Search Documents

By Norman B. Pilling

Practical limitations to the usefulness of silicon steels are the hardness and brittleness silicon imparts to iron, making iron-silicon alloys of more than 8 per cent. silicon content unusable except where castings can be employed. In the use of commercial silicon steel, in thin rolled sheets, as in transformer construction, when the silicon content exceeds 4.2 per cent. the sheet is too brittle for satisfactory shaping by punching or similar operations. When such a brittle steel is sheared, it frequently breaks along a haphazard path in advance of the cutting tool. In Fig. 1 is shown a slightly enlarged view of the sheared edge of a 14-mil enameled sheet of nominally 4 per cent. silicon steel. In 5 in. along the sheared edge, only 44 per cent. was actually cut; the rest was torn, with the path of fracture varying widely from the path of travel between the shears. This is probably an extreme case of such brittle-ness, but a shearing or punching test is not necessary to reveal brittle-ness of this order; narrow strips will break when bent between the fingers. In Fig. 2, the proportion of actual cut edge is greater, but secondary fractures branch off at about 30" from the line of shearing in advance of the cut. Deprived of the support of adjacent parts of the sheet, the tips of the angles are bent out of the plane of the sheet by the shears, leaving a peculiar flared effect, like the set of the teeth on a saw. An end-on

Jan 1, 1923

By Will Mitchell

The classical definition of a beneficiation engineer as one who treats an ore in order to separate and discard worthless fractions by essentially physical means is obsolete. Technology in the profession has advanced so rapidly during the last two or three years that educators have not been able to coin definitions to keep up with the pace. In the past some people have hesitated to include leaching or even agglomeration as minerals beneficiation, because of the major chemical changes involved. This view has fallen by the wayside, especially because a majority in the profession have become actively involved in extraction and pyro processes that go far beyond the original definition of mineral dressing. To say that there is a great revival of interest in leaching is putting it mildly, for the uranium business, like the gold business, now depends almost entirely on leaching. This revival of leaching, long overdue in mineral engineering, has been stimulated this year, especially as a result of the relaxation of security restrictions surrounding the recovery of uranium from its ores. It has brought new unit operations to minerals beneficiation, namely ion exchange and solvent extraction. These operations have appeared as resin-in-pulp, solvent-in-pulp, and liquid-liquid systems. In many cases these leaching and separation procedures, now reaching the production stage, have been engineered by minerals beneficiators. The trend toward leaching has also had impact on the technology of beneficiating other nonferrous minerals, especially copper, manganese, columbium, tantalum, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and the rare earths.

Feb 1, 1956

By P. B. Knuckey, D. Littleford

The Kalengwa mine, situated in a remote area of Zambia in Central Africa, has presented some unique problems to the planners engaged in developing the deposit. This small, high grade copper deposit contains some 1,688,000 tons of ore at a grade of 9.3% contained copper. Of this 362,000 tons is classified as high grade ore at 27.2% Cu, the coarse fraction of which can be fed directly to converters; 733,000 is classed as intermediate grade ore averaging 6.3% Cu, and 593,000 tons classed as low grade ore containing 2.1% Cu. The geology of the deposit and the establishment of the mining operation is fully described. A concentrator is being built at Kalengwa to treat the high grade fine product, intermediate, and low grade ore, whilst the coarse high grade ore will be trucked to the Copperbelt smelters for direct smelting. Details of metallurgical processing are given. The decision to truck the coarse high grade ore to the smelters on the Copperbelt necessitated the construction of a new 200-mile road, the setting up of a fleet of heavy ore transport trucks and associated equipment. The remoteness of the area from established communication facilities on the Copperbelt necessitated the provision of radio communications between Kalengwa and the head office at Kalulushi, and the establishment of a regular mine air service. The paper also describes the training of an unsophisticated local population in the operation of heavy plant and machinery, the establishment of the township, and the provision of health services.

Jan 1, 1972

By Frederick G. Coqueron, Joseph E. Pogue

The purpose of this study is to present the results of a detailed survey of the financial and operating aspects of 30 oil companies comprising a major sample of the American petroleum industry. This review supplements a previous paper entitled "Capital Flow and Capital Formation in the Petroleum Industry, 1934-1941,"a and deals not only with a longer period but also gives new and more revealing analyses of the capital movements and characteristics. The data are gathered from published financial statements of the companies, especially the annual reports to stockholders and Form 10-K to the Securities and Exchange Commission, supplemented by confidential information. The 30 oil companies covered by this study are listed on the leading stock exchanges and for the purpose of analysis are grouped as follows: 9 companiesb engaged principally in crude production, 4 companiesc with production averaging in excess of refinery requirements, and 17 companiesd with refinery throughput in excess of crude production. These samples are sufficiently broad and representative to constitute norms against which individual company performances may be profitably compared. The 30 companies in 1942 produced 54 per cent of the Nation's total output of crude oil and refined 79 per cent of the country's crude run to stills. The financial data apply predominantly to the domestic oil business, although 15 of the companies have investments and operate facilities in foreign countries. The net value of these foreign holdings amounted to 724 million dollars, or 12 per cent, of the combined net assets of the 30 oil companies at December 31, 1942.

Jan 1, 1944

By E. C. Harder

AT a Meeting of the New York Section, on May 23, 1918, the sole subject of discussion was the nature and occurrence of iron ores in certain parts of the world.? Owing to the importance of this subject, it has been deemed' advisable to publish the remarks made at that meeting in the form of a paper, for presentation at the Milwaukee Meeting, instead of in the usual place, under News of Local Sections. The remarks related to the following districts: Brazil, by E. C. Harder, of the U. S. Geological Survey; Scandinavia, by Waldemar Lindgren, of the U. S. Geological Survey; Cuba, by C. M. Weld, of the U. S. Bureau 'of Mines; Southern Europe, by A. C. Spencer, of the U. S. Geological Survey; China, by H. Foster Bain, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines; Alsace-Lorraine, by Sidney Paige, of the U. S. Geological Survey. BRAZIL By E. C. Harder During the years immediately preceding the war, the iron ores of Brazil were attracting the attention of iron operators both in Europe and in the United States. This was clue to the large quantities of practically undeveloped ore available, and to its great purity. It is reasonably safe to state that had capital not been diverted from the exploitation of these deposits to war purposes, Brazilian iron ores would probably now be offered in European and American markets. It is certain that after the war these ores will play a prominent part in the economic reconstruction of Europe and perhaps in the development of America.

Jan 9, 1918

By F. F. Frick, Frederick Laist

In a leaching process, having obtained the copper in solution, the choice of the precipitation method is influenced by the following factors: 1. Availability of precipitant. 2. Adaptability to the leaching process. 3. Final product desired. 4. Regeneration of leaching solutions. 5. Fouling of solutions. There are three general classes of precipitation methods: 1. The use of iron, scrap or sponge. 2. Electrolytic deposition. 3. The use of some gas or reagent by which the copper is obtained, usually in the form of an intermediate precipitate which requires further treatment. For example, the precipitation of, the copper as Cu2Cl2 from chloride solutions; with SO2 gas. The use of iron is adapted to almost any process. It has the great advantage of extreme simplicity, and the recovery of the copper and any values present in a highly concentrated, easily treatable form. The disadvantages are the cost in isolated places, the uncertainty of the scrap-iron market, and the fouling of the leaching solutions. The latter is a serious factor, when a reagent such as salt is used in them, which makes necessary their re-use. Where applicable, electrolytic deposition is very attractive. The copper is obtained in a form directly marketable, there is a regeneration of acid and no fouling of solutions. Unfortunately, chloride solutions do not lend themselves to electrolysis. An entirely satisfactory anode material has not yet been discovered, although magnetite, apart from being rather brittle, seems to answer the requirements fairly well. The use of a method of the. third class is involved in many special

Jan 1, 1915

By F. G. Cottrell

About a year and a half ago, at the San Francisco meeting of the American Chemical Society, in connection with the excursions to local smelting-works, I had occasion to show some lantern-slides illustrating the recent commercial development of electrical methods for precipitating the suspended matter from smelter-smoke, the underlying phenomena of which were clearly brought to the attention of the technical public by Sir Oliver Lodge as long ago as 1884. In the .Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, August, 1911, most of these views were reproduced, together with an account of the work from its beginning up to July, 1911. To-day I wish particularly to show you some of the further developments of the work since that time; but in order to make these clear they will be prefaced by a brief abstract of the article above referred to. The removal of suspended particles, from gases, by the aid of electric discharges is by no means a new idea. As early as 1824 we find it suggested by Hohlfeld ' as a means of suppressing ordinary smoke, and again a quarter of a century later by Guitard.2 These suggestions, which do not seem to have stimulated any practical study of the question, were soon entirely forgotten, and only brought to light again by Sir Oliver Lodge: many years after he himself had independently rediscovered the same phenomena and brought them to public attention4 in a lecture before the Liverpool Section of the So-

Jan 1, 1913

By David Browne

THE literature dealing with the physical constants of nickel is so fragmentary and unrelated, that a synopsis presents unusual difficulties. It is only within the last few years that investigators have understood the importance of placing on record not only the determinations they have made but also the composition, physical treatment, and past history of the material investigated. For this reason much of the earlier literature is valueless. Determinations have been made of the same physical constants on samples differing widely in origin, composition, and treatment, and the results differ widely among themselves. In the first place nickel is almost as flexible a term as steel. Its physical properties are widely influenced by its composition and treatment. It absorbs large quantities of gases and is exceedingly difficult to prepare in a state of chemical purity comparable to gold, silver, or copper. It is vitally affected by thermal and mechanical treatment. Hence in the following pages the recorded literature, where quoted, must be accepted with a certain reserve and used, as far as possible, as a check on later observations, in which these important factors are noted. In every case where new determinations are given, an attempt has been made to record all available information concerning the composition and treatment of the material used so that the data may serve as steppingstones toward a wider knowledge of the properties of the metal. As this synopsis is an attempt by men of metallurgical training to do what should long before have been clone by physicists, it is to be expected

Jan 9, 1919

The Mississippi river was discovered by French explorers that came southwestward, by way of the Great Lakes, from eastern Canada. Vignan, Joliet, De Champlain, and others of the French pioneers in the first half of the seventeenth century, dreamed of a short cut to China by means of the great waterways they explored. In a geographical book published in London in 1726 by Daniel Coxe an account is given of "a new and curious discovery and relation betwixt the river Meschachebe [Mississippi] and the South Sea, which separates America from China, by means of several large rivers and lakes". Louis Joliet, a fur-trader, and Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, reached the Mississippi and paddled their canoes on its broad waters on June 17, 1673.* They descended the river as far as the entry of the Arkansas tributary, and then returned overland to Canada, being deterred from going farther south by reason of Indian hostility. Several years later Robert de La Salle, a French trader, starting from Quebec, went westward to Lake Michigan and thence to the Illinois river, which he and his comrades descended in their canoes to the junction with the Mississippi, and then followed it to the sea. They reached the Gulf of Mexico on April 9, 1682. Thus the great central waterway of North America was made known. These French-Canadian voyageurs, or boatmen, traded with the Indians for furs in the Upper Mississippi valley, and when in need of bullets they noticed the outcrops of lead ore, from which, probably in the last decade of the seventeenth

Jan 1, 1932

By G. St. J. Perrot, S. P. Kinney

Consumers of metallurgical coke are agreed that the quality of their fuel plays an important part in the performance of the furnace. Less unanimous agreement is evident when the properties of a desirable coke are discussed or when consideration is made of suitable testing methods by which the worth of a coke for metallurgical purposes may be determined quantitatively. Much has been written of the importance of combustibility as a factor in determining the performance of coke in the blast furnace and it is generally believed that cokes vary widely in this respect. The usual operating data of the furnace afford little evidence as to the combustibility of the fuel. As a part of a general investigation of the properties of metallurgical coke, the Bureau of Mines has explored the hearth combustion zone in a number of blast furnaces by means of water-cooled gas sampling tubes driven into the hearth through the tuyeres. The attempt has been made to determine the difference in combustibility of cokes varying widely in physical properties. Data have also been obtained in an experimental combustion furnace at the Bureau laboratories in Pittsburgh. This paper gives the results of experiments, made at eleven blast furnaces, in which the composition of the gases was determined at various points in the hearth in the plane of the tuyeres. Further work is in progress in which the zone above the tuyeres will be explored. Factors Affecting Coke Combustibility Brassertl has defined combustibility as the rate of progression of combustion, or, in other words, the speed at which the carbon molecules

Jan 1, 1923

By S. P. Kinney, G. St. J. Perrot

Consumers of metallurgical coke are agreed that the quality of their fuel plays an important part in the performance of the furnace. Less unanimous agreement is evident when the properties of a desirable coke are discussed or when consideration is made of suitable testing methods by which the worth of a coke for metallurgical purposes may be determined quantitatively. Much has been written of the importance of combustibility as a factor in determining the performance of coke in the blast furnace and it is generally believed that cokes vary widely in this respect. The usual operating data of the furnace afford little evidence as to the combustibility of the fuel. As a part of a general investigation of the properties of metallurgical coke, the Bureau of Mines has explored the hearth combustion zone in a number of blast furnaces by means of water-cooled gas sampling tubes driven into the hearth through the tuyeres. The attempt has been made to determine the difference in combustibility of cokes varying widely in physical properties. Data have also been obtained in an experimental combustion furnace at the Bureau laboratories in Pittsburgh. This paper gives the results of experiments, made at eleven blast furnaces, in which the composition of the gases was determined at various points in the hearth in the plane of the tuyeres. Further work is in progress in which the zone above the tuyeres will be explored. Factors Affecting Coke Combustibility Brassertl has defined combustibility as the rate of progression of combustion, or, in other words, the speed at which the carbon molecules

Jan 1, 1923

By H. B. Pulsifer

THE unprecedented high price of zinc ore prevailing through the early months of 1915 caused great activity in the Joplin district of Missouri. The Media mill is conspicuous as one of the first of the new "big mills" of the district. The mill was built over a mine previously worked but abandoned in 1912 because of the leanness of the ore and the large quantity of water encountered. The ore prices prevailing-$100 a ton in June, 1915, as against $50 in 1912-favored the new undertaking. The mill was designed for good recovery so that it might operate in times of depression. In design and equipment, the mill is exclusively local in conception and construction. Former Exploitation The tract of land is a part of the large Guinn holdings; 70 acres are comprised in this particular lot, which is situated just a mile north of the center of Webb City on the Alba line of the Southwest Missouri Electric Railway. The ore lies 242 ft. below the' surface at the top of the knoll which is surrounded by the well-known properties: Black Cat, Ground Floor, Florence, Hurry-Up, Electrical and Mercantile. Since the abandonment, in 1913, of the Yellow Dog. a bit farther to the north, the Black Cat, Ground Floor and Florence workings had been flooded. However, as there was no cut through from this side into the area it was proposed to exploit, it was thought that moderate pumping facilities would take care of the water.

Jan 5, 1917

By C. O. Brawner

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STABILITY AND STABILIZATION METHOD The most effective stabilization method and design can only be developed if the cause(s) and mechanics of the slide are known. Therefore, it is important that the stability be evaluated by an engineer who has had extensive rock stability experience. The most important factors that influence stability are structural geology, ground water, blasting and the mining method or methods. Structural Geology - The majority of failures in rock slopes occur along discontinuities in the rock (joints, bedding planes, shear or fault zones, etc.). Therefore, on all surface mining projects, the development and maintenance of a comprehensive structural geologic mapping program should be a first priority program that is considered a part of the operations function. This program should include mapping all major features - faults, shear zones and through going joints. All structural features which could influence stability should be mapped and presented in a structural domain format for the entire mine (Canmet, 1977). Where planes, wedges or blocks will be undercut by the mining excavation, shear strength and strain to failure tests should be performed on the joints, fault gouge and gouge-rock contact surfaces. These tests must be performed on the samples in the direction of potential slide movement and must determine the range of peak and residual shear strength values. A preliminary assessment of friction angle can be obtained from measurements of failed surfaces in the field (Figure 1) or from core sliding tests (Barton, 1981). An assessment must be made of the past geologic history of

Jan 1, 1983

By H. F. Perkins

CORROSION as an economic problem is growing rapidly in importance not only because it entails a replacement of corroded parts, but because it interrupts operation and causes hazards of damage and injury through failures of corroded equipment. Nearly all industries are interested in this subject. This paper, although concerned chiefly with corrosion in a complete refinery on the sea coast, discusses many of the various forms of chemical decomposition, most of which are found universally. The petroleum refining industry, in the writer's opinion, is seriously afflicted by the presence of sulfur in nearly all crude oils. The complete removal of sulfur from the crude as it enters the plant would cause such a relief from corrosion that this problem for research would seem to demand active attention. Next to sulfur the most troublesome corrosive agent is the saltmagnesium chloride, found in the water associated with crude oil, the last traces of which are so difficult to remove. This is much less serious, however, than the sulfur. Refinery corrosion can be tabulated as follows: Causes of Corrosion and Places of Attack in a Refinery CORROSIVE ELEMENTS MATERIAL ATTACKED Air: Pipe lines Moisture Tanks COQ Electric fixtures Sulfur gases Still towers Chlorine Condenser boxes Other acid-forming gases Ladders and stairs Smoke stacks Steel buildings All exposed metal Water: Alkali Fire lines and hydrants Acids Cooling water lines Air Condensers and coolers Other dissolved gases Boiler tubes Steam Steam pipes and valves Turbines Oil Sulfur compounds Tanks, pipes, valves, stills, towers MgCl2-Hydrochloric acid Condensers Air contamination

Jan 12, 1926

By George K. Foster, Charles D. Borror

THE Jeffrey mine of the Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Limited, is in the town of Asbestos, situated approximately 100 miles northeast of Montreal and about the same distance southwest of Quebec, in Richmond County, Quebec. Mining operations were started in 1881 on outcrops on a hill, as a side-hill cut, followed by a second and third cut. This development was the forerunner of the present large open-pit operations, the mine now ranking as the largest openpit asbestos mine in the world. Operations were first carried on by hand, then by horsepower and later by stem cableways. By 1924 the derrick spans, 2000 ft. or more long, became unwieldy. To overcome this, and also to eliminate hand labor as much as possible, steam shovels and railroad haulage were introduced. The steam shovels were replaced in 1928 by larger electric shovels of the full-revolving type. THE ORE BODY The ore body is a serpentinized peridotite rock mass. The chrysotile fibers form a network of veins throughout, varying from microscopic width to two or more inches measured across the veins (Fig. I). These veins may be continuous for a few or many feet; they may increase or decrease in width within a few feet. The veins in which the fibers occur perpendicular to the veins are known as cross fiber. Those in which the fibers lay parallel to the veins are known as slip fiber. The cross fibers are of better quality, and more in demand. The majority of the fiber [ ]

Jan 1, 1946

By S. B. King

IT is the purpose of this article to give those not familiar with the subject an idea of the extent to which coal is mined by machine in the United States; to describe some types of electrically operated coal cutters; and in particular, some of the latest improvements and developments in these machines. Generally speaking, the article deals with the mining of bituminous coal in room-and-pillar mines, as the use of undercutting machines in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania is in its infancy, and when machine mining is referred to bituminous coal is taken for granted. The number of mines in the United States that are operating on the long-wall principle is very limited, and the number of long-wall machines in use is a very small percentage of the total. The advantages of mining by machine may be summed up briefly as follows: A. Increased safety to property and life, due to the large decrease in the amount of powder required when the coal is properly undermined. B. Reduction in the cost of mining. C. Improvement in the quality of the product; and, consequently, increase in market value, due to the greater proportion of lump and screen sizes secured by machine mining. D. Increase in the capacity of the mine, and more rapid development of new mines. E. Ability to mine veins in which the height of the coal or the character of the roof has prevented mining by hand, on a commercial basis.

Jan 6, 1914

By A. J. Hendron, D. U. Deere, F. D. Patton, E. J. Cording

In the design of structures founded in the near-surface rock, a distinction may be made between those problems that are related to the strength of the rock mass, and those that are related primarily to the compressibility of the rock mass. The mining engineer deals almost exclusively with problems involving strength in the design of open-pit slopes and underground openings. The civil engineer is similarly concerned with strength problems in the design of vehicular and water tunnels; underground power plants; cut slopes in rock for highways, canals, and spillways; and in the study of the sliding resistance of the foundations of gravity dams and the abutments of arch dams. Moreover, the civil engineer encounters problems in which the compressibility of the rock becomes the key element in the design. These problems include settlement of heavy structures supported on rock, deformation of the abutments of arch dams, and deflection of pressure tunnel linings. The design problems listed above are still solved largely on the basis of experience and rule-of-thumb. However, recent developments in rock mechanics give promise of providing more realistic approaches to certain aspects of the design. This paper, presents some of the more important recent developments which contribute to an understanding of rock behavior and which aid in design of rock structures. Typically, four steps are involved in the design of a structure, whether it be a machine element, a structural member of a building, or a structure in rock. These steps are listed below:

Jan 1, 1967

By Frederick M. Becket, Russell Franks

In a recent article,l which described the softening effect of columbium in plain high-chromium steels, the authors stated that their investigations had shown columbium to be also a particularly valuable inhibitor of intergranular corrosion in steels of the 18 per cent chromium, 8 per cent nickel type. It is the purpose of the present paper to record some of the results obtained through the introduction of columbium to the austenitic chromium-nickel steels. The damaging effects of this type of corrosion have become so widely known as to restrict considerably the applications of the steels under consideration, and therefore there is little question of the importance of the goal to be attained. Numerous contributions concerning the susceptibility of the austenitic chromium-nickel steels to intergranular corrosion have appeared during the past few years, and among others who have dealt constructively with the subject are such well-known authors as Strauss and Houdremont of Germany, Hatfield of England, and Bain in the United States. Different theories have been propounded as to the cause of intergranular corrosion, and various remedial measures have been proposed, the majority of which involve the use of addition agents. Titanium is the addition agent at present most generally employed, as suggested by Houdremont and modified as described by Bain, Aborn and Rutherford. Little has been published on the effects of holding these steels for long periods at the relatively lower temperatures in the presence of corroding media, and the effects have mot been fully realized by producer and consumer.

Jan 1, 1934

By Edgar Bain

THE results are presented of an investigation to discover the fundamental atomic conditions existing in Corson's high-copper alloys hardenable by means of silicide solution and reprecipitation. The study attracted the writer because it offered a very convenient example of the general type of hardenable alloys exemplified by duralumin, Sykes' iron-tungsten and iron-molybdenum alloys and the hardenable lead antimony. SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In brief, the investigation shows that very perfect crystallinity exists in the solid solutions prepared at high temperature to contain as much dissolved silicide as possible. The lattice parameter of copper is altered very little by the amount of cobalt, nickel or chromium, and silicon dissolved. The hardening by drawing at a temperature to initiate precipitation of excess silicon and metal produces a remarkable change in the atomistics of the solid solution. The old perfection of crystallinity in the solid solution is destroyed and the new atomic spacings are of variable magnitude even in one grain, and a condition in a measure resembling that found in martensite is observed. Were no particles whatever precipitated by the drawing action, still ample causes for hardness would be in evidence in the solid solution alone. The lack of plane continuity in the crystal grains would oppose slip in a very effective manner. Complete annealing restores the crystalline perfection in large measure. In these alloys even the most sensitive methods failed to reveal the characteristic pattern of the silicide precipitated by the anneal, but this was largely to be expected as the amount is relatively small.

Jan 1, 1927

By James W. Malcolmson

This paper treats of the history and development of the Sierra Mojada mines in the north of Mexico, the character and extent of the ore-deposits, and the methods of mining the ore. The growth of the smelting industry in Mexico in recent years is, to a large degree, due directly to the output of the lead-bearing ores from the Sierra Mojada mines, and at the present time (1901) new smelters are being built, looking to this district for their supply of lead-ores. These mines are located in the southern part of the State of Coahuila, in the Republic of Mexico, in latitude 27 24' N. and longitude 103O 43' W. of Greenwich. The last account of the Sierra Mojada published in our transactions was contributed by Mr. Richard E. Chism, in October, 1886.* Since that time some 3,000,000 tons of ore have been extracted from the mines, and much additional information has been developed regarding the mineral deposits. Since 1886, the Mexican Northern railroad, 78 miles in length, has been built from Escalon, connecting the camp with the Mexican Central railway, a trunk-line from El Paso, Texas, to Mexico City. The distances by rail from Sierra Mojada to the principal smelting-centers are as follows : To Torreon, Coahuila, Mex., 179 miles; to Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mex., 422 miles; to El Paso, Tex., U. S., 494 miles; to Aguas Calientes, A. C., Mex., 522 miles; to San Luis Potosi, 8. L. P., Mex., 644 miles; to Pueblo, Colorado, U. S., 1158 miles; to Argentine, Kans., U. S.,

Jan 1, 1902