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By M. Mathieu

The Rove tunnel is the means by which the canal from Marseilles to the Rhone Riverl penetrates the hills of Nerthe, lying between Mar- seilles harbor and Lake Berre, Fig. 1. The canal will communicate at sea level with both terminals. The original project planned a lock near the village of Marignane; but observations, pursued for more than three years, showed that the water surface gradient would average only 0.015

Jan 1, 1923

By A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper presents, with the help of colored photomicrographs, the new method of mineral identification termed "selective iridescent filming." This method pertains to the field of determinative mineralogy, which it provides with tools for: (1) phase identification, (2) solid solution analysis. The method should be particularly useful in the applied fields of: (1) paragenesis of ore deposits, (2) mineral dressing, (3) mineral synthesis and study of phase equilibria.

Jan 1, 1938

"Located in Madison River Canyon, about 14 miles by road from Norris, Mont. Built in 1907 by Madison River Power Co.DAM: Rock filled wooden crib structure, 183 ft. long, 34 ft. high or 44 ft. to top of flashboards.SPILLWAY: 140 ft. long, equipped with flashboards 10 ft. high.PIPE: One 10-foot and one 12-foot wood-stave pipe, 7,515 feet long.PRESSURE: One pressure chamber, 32 ft. high, 30 ft. wide and 81 ft.CHAMBER: long, built of concrete.PENSTOCKS: 4 9-foot steel penstocks about 200 ft. long, one for each wheel.WATER WHEELS: 4 double horizontal, center discharge, Sampson special 44-inch turbines, 3,600 h-p., at 100 ft. head. Speed 300 r. p. m„ direct connected to generators.GENERATORS: 4 G. E., W. C., 2,250 k-w., 4,000 volts, 300 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycles, alternators, with exciters mounted on same shaft.TRANSFORMERS: 12 G. E., W. C., 900 k-w., 60 cycles. High tension voltage 23,100, 34,650, 46,200; low tension voltage 4,000, 3,800, 3,600. Now operating at 46,200, delta connected. They can be connected Y for 40,000, 60,000 or 80,000.OPERATION: This is the principal plant of the whole system and carries most of the load."

Jan 1, 1913

By A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper presents, with the help of colored photomicrographs, the new method of mineral identification termed "selective iridescent filming." This method pertains to the field of determinative mineralogy, which it provides with tools for: (1) phase identification, (2) solid solution analysis. The method should be particularly useful in the applied fields of: (1) paragenesis of ore deposits, (2) mineral dressing, (3) mineral synthesis and study of phase equilibria.

Jan 1, 1938

Masjid-i-Su1aiman.—There have been no new developments in the Masjid-i-Sulaiman field during the year. Drilling, deepcning and acidizing operations for maintenance of production havc continued normally. Reservoir conditions have been unchanged, the rate of fall of dome prcssure remaining very low—at about 0.4 lb. per sq. in. per million tons net production. Drilling on the Lali structure northwest of Masjid-i-Sulaiman has continued but oil has not been encountered in commercial quantities. Haft Kel.—The progressive drilling program extending the production capacity of the Haft Kel field was completed carly in the year and the field is now on a routine maintenance basis. Drilling has continued on the white-oil springs structurc northwest of Haft Kel. Naft-i-Shah.—No developments of interest have occurred in Naft-i-Shah field. Offtake is for local markets only. A further large produeer was completed during the year. Gach Saran.—By the end of 1939, work on plant and pipe lines to put, the field on a production basis was approaching completion. Two substantial producers were also drilled in the initial production area. Pazanun and Agha Jari.—No further drilling was carried out on the Pazanun structure during the year, gas only having been obtained to depths exceeding 8000 ft. On the adjacent Agha Jari structure, however, a second satisfactory oil producer was completed.

Jan 1, 1940

Masjid-i-Su1aiman.—There have been no new developments in the Masjid-i-Sulaiman field during the year. Drilling, deepcning and acidizing operations for maintenance of production havc continued normally. Reservoir conditions have been unchanged, the rate of fall of dome prcssure remaining very low—at about 0.4 lb. per sq. in. per million tons net production. Drilling on the Lali structure northwest of Masjid-i-Sulaiman has continued but oil has not been encountered in commercial quantities. Haft Kel.—The progressive drilling program extending the production capacity of the Haft Kel field was completed carly in the year and the field is now on a routine maintenance basis. Drilling has continued on the white-oil springs structurc northwest of Haft Kel. Naft-i-Shah.—No developments of interest have occurred in Naft-i-Shah field. Offtake is for local markets only. A further large produeer was completed during the year. Gach Saran.—By the end of 1939, work on plant and pipe lines to put, the field on a production basis was approaching completion. Two substantial producers were also drilled in the initial production area. Pazanun and Agha Jari.—No further drilling was carried out on the Pazanun structure during the year, gas only having been obtained to depths exceeding 8000 ft. On the adjacent Agha Jari structure, however, a second satisfactory oil producer was completed.

Jan 1, 1940

By Howard L. Hartman, Eugene P. Pfleider

The paper relates to the laboratory and pilot plant studies that have been carried out by Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd., Metallurgical Research Div., in developing the ammonia pressure leach process for extracting Cu, Ni, Co, and S from high grade Ni concentrate produced from Lynn Lake ores and describes in some detail the chemistry of the process. In the leaching stage air, ammonia, and sulphide minerals react in a sequence of inter-related steps to produce soluble amines of Ni, Cu, and Co in a solution containing sulphate, thiosulphate, polythionate, and sulphamate ions and a controlled amount of free ammonia, the iron and other components of the concentrate remaining as an insoluble residue which is separated from the leach solution by filtration. The pregnant solution produced in leaching is further treated by boiling to precipitate and remove Cu as cuprous sulphide, leaving a copper-free solution with a composition suitable fir subsequent precipitation of Ni and Cu by H,. The progress of individual reactions in leaching and copper removal is discussed. The effect of variables such as temperature, pressure, ammonia concentration, particle size, and agitation is outlined and the technique of thionate control in leach solutions is described. Data is given for the physical and chemical reactions involved in precipitating copper from leach solutions as Cu sulphide by boiling.

Jan 1, 1956

RICHARD R. HICE, Beaver, Pa. (written discussion *).-The matter of selective. mining is probably of more importance in Pennsylvania than is washing, and perhaps washing would not be necessary at some plants where now practised if proper care were taken in the mining. I have in mind one plant where the sulfur content of the entire bed is more than 2 per cent., yet if the bottom 12 in. and the top 12 or 15 in. are separated, the main portion of the bed, some 6 ft., will not contain more than 1.25 per cent. sulfur; and yet in this mine the entire bed .is worked together, the resultant coke, as a matter of course, not being fit for use in iron smelting. Not sufficient notice is taken of the "Double-thick" Upper Freeport coal in Allegheny and Butler counties. This is a very valuable deposit. Other areas where there is a, top member of the Upper Freeport coal are also known, which add to the value of this bed as a coking coal. This double Freeport coal is especially suited for byproduct coking. I cannot be as optimistic as regards the "low-sulfur" Pittsburgh coal in Greene county as the authors. If the term low-sulfur is to he confined to coal with not exceeding 1.25 per cent. sulfur, there is probably little

Jan 10, 1919

TULSA SECTION At the smoker concluding the two day meeting of the Tulsa section of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Tulsa, Okla., Feb. 26, 1919, Dr. Willis T. Lee, the new head of the Geological Department of the University of Oklahoma, was introduced to the assembled geologists and mining engineers. Dr. Lee requested that the geologists and engineers who were making a specialty of petroleum geology assist him in giving a good course in practical oil geology in the Geological Department of the University. After a motion offering the services of all present in giving lectures on their special subjects had been adopted, Dr. Perrine of Hutchinson, Kans., named the geologists who were pledged to give lectures in Dr. Lee's course. The students in geology at Norman are assured of the latest information regarding practical work in petroleum geology and will have the inspiration derived from contact with men who are actually at work upon the problems which they are studying. Dr. Lee and President Brooks of the University are to be congratulated upon the introduction of this .method of instruction. The plan thus put into operation is similar to the graduate system of coaching in athletics followed at many of the large universities; what is good for instruction in athletics should also prove good for instruction in applied geology.

Jan 6, 1919

By W. Hume-Rothery

IN recent interesting papers,1,2 Bardos et al. have described ternary Laves phases of the type A2(BsSi) and A4(B5Si3) where A = titanium vanadium, niobium, and so forth, and B = manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel; other more complex formulae have also been established. In these phases, silicon plays the part of the smaller B atom of a Laves phase AB2, and the interatomic distances show that the effec- tive silicon radii lie between 1.16 and 1.21Å, and are thus very much smaller than the metallic radius of silicon for CN = 12. It does not seem to have been pointed out that these small atomic radii are almost the sape as the normal covalent radius of silicon (1.174Å). If, therefore, silicon acts as an acceptor of electrons as suggested by Bardos et al.,1 it appears to do so, not by the building up of a negatively charged silicon ion which would be large, but by the formation of what are very nearly or may be actually normal covalent bonds. Since a covalent bond contains two electrons, its formation would reduce the number of electrons available for bonding in other parts of the structure, and in this way the effect of silicon in stabilizing the o phase at high electron concentrations might be understood.

Jan 1, 1965

By Frank Firmstone

Since the blast Fired August 15th, 1878, which was described by Mr. Clark," and up to November, 1881, we have fired three smaller blasts, one in the southwest corner of the quarry and two in the buttress of rock left standing by the first blast near the mouth of the main gangway. We intended to keep an exact account of the stone thrown down by each blast, but the large quantity required by the furnaces since the beginning of 1879, and the time taken up by more important matters, have caused this to he neglected, so that it is not possible to separate exactly the cost and quantity of stone obtained during this time by the old method from that furnished by the large blasts; yet as the latter quantity has been much greater than the former, some notion of the value of the large-blast plan may be reached by comparing the figures from September, 1878, to November, 1881, with those for times when the old system was exclusively used. Since 1878 wages have been raised, lowered, and again raised, and to get a year of sufficiently large production for fair comparison it is necessary to go back to that ending April, 1872, when wage? and supplies were different from present prices and from those of 1878,.

Jan 1, 1882

By Frank Firmstone

SINCE the blast fired August 15th, 1878, which was described by Mr. Clark,* and up to November, 1881, we have fired three smaller blasts, one in the: southwest corner of the quarry and two in-the but-tress of rock Left standing by the first blast rear the mouth of the main gangway. We intended to keep an exact account of the stone thrown down by each blast, but the large quantity required by, the furnaces since the beginning of 1879, and the time taken up by more important matters, have caused this to he neglected, so that it is not possible to separate exactly the, cost and quantity of stone obtained during this time by the old method from that furnished by the large blasts; yet as the latter quantity has beet much greater than the former, some notion of the value of the Jarge-blast plan may be reached by comparing the figures from September, 1878, to November, 1881, with those for times when the old system was exclusively used. Since 1878 wages have been raised, lowered, and again raised, and to get a year of sufficiently large production for fair comparison it is necessary to go back to that ending April, 1872, when wages and supplies were different from present prices and from those of 1878. * Transactions, vol. vii, p. 266.

Jan 1, 1882

By R. V. Lundquist

R. T. Hukki (Finland Institute of Technology, Helsinki, Finland)—Two schools of thought are developing concerning the order of the rate of flotation. The paper by Morris is intended to show experimental evidence in favor of the first order rate. Arbiter, on the other hand, has presented an earlier paper" to demonstrate the validity of the second order rate equation. Unfortunately his method of plotting is open to criticism, as pointed out by Morris." A more sensitive method of plotting has been described by the writer,= whereby the data presented by Arbiter demonstrate the superiority of the second order plot. The general rate equation may be written in the following forms for the integrated first and second order equations: (A) t =------In—-------- (first order) [4] 1 1 (B) — = — kc, + KC°²— (second order) [5] t R As a first approximation the value of C, may be taken as a unity, 100 pct or 1. Whether or not this is the case in all tests performed by Morris is impossible to judge, owing to the fact that the flotation times are extremely short, e.g. 150 sec in tests A. It would, indeed, be very interesting to know what the total recovery R would be after 1 hr of flotation, for example, instead of after 150 sec. Certainly there are circumstances when C, approaches unity within a very small

Jan 1, 1954

TWO very interesting sessions on mine ventilation were held on Monday. George S. Rice, chairman of the Mine Ventilation Committee, presided at the morn-ing session. Formal reports from two subcommittees were presented, as well as two technical papers. Daniel Harrington, for the subcommittee on metal mining, gave a most interesting report, devoting most of it to a review of the literature that had appeared during the past year, to the cooling of mine air, and to a discussion of mine fires. In the absence of Dr. R. R. Sayers, chairman of the Physiological subcommittee, Mr. Harrington gave a resume of that report. The main points covered were in connection with silicosis but some attention was also paid to the associated prob-lems of air cooling and humidity. The paper by Prof. W. S. Weeks on the "Air-Current Regulator" was briefed by Prof. A. C. Callen. Pro-fessor Weeks brought out the fact that the common application of Murgue's equivalent-orifice formula to regulator problems was incorrect, inasmuch as the dis-charge from the regulator was not released into the open air but into a slow-moving current beyond the regulator. He applied the shock-loss theory of Bordoni to the problem and worked out a formula for solving regulator problems, giving coefficients of contraction he had determined experimentally.

Jan 3, 1928

By Henry N. Toler

Oil and gas development in Mississippi during 1936 was about the same as during the past three or four years, with less drilling activity in the proven fields; although at the end of the year there was a decided increase in interest and activity. Jackson Gas Field Six wells were drilled in the Jackson gas field, three of which were producers and three dry holes. The gas production for 1936 was 12,968,-000,000 cu. ft., which is 2,500,000,000 cu. ft. more than for any previous year. The total gas production from the field to the end of 1936 has been 58,092,000,000 cubic feet. Thirteen producing gas wells were abandoned during the year because of encroachment of salt water. At present there are 99 producing gas wells in the field. The three oil wells on the edge of the field, which had been producing, were not produccd during 1936, although they are still capable of making some oil with much salt water. The rock pressure at the end of the year was 930 lb., which is a decline of 80 Ib. since the discovery of the field. In March of 1936, the State Legislature appropriated $115,000 to be used by the State Mineral Lease Commission in drilling some gas wells

Jan 1, 1937

THIS method of melting with a little wind furnace is called by many melting with air. It is a method that is done with little labor. First a furnace is made with crucibles and charcoal. It is small or large as you wish, without blast from bellows, but not without a draft of air which proceeds from the place where it is made and from the arrangement of the furnace.* This, after a certain period of time, has the effect of melt- [ ] gin the thing in the quantity that you wish, provided, however, that you proportion it properly to the space, to the fire, and to the air which makes the wind. In order to make this, the aforesaid furnace is first made of bricks, or it is dug out of an elevation of stone or [106V] in a wall of clay. It can also be made portable with iron bars and loam as I shall tell you. However you may make it, you must place it in a spot that is windy, for instance, in some large room or opposite doors or windows. It is made round or square as is most pleasing to him who is to make it. But here we will now say that it is to be made square for greater convenience of building with bricks. Having chosen the place, make it a half

Jan 1, 1942

J. B. MCGRAW, New York, N. Y. (written discussion*).-In Mr. Burke Baker's description of the process of the American Briquet Co., he speaks only of the attractive features, but every process which uses a compound or emulsified binder has certain undesirable features which must be considered. In making an emulsion, the success of which depends upon the introduction of the various ingredients at certain fixed temperatures and the complete intermixing of a soluble solution with an oil which has absolutely no affinity for it, considerable difficulty is found in keeping the various factors in strict accordance with the formula. To serve its purpose properly or, in other words, to be right for easy mixing with the coal, it should be of a certain predetermined density. Among the controlling factors of this ate the proportion of moisture contained and the temperature of the oil when introduced. If the latter is higher than intended, a greater proportion of moisture will be evaporated than is proper, and if the oil is not sufficiently hot the process of emulsification is retarded. These various factors can be controlled with more or less certainty where working in a laboratory or in a small experimental way, but when it is attempted on a large commercial scale, certain obstacles not otherwise apparent are likely to be encountered.

Jan 5, 1918

Discussion of the paper of R. H. RICHARDS and BOYD DUDLEY, JR., presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January, 191.5, pp. 67 to 72. R. H. RICHARDS, Boston, Mass.-I believe that the manner of working for efficiency in almost all lines is to study the conditions of highest efficiency, and then to measure what is being clone. We can then see how near we have approached the highest efficiency. Spigots in practice often use many times the water theoretically needed. There are places where that is necessary for safety reasons. There are, however, places where it is unnecessary, and in these places it seems to me that this work of Mr. Dudley's will be a great help to the mill man to arrive at the greatest economy of water and highest efficiency. ALBERT R. LEDOUX, New York, N. Y.-A good many years ago I received a telegram from that distinguished engineer, Hamilton Smith, which simply said in substance: "I have discovered that liquids will flow faster from a square orifice than from a round orifice of the same area, under the same head." I wondered why he sent me the telegram, but some time afterward he told me that he had been making experiments along that line in Montana; that he thought the discovery was interesting

Jan 5, 1915

The regular meeting of the Trustees of United Engineering Society was called to order at 4 P. M. Thursday, Feb. 27, 1919, in the Board Room of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Engineering Societies' Building, New York. Minutes of a joint meeting of the Finance Committee of United Engineering Society with finance committees of Founder Societies on Feb. 14, were presented. The President called attention to actions relating to the recataloging of the Library and the support of Engineering Societies Employment Bureau of Engineering Council. The activity of the Employment Bureau was approved and support by the Societies informally assured. In response to a communication from the Fifth Avenue Association, the Secretary was instructed to write favoring the continuance of the daylight saving law. As to recataloging of Engineering Societies Library, it was announced that the Mining, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineers had voted appropriations, as requested, and the action of the Civil Engineers was awaited. A list of applications for offices in Engineering Societies' Building, revised to Feb. 27, was read, showing requests for a total of 29 rooms. The President stated that a decision must be reached soon as to what reply shall he made to these applications. Charles F. Scott, one of the original trustees, who was present, remarked upon the growth of United Engineering Society and his satisfaction at its success. ALFRED D. FLINN, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1919

THE following employment items are made available to AIME members on a nonprofit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit; 57 Post St., Son Francisco; 84 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York office and include 6c in stamps for forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available for $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Engineer, 43, married. Sixteen years' experience mining. Desires permanent position mine superintendent. Broad knowledge all types underground mining and shaft sinking. Construction and milling experience. Prefer North American continent but will accept foreign. Presently located Australia but available May 1, 1953. M-706. POSITIONS OPEN Mining Engineer with broad exploration experience, young, single status, and must be in excellent physical condition, as nature of work will be under very primitive conditions. Salary about 25 pct more than applicants last salary rate plus travel expenses and living allowance. Duration until July 1953. Location, Burma. Y7498.

Jan 1, 1952