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By J. R. Long, C. E. Armantrout, A. H. Roberson, T. R. Graham, R. S. Dean

THE general program of the Federal Bureau of Mines on the study of alloys made with electrolytic manganese has been extended to copper-manganese-aluminum alloys. The initial results of the work are presented in this report and concern a determination of the mutual solubilities of these three metals to form the alpha solid solution. The principal studies of this system, reported in the literature, have been focused on the Heusler alloys containing 10 to 30 per cent Mn with 9 to 15 per cent Al. These investigations concern the ferromagnetic properties and the determination of the crystallization contours, with little emphasis on the phases present in the solid state outside of this area. Heusler1 recognized a breakdown of the beta solid solution of the magnetic alloy, which he says decomposes into the alpha, beta, and gamma phases of the copper-aluminum system, somewhat modified by the presence of manganese. Rosenhain and Lantsberry2 examined alloys ranging up to 10 per cent Mn and io per cent Al but were unable to reach definite conclusions concerning the phase boundaries in that area. Krings and Ostmann3 made magnetic studies and examined the system by thermal analysis. They present contours of the liquidus surface but do not place any of the phase boundaries. Corson4 [ ] has drawn a hypothetical boundary for the alpha field with few data to support such construction. The binary systems involved have received considerable attention by numerous investigators, and their general features are well established. The hopper-aluminum system (Fig, I) has been thoroughly examined by Stockdale,5 who places the limit of solubility of aluminum in copper at 7.4 per cent at the liquidus and 9.5 per cent at room temperature. Smiths established the eutectoid temperature at 570°C. by a study of isothermal decomposition of the beta phase. The copper-manganese system (Fig. 2) has been recently reviewed by Dean and co-workers.7 Using high-purity alloys, they place the solubility of alpha man-

Jan 1, 1946

By H. I. Aaronson, H. A. Domian

ELectvon-probe analgsis has been used to in7:estigatr the partition ot alloying- elements between aus-tenite and proeutectoid ferrite (or the Jerritic component of bainite) in high-purity Fe-C-X alloys, lsuully at tzco levels of carbon content fca 0.1 and 0.4 pct in ntost steels) at temperatures between the M, and the Ae3 in Si, mn, Ni, mo, Co, Al, Cr, Cu, and PI steels. No partition ous found during the early stages of transformation at any temperature studied in the Si, ,mo. Co, Al, Cr, and Cu steels. Partition did take place, Jrowel'er, in Ihe Mn, ATi, and Pt steels, occurring in lewtperature. regions below the Ae3 of ca 130°, 65", UNDERSTANDING the mechanisms through which alloying elements influence the kinetics of austenite decomposition reactions which proceed by nucleation and 35c respectively. A break was discovered in the TTT curve for the initiation oj the proeutectoid ferrite reaction in the latter steels at the temperature at which partition began. The alloy content in ferrite at the a:y bondavy remained at constart lecels, shown experimentally to be significantly above those corresponding to eqiilib+iu??l, e'en at the longest reaction times investigated (ca 1o6sec). The partition and the TTT curve observations foere rationalized on the basis of the thermodynamic treatment developed in an accompany ing paper. and diffusional growth has been a major research objective of physical metallurgy since the latter part of the 19th century. The measurements made on the dif-fusivities of carbon and of substitutional alloying elements in austenite during the 1930's and 1940's seemed to provide a useful clue as to the nature of these mechanisms. These measurements showed that the diffu-sivity of carbon is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the alloying elements at a given tempera-

Jan 1, 1967

By Paul M. Tyler

Mineral raw materials, because they are essential to our industrial prosperity and military strength, must be made available in substantial quantities regardless of cost. Variations in the cost of procuring minerals, as compared with the cost of obtaining other commodities, and changes in the cost of production of different minerals relative to one another, will naturally influence the quantities of a given mineral item that can be marketed readily. However, in the last analysis, the cost of winning minerals from the ground usually constitutes only a small fraction of the value of the end-use products and services derived from them. The miner's share of the cost of a typewriter, telephone circuit, or even a modem office building, is almost insignificant. Far more important to the ultimate consumer, therefore, than any minor saving in cost is the assurance of ample supplies of the minerals needed to aliment our expanding economy. To create a successful metal mining operation involves (1 ) the discovery and systematic development of a mineral deposit, (2) extraction of the ore, (3) the mechanical and metallurgical processing to eliminate worthless or harmful impurities, and (4) the profitable disposal of the product. The fist step of the technological process belongs chiefly in the realm of the geologist, the second is a mining engineer's job, the third is mainly up to the millmen and extractive metallurgists; whereas the fourth and equally important step poses a commercial problem that has aspects in common with the marketing of other products. Ore finding is far from being an exact science. There is no mathematical criterion for evaluating the efficiency of prospecting and exploration. Lady Luck shares the honors or assumes part of the blame along with the prospector and geologist. Marketing like- wise involves factors that seemingly defy engineering analysis. Although the other steps can be measured with some degree of mathematical accuracy, even they tend to vary so widely in basic principle, as well as in

Jan 1, 1964

By Robert McKay

THE practical study of corrosion requires consideration off its economic aspects. It must be based on sound scientific principles, but it should be borne in mind that probably the most important object of a corrosion test is to determine what metal in corrosion-resisting construction will produce the greatest operating profit. Thus the corrosion test must be directly connected with money values or it is not a practical corrosion test. This, perhaps unusual, connection between corrosion and economics is partially due to the fact that corrosion deals only with the time factor or duration of equipment, and it is almost the only test which deals with this feature. In these statements a departure is made from the academic definition of the word corrosion and it is done deliberately. The use of the term corrosion is unusual. It is as though we spoke of a tensile test as. a "breaking" test. We are not interested primarily in the break but in the strength of the metal. There is no English word which expresses our main interest in corrosion-testing, but let us have clearly in mind that we make corrosion tests to prevent corrosion. Our real interest is in this corrosion-prevention, not in the corrosion. Previous to 1922, it was common comment that "it is impossible to determine the course of corrosion by laboratory testing." This statement was true at that time in that the technique of laboratory testing for corrosion resistance was so vague that tests in the laboratory gave untrue results almost as often as true ones. This was so, even in the simple case of determining which one of two metals better resists a given solution. While this is no longer true the number of misleading "corrosion tests" still being ground out by laboratories is too large in the light of our present knowledge. There are two important features of corrosion testing whose neglect is a large contributing factor to misleading results: (1) The economic relations of the corrosion tests to other tests; (2) testing technique.

Jan 1, 1929

By Zay Jeffries

EACH generation accepts the developments of the preceding generations without full appreciation of the difficulties that had to be overcome or of the effect of any given development on society. Today, the production of pig iron is the yardstick with which general industrial health and progress are measured. So natural and logical does this seem to us, that it is difficult to picture conditions prior to the fourteenth century when pig iron was unknown. Not only was pig iron unknown but iron or steel could not be melted and poured into castings; all iron and steel articles were forged from sponge iron. All castings, as well as many worked articles, were made of non-ferrous metals or alloys. In many parts of the world, over long periods of time, not only was the annual exchange value of non-ferrous metals greater than that of iron and steel, but their combined tonnage was greater. At present, the value of the pig iron produced in a year is of the same order of magnitude as that of all non-ferrous metals combined; the tonnage of pig iron is, however, about twenty times that of all non-ferrous metals combined. Owing to lack of records, we will probably never know the relative importance of the various metals at all periods in historic times. A certain conclusion is that the iron and steel industry, since the discovery of pig iron and the cheap methods of converting it into steel, has grown at a much more rapid rate than the non-ferrous metal industries. Notwith-standing their fundamental fitness for man's needs, iron and steel owe their importance in no small degree to the low cost of production. The low cost was a result of increased knowledge of the production appliances and of the metallurgical processes. This increased knowledge is the key to our modern industrial civilization.

Jan 5, 1924

By C. H. Mathewson

MICROSCOPIC rnetallography has been exploited quite well enough to bring about a very general understanding that the typical metal or alloy is composed of minute crystalline particles blended into a coherent microstructural mosaic. One does not have to be a specialist in metallography to realize that the properties of such an aggregate are essentially a summation in appropriate form of individual effects derived from the shape, size, placement or orientation and cohesive characteristics of the component particles. It is clearly of great importance to consider the various forms of discontinuity which may occur at the boundaries between these crystalline particles. When a number of particles each possessing the same orderly arrangement of atoms are brought together into a close-fitting system of purely haphazard contacts, not unlike a handful of snowflakes compacted into a snowball, the particles are said to possess random orientation. There are no generally accepted views concerning the arrangement of the atomis or the constitutional reaction between atoms where one crystal meets another, but these contact regions are characterized by strength rather than weakness and it is customary to require the presence of many rather than few boundaries in preparing metal for useful service. Under certain circumstances all of the particles in a metal may be nearly alike in orientation. Other general tendencies of orientation may be associated with particular forms of mechanical and thermal treatment. In contrast with these cases of fortuitous or statistical diversity of orientation, we often find adjacent particles united along a plane which possesses a grouping of atoms belonging equally well to both structures. This, of course, determines a fixed relationship between the two orientations and it is always possible to derive one from the other by some form of rotation or reflection prescribed by the symmetry of the crystal structure under consideration. Particles united in this manner are known as twin crystals although the term refers to the form of association rather than the number of individuals concerned.

[NOTE.-The names of authors of papers are printed in small capitals, and the titles of papers, in italics. Casual notices, giving but little information, are indicated by bracketed page numbers. Large Roman numerals are volume numbers; small Roman numerals after volume numbers following titles indicate the page on which the presentation of the paper is mentioned; Arabic figures refer to the text of the printed papers.] A Use Classification of Coal, (ASHLEY) LXII [xiv]; LXIII, 782; Discussion: (HALL), 794; (ZERN) , 795; (ASHLEY), 795 Absorbent material, liquid-oxygen explosives, LXXI, 1251. Absorbents for liquid-oxygen explosives, LXIX, 292, 299. Absorption : cupellation : gold, special cupels, LIX, 194. primary and secondary, LIX, 213. ratio of silver to gold, LIX, 212. silver, specla1 cupels, LIX, 195. Absorption method, gasoline from natural gas, LIX, 584, 585. Absorptzon of Sulfur from Producer Gas zn Open-hearth Furnaces (NEAD), LXX, 176; Discussion: ( WATERHOUSE), 184 ; (REYNDERS) , 184; (KINNEY), 184 Accelerated wearing tests, bearing metals, LXIX, 973. Accident prevention, results, Utah, LXVIII, 360 Accident Prevention, 1919 (SINN), LXIII, [xiii] Accidents: causes in coal mines, LXXI, 1229. classification, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., LXVIII, 9. coal mining: comparison with metal mining, LXVIII, 360. pillar mining, LXVIII, 323. relation to method, LXVIII, 323 shafts, LXVIII, 207, 209 Utah, LXVIII, 363 - concentrating mills, Utah, LXVIII, 362 liquid-oxygen explosives, LXIX, 330, 339 losses through, LVIII, 65 metal mining, LXVIII, 361, 363. mine: causes, LIX, 652. curve of decrease, LIX, 655 days of greatest frequency, LIX, 657 human element as cause, LIX, 652, 653. intemperance as cause, LIX, 658 labor relation, LIX, 652 prevention, LIX, 653. record, New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin mine, LIX, 655 time of greatest frequency, LIX, 657, 658 Utah, LXVIII, 360 prevention, LVIII, 65 report blanks, Anaconda Copper Mining Co, LXVIII, 13, 15. statistical base, Anaconda Copper Mining Co, LXVIII, 9 time lost, LVIII, 70 transportation, Clifton-Morenci district, LXX, 851.

Jan 1, 1926

By R. E. Heithecker

Almost every oil well drilled into limestone formations in Kansas is treated with hydrochloric (muriatic) acid upon completion: to increase potential capacity of well and thereby increase its "daily allowable" production; to shorten time required to produce recoverable oil; and to increase quantity of oil recovered ultimately from reservoir. Acid treating marked a forward step in the producing fields of Kansas; in fact, many old limestone fields that almost had reached their economic producing limit were "rejuvenated" with acid and their capacities to produce increased several times. It also caused a marked increase in the ultimate oil recovery of some old and nearly depleted fields of Kansas. The effect of the acid was due to the cleaning-out action by the acid at the face of the limestone, the enlargement of the small drainage channels, and the apparent penetration of the acid to previously undrained porous and saturated strata. Studies of the effects of acid were made in the Fairport field, three groups of wells in the El Dorado field and the Shutts field. Estimation of increased recoveries resulting from acid in these fields and groups of wells ranged from 1000 to 2400 bbI. per acre. Limestone structures that had been tested by drilling and found noncommercial were later completed as commerical oil-producing formations through the use of acid. The Kansas City formation, Valley Center field of Kansas, is an example. Increased oil production and revenue from the old fields justified the reconditioning of equipment, which in most cases had become in poor mechanical condition. The first treatment with hydrochloric acid of an oil well in Kansas was in October 1932, and by the end of 1937 almost 6000 wells had been treated. Many wells were treated more than once and the total number of treatments exceeded 8000 by the end of 1937. Approximately 12 3/4 million gallons of acid was required for these treatments. The report includes 15 illustrations and 16 tables.

Jan 1, 1939

By R. E. Heithecker

Almost every oil well drilled into limestone formations in Kansas is treated with hydrochloric (muriatic) acid upon completion: to increase potential capacity of well and thereby increase its "daily allowable" production; to shorten time required to produce recoverable oil; and to increase quantity of oil recovered ultimately from reservoir. Acid treating marked a forward step in the producing fields of Kansas; in fact, many old limestone fields that almost had reached their economic producing limit were "rejuvenated" with acid and their capacities to produce increased several times. It also caused a marked increase in the ultimate oil recovery of some old and nearly depleted fields of Kansas. The effect of the acid was due to the cleaning-out action by the acid at the face of the limestone, the enlargement of the small drainage channels, and the apparent penetration of the acid to previously undrained porous and saturated strata. Studies of the effects of acid were made in the Fairport field, three groups of wells in the El Dorado field and the Shutts field. Estimation of increased recoveries resulting from acid in these fields and groups of wells ranged from 1000 to 2400 bbI. per acre. Limestone structures that had been tested by drilling and found noncommercial were later completed as commerical oil-producing formations through the use of acid. The Kansas City formation, Valley Center field of Kansas, is an example. Increased oil production and revenue from the old fields justified the reconditioning of equipment, which in most cases had become in poor mechanical condition. The first treatment with hydrochloric acid of an oil well in Kansas was in October 1932, and by the end of 1937 almost 6000 wells had been treated. Many wells were treated more than once and the total number of treatments exceeded 8000 by the end of 1937. Approximately 12 3/4 million gallons of acid was required for these treatments. The report includes 15 illustrations and 16 tables.

Jan 1, 1939

By ALFREDO INTZAUGARAT, MIGUEL BERRO

During the years 1943 through 1945, there was a decrease in the total oil production in Argentina. In the fields of Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut Territory) and Mendoza and Salta Provinces, the production obtained was as shown in Table I. The only place where there was a small increase was Plaza Huincul, in the Neuquen Territory and Lunlunta, in the Mendoza Province.

Jan 1, 1946

By Theron Wasson

Michigan's production of 17,301,000 bbl. in 1945, which is in line with previous years, has been maintained by extensions to old fields like Deep River, Adams, Fork, and others. There were a number of new discoveries but, as in the past, these are not given very much importance because enough drilling has not been done to develop their potentialities; however, judging by the past, some of them will develop enough production so that 1946 -will probably be in line with other years. Activities in Michigan were confined to the Basin area of the lower Peninsula, which has been under development since 1925.

Jan 1, 1946

By Leonard Greenburg

The American literature in the field of dust sampling and analysis has been growing rapidly since 1915. Studies made since that time clearly indicate that there are three fundamental factors that determine the production of lung pathology due to dust inhalation. These are the duration of exposure, the chemical and mineralogic nature of the dust and the concentration of the potentially harmful dust. In the estimation of the amount of the potentially hazardous dust there are essentially three problems involved: (I) a determination of the size of the hazardous dust; (2) determination of the most satisfactory apparatus and technique of sampling, and (3) the most satisfactory method of analysis. A complete study of the literature shows that industrial dust varies ill size from ultramicroscopic particles to those larger than lop in diameter and that relatively few particles are found over 5u in diameter. Approximately 10 to 25 per cent are less than 0.811 in diameter and the median size as a rule is found to lie between 1.25 and 1.75 microns. From the point of view of lung pathology the particle sizes of most importance lie between 0.5 and 5u. Of all the instruments for sampling dust the Impinger apparatus is the only one that will sample a larger body of air satisfactorily with small control errors and high efficiency in both low and high concentrations of dust. The Owens apparatus has the advantage of being more portable and somewhat easier to use but it does riot permit of the sampling of large volumes of air. It has a low efficiency in high concentrations of dust and does not permit dust weights to be obtained. From the point of dust-counting technique the author points out that in 1922 considerable experimentation with dark field and oblique illumination resulted in the conclusion that such methods were not readily duplicated from day to day and therefore yielded somewhat erratic results. Changes in the amount of illumination produced variations of several hundred per cent in dust counts obtained with dark ground

Jan 1, 1934

By B. L. Sackett

In a general way, the situation in copper smelting is quite similar to that of lead smelting. In other words, the introduction and successful flotation of copper ores has tended to decrease greatly the tonnage to be handled by the smelter and therefore has resulted in curtailed smelter operation. However, copper production has increased rather than decreased. The general effect of flotation has been to decrease the number of furnaces operating, but it has also increased to a considerable extent the difficulties in handling the material, just as was outlined in the case of lead smelting. In copper smelting, the flotation concentrates must be roasted and prepared for the reverberatory furnace. Handling Flotation Concentrates The handling of copper flotation concentrate, which is more or less wet and mucky, is more difficult than was the handling of the old gravity concentrate. Also, the roasting of the concentrate and the handling of the calcine produced is more difficult. That is mainly because the material is extremely fine and the tendency to higher dust losses is greatly increased. The draft in the roasting furnaces must be kept as low as possible, and the feeding of the calcine into the reverberatory furnace must be done carefully, so that dust losses may be kept at a minimum. Transition Stages oF Concentration and Smelting The general process through which the copper smelter has gone as a result of flotation has been somewhat as follows: In the relatively old days, when copper ores of low grade were first treated, a large number of furnaces were required, and naturally comparatively poor recoveries were made. Also, the profits on low-grade ores were small and the handling of those ores was possible only because of the large tonnages. Then came gravity concentration, which was a great improvement but which only incompletely removed the gangue material, the insoluble and the iron, from the copper ore, and made comparatively poor copper recoveries. This still left a considerable amount of insoluble and iron, as well as the copper itself, to be treated at the smelter.

Jan 1, 1928

Charles Mather MacNeill, President of the Utah Copper CO. and of the Chino Copper Co., and a life member of the Institute since 1899, died at his home in New York on March 17, after a very brief illness with pneumonia. Mr. MacNeill was born at Oak Park, Ill., in 1871, and began his connection with mining enterprises immediately after graduating from high school, his first position being that of cashier with the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co. He later went to Aspen, Colo., as manager of the Holden lixiviation plant. In 1893, he went to Cripple Creek as manager of the Lawrence Reduction Works, in which Mr. Holden and the late Capt. J. R. DeLamar were large owners. It was at this plant that Mr. Jackling became associated with him. The plant was destroyed by fire and, early in 1894, Mr. MacNeill became associated with Messrs. Spencer Penrose and Charles L. Tutt in a plan to finance and erect a chlorination plant at Colorado City, Colo., for the treatment of Cripple Creek ores. This plant was erected and was known as the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Works. Mr. MacNeill was general manager of the plant, Mr. Tutt having been president and Mr. Penrose, secretary and treasurer. The plant was very successful and was expanded, hally being reorganized under the name of the United States Reduction & Refining Company. Late in 1903, or very early in 1904, D. C. Jackling called the attention of Messrs. MacNeill and Penrose to the copper properties in Bingham Cañon, Utah, which have since become the main properties of the Utah Copper Co. After extended examinations and milling tests, these properties were bought, Mr. MacNeill becoming president of the Utah Copper Co., Mr. Penrose, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Jackling, general manager. Mr. MacNeill remained president of the company to the time of his death. Mr. MacNeill was also a director, a member of the executive committee, and was largely interested in the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; he was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Chino Copper Co. He had a variety of other mining interests, but the ones mentioned were distinctly the meost important. He was a director

Jan 1, 1923

By C. A. Edwards

Following a brief introduction, an outline is given of the four main conditions in which gases may be associated with metals; namely, (1) adsorbed gases, (2) dissolved gases, (3) gases in chemical combination, (4) gases entrapped in blowholes or cavities. Adsorption is essentially a surface phenomenon and is regarded as the attachment of outside molecules or atoms to the exposed free valencies of the atoms comprising the surface layers. In many cases where adsorbed films of gas are formed this is accompanied by a process of diffusion of the gas into the metal itself. This is particularly true in respect to iron and hydrogen, and experiments have shown that there is no difference between the rate at which hydrogen diffuses through a single crystal of iron arid through the same material after it has been recrystal-lized into a mass of small crystals. This does not prevent a somewhat greater concentration of gas at the boundaries of adjacent crystals, nor does it mean that the effect of the gas will be the same at the boundaries as it is within the body of the crystals. Indeed, under certain conditions, iron is rendered very brittle at the crystal boundaries, as shown in experiments by Pfeil with samples of almost pure iron. Much work has been done by many investigators concerning the temperature and conditions under which dissolved hydrogen, in particular, can be at least partially removed from different metals. With iron, the hydrogen that has diffused into the metal as a result of acid attack by pickling or by electrolytic deposition of the gas on the metal is partly removed by exposing the metal to the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures. Considerably more can be eliminated by raising the temperature, and even greater quantities by jointly raising the temperature and reducing the pressure. Annealing at suitable temperatures completely removes the bad effects of excessive mounts of hydrogen dissolved in or associated with iron. This is shown by the data plotted in Fig. 1, giving values for electrolytic iron sheets after annealing at temperatures between 250" and 950" C. The hydrogen brittleness is rapidly diminished at

Jan 1, 1935

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By O&apos, P. E. T. Connor

Production of petroleum in Trinidad during 1938 reached the record figure of 17,737,061 bbl., an increase of approximately two and a quarter million barrels over 1937. The principal development during the year was along the Guapo fault, which extends from Point Ligoure to Coora across the southwest portion of the island. This fault has been proved to be a major factor governing oil accumulation in the area. At the southeast end of the fault the Coora field has been actively developed during the year and already ranks as one of the major productive fields of the island. Approximately seven miles to the northwest, another richly productive area has been developed on the north side of the fault at Los Bajos, while several widely spaced wells along the fault in the intervening area suggest that the whole seven miles betwen Los Bajos and Coora will prove productive. The Penal field was placed on regular production during the early part of the year on completion of a pipe line to the Point Fortin refinery. This is a shallow pumping field with a daily output of 2000 to 1500 bbl. of heavy oil. Down-flank extension of the oil-producing structures of Forest Reserve, Kern and Point Fortin have considerably extended the proven acreages on these structures and exploitation of the deeper Cruse sands on these structures has also materially increased the known reserves. Wildcat drilling has been active in several areas. Four wells have been completed in the Mayaro district; four at Moruga; six at Cedros; six in the Morne Diable area; one at Erin and one at Point Ligoure. Few data are available from these areas, but it is understood that some cncouraging results have been obtained. In the northern basin, north of the Central Range, two locations were spudded in at the end of the year after extensive seismograph surveys. Both these locations are scheduled for depths in excess of 10,000 ft. This northern basin is entirely untested by the drill and the present drilling program is being keenly followed by all operators in Trinidad.

Jan 1, 1939

Iron Ores and Blast Furnace Practice Concentration of Iron Ores in the United States. By T. R. Counselman. (Metals Technolog), December 1943) Selection of Blast-furnace Refractories. By Hobart M. KrANer and E. B. Snyder. (Metals Technology, April 1944) The Washing of Pittsburgh Coking Coals and Results Obtained on Blast Furnaces. By C. 1). King. (Metals Technology, September 1943) Steelmaking The Role of Basic Slags in the Elimination of Phosphorus from Steel. By Richard L. BArrett and William J. McCaughey. (Metals Technology, April 1944) The Relative Deoxidizing Power of Boron In Liquid Steel and the Elimination of Boron in the Open-hearth Process. By B. W. Gurry. (Metals 'Technology, December 1943) Manufacture and Properties of Killed Bessemer Steel. By C. C. Wright. (Metals Technology, June 1944) Hardenability Effect of Sixteen Alloying Elements on Hardenability of Steel. By Irvin R. Kramer, Robert Hafner and Stewart L. Toleman. (Metals Technology, September 1943) Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Results of the End-quench Hardenability Test. By Clarence E. Jackson and Arthur L. Chrjstenson. (Metals Technology, December 1943) Effect of Some Elements on Hardenability. By Walter Crafts and John L. Lamont. (Metals Technology, January 1944) Effect of Several Variables on the Hardenability of High-carbon Steels. By I?. S. Rowland, J. Welchner and R. IS. Marshall. (Metals Technology, January 1944) Mechanical Properties Influence of Hydrogen on Mechanical Properties of Some Low-carbon Manganese-iron Alloys and on Hadfield Manganese Steel. By Herbert H. Uhlig. (Metals Technology, June 1944) Aging and the Yield Point in Steel. By J. R. LOW, Jr., and 14. Gensamer. (Metals Technology, December 1943) Tensile Properties of Medium-carbon Low-alloy Cast Steels. By H. A. Schwartz and W. Kenneth Bock. (Metals Technology, August 1944) Variables Affecting the Results of Notched-bar 1mpct Tests on Steels. By CLarence 15. Jackson, MYRon A. Pugancz and Frank S. McKenna. (Metals Technology, August 1944) The Notched-bar Lmpact Test. By John H. Hollomon. (Meta1s Technology, April 1944) Hardness Measurement as a Rapid Means for Determining Carbon Content of Carhon and Low- alloy Steels. By K. L. Clark and NIcHols Kowall. (Metals Technology, January 1944)

Jan 1, 1944

By John Henry Harden

IT appears that in the earlier days of anthracite coal mining, 1824-25, the Lehigh region mined 76 per cent. of all the coal sent to market. During the same period Wyoming sent 12 and 5 per cent. respectively, whilst the Schuylkill sent 11 and 18 per cent., the number of tons marketed being in those days very small indeed. In the year 1828 the Schuylkill region mined over one-half of all the coal sent to market, and continued to do so for thirty years (with the exception of the year 1831), until 1858 ; since that date the pro¬duction has declined very steadily in comparison with the other regions, until, in 1876, it was only 34 per cent. Wyoming, in the year 1820, was mining 40 per cent., but the production of all the regions was very small ; in six years it declined to 5 per cent., increased to 34 per cent. in 1831, declined to 10 per cent. in 1838. Since which time the increase has been gradual, until 1873-75 Wyoming produced over 50 per cent. of all the anthracite coal sent to market. In 1867 the production exceeded that of Schuylkill, and has continued to do so since that time. In the year 1876, during the existence of the " coal combination," Wyoming lost 9 per cent. ; during the same time Lehigh gained 7 and Schuylkill 2 per cent. over their relative production of the preceding year, the decrease of Wyoming being two and a half million tons, the increase of the Lehigh one million, the decrease of the Schuylkill nearly three-quarters of a million. The extraordinary production of the Lehigh region at a time of decreased demand and in opposition to an agreement with the other regions to limit the supply to the supposed demand was the cause of the disagreement which ultimately broke up the combination of the great coal-producing and carrying companies. The Lehigh region produced very steadily, from 1829 to 1854, an average of about 22 per cent. of the whole production. From 1854

Jan 1, 1877

In an address delivered at Atlantic City, N. T., Dec. 5, 1918, M. L. Requa, General Director, Oil Division of the United States Fuel Administration, said: We face a new era with all its uncertainties. We have arrived at the period of reconstruction and are face to face with the problems concerning which we have so often speculated during the past four years. In all this reconstruction work the United States must bear an important part. We are looked upon to lead the way, to blaze the trail and our actions will have a profound influence upon the rest of the world. If we are to succeed, even in part, we must not be ashamed to practise economy; we must not despise the clay of small things; the little savings; we must have the closest cooperation between Government and industry. Just as truly do we need civic awakening. All that we have ever fought for, the liberty of the world, is comprehended in the ballot; and yet how lightly we have held this great privilege! We need, if we are to reap in full the benefits of the past 18 mo., an awakened civic consciousness; a jealous guarding of government; a resolution that we will, each and all, perform to the full the duties imposed upon us by Democracy; that we will perform more completely the obligations resting upon us as citizens. During the war, industry, through sane cooperation and intelligent effort, has accomplished results possible of attainment in no other way. Government and industry have worked hand in hand and pointed the way o to future activities which, if realized, can but be most highly beneficial to all. If Government and industry are to fulfill their respective duties satisfactorily, it is obvious that there should be complete mutual confidence. Industry must not attempt to "put something over"-and Government must treat with industry upon the high plane that has characterized the public utterances of the President during the war. The individual who cannot conform to these high ideals should have no place in industry, and equally no place in Government. If the dignified and broad princi-

Jan 2, 1919