charcoal, but largely because it was found with stones and rocks, and in most places then had the same value. "Fossil" coal was used by Hamilton in 1790. Jefferson called it mineral coal and pit coal in 1781. The term mineral coal was usually used in the governmental references to it as late as 1850, but the present use of bituminous coal began as soon as anthracite came on the market in 1820. Both mineral and stone coal still survive in the laws of several states specifying the weight of a bushel of coal.

Jan 1, 1942

On. Tuesday, Apr. 8, the Rocky Mountain Club held its 12th annual dinner at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York. In reporting the dinner the Evening Telegram says: "General Coleman du Pont was sort of master of ceremonies, and he conducted the affair at the end of a Colt .45. It was the General&apos;s `forty-five&apos; which filled the banquet hall of the Waldorf-Astoria with the brand of smoke which Uncle Sam showered so generously upon Germany&apos;s hordes. It was General du Pont&apos;s `forty-five&apos; which bellowed and thundered and echoed through Fifth avenue, scaring horses and shell shocking pedestrians: But no one was hurt or badly shocked except those who could not discern the artistry of Miss Doraldino&apos;s dance. "There were Western men around the table who have just come hack from over there. For instance, there were Brigadier General G. H. McManus, General Shanks and a score of others. And there were Thomas H. Watkins, who is said to own half the State of Pennsylvania and is known as the `Coal Baron&apos;-of Pennsylvania,, and Alba B. Johnson, president of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, each one a Westerner, with personality and type suggestive of some of the wonderful men Bret Harte wrote so much about. "It seemed as though General du Pont, who was chairman of the Reception Committee, tried to eclipse all former meetings, and he succeeded if congratulations are a criterion. " General du Pont startled the management of the Waldorf and surprised the diners by staging a three-round bout between Frankie Fay and Phil Wagner. The clash between these two featherweights made Waldorf history, because it was the first boxing contest ever held in the hotel. Tex Rickard, who is going to chaperone Jess Willard and Jack Dempsey in a fight in the near future,-was scheduled to referee the contest, but at the last moment, for some obvious reason, M. E. Schermerhorn was sent in as third man. The bout was a slashing one. Miss Amparito Farrar, lately returned from France, where-she sang for the &apos;dough-boys;&apos; Eleanore Wetmore, the Rath Brothers and Phil Baker were among the others who entertained.

Jan 5, 1919

By Gilbert Cady

EXTENSIVE Sampling of coal in Illinois during the past 10 or 12 years by the State Geological Survey, in cooperation with various organizations, such as the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the University of Illinois, and the Illinois Cooperative Mining Investigations, has made possible the delineation of two areas of low-sulfur coal in the southern part of Illinois. The sulfur content is less than 1.25 per cent., so that, if otherwise suitable, these coals can be employed for metallurgical uses and for the manufacture of water-gas and retort gas. One of these areas is small and lies in Jack-son County, near Murphysboro, the other is much larger and includes a large part of the famous Franklin County field. A small area of No. 2, or Murphysboro, coal has been worked for many years near the town of Murphysboro, Jackson County, Ill. In two mines, at least, the coal has a sulfur content of less than 1.25 per cent. It is doubtful, however, whether this field will ever be a source of large tonnage as the total area underlain by low-sulfur coal in workable thickness is probably less than 15 sq. mi. (24.14 sq. km.), and a large part of it has already been worked out. The location of the area of low-sulfur coal in the Franklin County field is shown in the accompanying map. The small area underlain by the Murphysboro low-sulfur coal is shown near the town of that name in the central part of Jackson County. The larger area lies in the west side of Franklin County, extending also about 6 mi. (9.65 km.) south into Williamson County, about 4 mi. (6.43 km.) west into northern Jackson and western Perry County, and northward an undetermined distance into Jefferson County. All but the northern limit of the area is fairly well defined by sampling in numerous mines. The inner cross-lined area is underlain by coal having less than 1 per cent. sulfur, the outer boundary surrounding the area Underlain by coal having less than 1.25 per cent, sulfur.

Jan 7, 1919

Discussion of the paper of F. M. Simonds and E. Z. Burns, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 75, March, 1913, pp. 369 to 402. W. L. SAUNDERS, New York,. N. Y.:-Mr. Burns in his native Colorado modesty has said that he apologizes for things left out of this paper. I am much impressed by what he has put into the paper, as of all the papers that I have read on the subject, describing, as it does, a specific piece of work that has been accomplished, I do not recall one that gives so much information in such a practical way. Mr. Burns has also said that it is very hard to get men to put things down while the work is being driven. My experience is that it is very much harder to get the men in charge of work of this kind to bring them in in the form of a report before a body of engineers after the work is done. We have a great many cases where records are kept in much detail, but they are usually kept under cover, with the mistaken idea that the information gained is private information for the benefit of those who have done the work. Messrs. Simonds and Burns have opened up this case so that we can get the benefit of that experience which they have had, and so that we can learn something for the future. The description contained in this paper, as I have said, is a very practical one. You will notice in going through it. that the authors have given in detail a record of their work from the beginning to the end, and they even go so far as to publish an exact copy of the Rawley Mining Co.&apos;s daily report. That daily report is something which those of us who are engaged in similar work might copy to great advantage, and having it before us we can check up our men while doing work and exact from them equal conditions, if it is possible to do so.

Jan 5, 1913

By J. F. Myers, F. M. Lewis

The purpose of the mill tests reported herein, was to determine the relative power efficiency of fast and slow rod mill speeds on the ores of the Tennessee Copper Co. The tests were carried out at the Isabella Mill of the Tennessee Copper Co. under normal operating conditions. Every effort was made to keep the ore supply and other conditions constant, but it will be noted that some slight variation did occur. The open circuit 6 by 9 rod mill, and ore, used in these tests have been previously described.&apos; Four motor drive pinions were available and the tests were performed in the following manner: each pinion was used to drive the mill for a period of one week. Constant sampling prevailed during the test run, and a composite sample for each speed test was made. Realizing that some slight liner wear took place during the four-week test-run, and that some slight variation of the ore may have taken place, a second and then a third series of four-week test-runs were made with the four different pinions. The screen analysis of each of the three-week run samples at the various speeds were composited and the results are shown in Table 2. The authors feel that the 22 weeks of operation consumed during these test-runs would represent fairly the effect of each mil1 speed. The data of line 37 show that within the error of sampling and plant operation, the tons of minus 65-mesh material generated per horsepower hour was the same at all four speeds. Obviously, rod and liner consumption could not be determined for each mill speed in so short a time. The rod load was maintained at a uniform level throughout the series of tests. The authors have operated rod mills at various speeds over the past several years, and it is their observation that rod consumption is directly proportional to the mill speed. Likewise, that the rod consumption per unit of work performed is a constant, providing that all other operating factors remain the same. It is a well known fact that the efficiency increases in a ball mill as the speed decreases. This is due to lateral segregation of the large and

Jan 1, 1950

By Oliver B. Hopkins

Peruvian production for the year 1935 amounted to 17,064,879 bbl., a record amount for any year, bringing the cumulative production of the country up to 188 million barrels. The 1935 figure is an increase of 785,769 bbl. over the 1934 total. The property of the International Petroleum Co. contributed 636,812 bbl. of this increase, and the Lobitos property 158,625 barrels. Exploration work in the country was again active, with attention focused on three areas, the Huallaga River, Lake Titicaca and the Coastal Zone of the Province of Tumbes. It is reported that in the Huallaga River area the Selden Breck Construction Co. has completed geological and engineering studies on its Pachitea River concessions and has ordered a drilling rig. In the Lake Titicaca region further studies in the vicinity of Pusi were made by Government geologists. During the period from 1906 to 1915, the Pirin anticline in this area produced 285,936 bbl. of low-grade crude. The Government holds 120,000 hectares of reserved lands in this area. In the Coastal Zone of the Province of Tumbes explorations by the Government were continued on the National Reserve, and a test location has been selected in the Quebrada Zapotal about 10 miles from the Port of Zorritos. An order has been placed in the United States for drilling equipment. LaBrea-Parinas Estate.—Production on the LeBrea-Parinas Estate reached an all-time high in 1935 of 14,756,914 bbl., an increase of 636,812 bbl. over the 1934 record. The total production from 1890 to 1935 was 148,541,523 bbl. During 1935 a total of 63,021 ft. was drilled in new wells and 5449 ft. in deepening existing wells; 23 wells were deepened and 29 new wells were completed, of which 27 were producers and 2 were dry holes. At the end of the year 2873 wells had been drilled on the Estate, of which 1838 were still productive. The remaining 1035 wells represent abandoned producers or dry holes. Practically all the drilling on the property has been done with cable tools, but during 1934 three strings of rotary tools were introduced. Experience with these outfits has shown that rotary equipment can

Jan 1, 1936