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By H. S. Martin

The Phosphate Recovery Corporation operates three flotation plants, NOS. 1 and 2 concentrators about three miles northeast of Mulberry, Florida, and No. 3 plant at Wales, Tennessee. These plants represent the first commercial phosphate flotation operation and are also believed to be the largest nonmetallic flotation operation in the world at the present time. The details of this paper will be confined to plant No. 2, this being the newest and largest concentrator in Florida, and the flow sheet being practically the same as at plant No. 1. The No. 3 plant has been operated but a short time and has been shut down since December, 1932, on account of the decrease in phosphate rock production. The phosphate washers usually are located centrally on a known deposit so that about two hundred acres of ground can be mined economically to each washer location. The washers are moved to new areas when the distance becomes too great for economical pumping. The flotation plants are built either adjacent to a washer, so that current debris may be utilized, or on the site of a former washer where there is sufficient accumulated debris available for mining, and the flotation plants must also be moved from time to time. Most of the water used in the Florida flotation plants is recovered after passing through a circulating system where most of the fine SUSpended matter is settled out, but some make-up water is obtained from deep wells near the plant. Power is obtained from the Tampa Electric Co. through the distribution facilities of the International Agricultural Corporation. Flotation concentrate is hauled from the plant by trolley over the International Agricultural Corporation's trolley system, to the drying plant at Prairie, one mile northwest of Mulberry. Ore Treated In the pebble phosphate district of Florida, the phosphate mineral, or collophane, is usually found in horizontal beds of varying thickness

Jan 1, 1934

By George H. Rupp

THE Sunrise iron mine of The Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation is in Platte County, Wyoming, about 110 miles north of Cheyenne. It is served by the company-owned Colorado and Wyoming Railway, which connects with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Colorado and Southern railways at Guernsey, Wyoming, a distance of 6 miles from the mine. The original Sunrise claims were staked mainly by United States Army officers and soldiers stationed at old Fort Laramie, because of small showings of copper in the Carboniferous limestones that form a horizontal capping overlying the Huronian iron ore. A small copper smelter was operated for about three years at Fairbanks, now an abandoned town on the North Platte River. As many of the copper shafts and test pits near the present Sunrise mine were deepened, they penetrated the capping and encountered iron ore or gray sericitic schist, and were abandoned. Evidence of an early interest in iron ore was found when the Chicago claim was stripped for mining. A narrow, winding crevice was discovered, which led downward 20 ft. through the capping to the underlying soft red hematite, in which a room 10 by 14 by 7 ft. had been excavated. Stone hammers and wedges and a few rusted pieces of iron were found on the floor, and the evidence is conclusive that the excavation was used up to rather recent times by Sioux Indian medicine men, to provide war paint. GEOLOGY AND ORE The Sunrise district is in the Hartville uplift, an anticlinal area in which pre-Cambrian rocks similar to those of the Black Hills and the Laramie Mountains are brought to the surface. The lowest part of the pre-Cambrian series exposed is a great thickness of pink, crystalline, Huronian dolomites with thin unstratified beds of schist and quartzite. The upper part of the series consists mostly of gray or green schists but includes a few lenticular beds of jasper and a banded iron formation con-

Jan 1, 1939

By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

By V. F. Parry, S. P. Burke

The presence of gas in coal mines necessitates the use of costly ventilation arrangements and the use of expensive mining methods. On the other hand, the gas itself in many instances is of considerable intrinsic value, and its separate recovery might conceivably be a profitable undertaking. This paper is concerned with a study of the movement of gas in coal strata with the object of determining the laws governing gas movement and thus making at least a preliminary step toward the solution of the more practical problem of its control or recovery. Naturally, so important a subject has received much attention from scientists and engineers. In most cases, however, the studies have been concerned with the origin1$, the amount" the composition3 and the method of retention4 of the gas in coal; or, from the more practical side, have been concerned with the phenonlena and conditions associated with outbursts5 or explosions and their control. Numerous studies also have been made of the permeability of coal to gas" of gas pressures measured in coal seams, etc. The authors are unaware, however, of any attempt to present a consistent or complete picture of the laws governing the movement of gas through the coal. Study in West Virginia A recent study conducted at this University7 gives the first presentation of the distribution of pressures in a small section of a coal seam. Holes were drilled into the coal rib to various depths and at various distances from the coal face. The location selected for study was as remote as possible from disturbing influences of mining operations, faults, "wants," etc. The pipes extending into the coal that were used to determine pressures were grouted into the borehole for the entire depth of the hole, and great precaution was taken to insure accurate pressure readings. A map of the geology of the region, a map of the probable boundary and extent of the coal seam, a current map of the mine and a

Jan 1, 1936

By William E. Brewster

Dating back some five years ago, various foundries made inquiries as to the probable total carbon content in a given specification and grade of pig iron. Up to that time we had no data, and except for a few occasional determinations of total carbon, no attempt had ever been made to set up routine determinations of total carbon. In fact, at that time, a cast analysis was considered sufficient, without examining at further length into possible variations of analysis between ladles of the same cast. In view of the various inquiries as to total carbon, we sampled all piles of all grades of pig iron, making complete analyses. Finding some variation in carbon content, we secured more samples and plotted the carbon content with respect to silicon in each grade of iron except for the higher phosphorus foundry iron, where it was necessary to divide the group into twenty-point phosphorus ranges. This is easily understood, owing to the falling off of carbon content with the increase in phosphorus content, silicon in each case being the same. In addition, these curves clearly demonstrate the lowering of the carbon content as the silicon is increased. In order to insure accuracy and reliable determinations the following method of sampling and analysis was employed: Two pigs selected from each end of the car, each car containing iron from one 50-ton ladle, are drilled with a 5/6-in. drill all the way through from top to bottom in the center of one section of the pig. The drillings are collected and transferred to an 80-mesh sieve; the portion passing through and the portion retained are placed in separate envelopes and labeled accordingly. The amount of sample in each envelope is weighed to obtain the proportionate amount of coarse and fine drillings, then a 1/2 factor weight of sample (1.3636 grams) made up of proportionate

Jan 1, 1936

By J. C. Sullivan, W. A. Knoll

The sinking of a new shaft at the Newport mine, Ironwood, Mich., was started in May 1931 and completed on Aug. 3, 1932. During this period, 2665 ft. of shaft in granite was completed, at an average advance of 6 ft. per 24 hr. In Novernber of 1930, experimental work was conducted on 65 ft. of shaft through 22 ft. of overburden where ledge was encountered, and this work convinced the operators that all drilling could be done with vertical holes with the blasting relief to a 4½-in. hole drilled vertically in the center of the cut. The reason for not adopting the conventional V-cut was to get away from damaging the shaft steel. The blasting in a V-cut naturally tends to throw the broken material upward, but with the cut as adopted the relief was in a horizontal direction to a large extent. The scheme of mucking employed made it necessary to keep the steel shaft sets within 50 ft. of the bottom at all times. This could not be done without serious damage with a V-cut when blasting in granite. The cut as drilled also broke 10.83 ft. per round of drilling, which was considerably more than the experience with a V-cut in the same material. The extended cut reduced proportionately the delays for charging, blowing smoke and handling drilling equipment in the shaft. Another advantage was the ease in drilling vertical over inclined holes, and the preservation of the proper spacing of the drill holes at the bottom of the cut. Drilling Air was carried down the shaft in an 8-in. flanged pipe line at a pressure ranging from 95 to 100 Ib. This line was extended to within 100 ft. of the bottom, where a valve and a 4 by 4 by 6-ft. tee was connected to it. To each side of the tee was connected a nipple and elbow, the resulting span of the two elbows being about 4 ft. Lengths of short 3-in. hoses

Jan 1, 1940

By P. W. Bridgman

During the war, the Navy undertook the construction, under my direction, of an experimental gun embodying features designed to lessen the cost and time of production. These experiments were initiated after representations as to their desirability had been offered by myself, by the Naval Consulting Board, and by the National Research Council. The first drawings were made in June, 1917, and the experiment was completed in November, 1918. For the sake of clearness it will pay to recapitulate briefly the fundamental idea of gun construction. It is well known that if a hollow cylinder is subjected to internal fluid pressure, the maximum stress occurs in the inside layers, the outer parts carrying much less than their due share of the stress. This inequality of stress is more pronounced the thicker the walls of the cylinder. If such a cylinder is pushed to the elastic limit, failure in elasticity will take place long before the outer lagers have reached the limit of their capacity. Economical use of the material would demand, however, that all parts of the cylinder reach the limits of their capacity simultaneously. This may be brought about, at least in cylinders of not too great thickness, by producing in the inner layers an initial compression, and in the outer layers an initial tension. The effect of internal pressure is at first to relieve the compression of the inside layers, while increasing the tension of the outside layers. If the initial stresses are properly distributed, all parts of the cylinder will reach their elastic limits simultaneously, thus giving a cylinder of maximum strength for its weight. In gun construction as hitherto practiced, this initial distribution of stress is produced either by winding the inner tube with wire, a common English practice, or by shrinking hoops over the inner tube, which has been the standard American practice. Either process is long and expensive, particularly with the larger guns, 12- or 14-in., which require

Jan 1, 1922

By B. Woyski

Many writers, in discussing defects caused by oxidation and gassing of bronzes and red brasses advocate substantially the same cure for both. But from its nature, oxidation cannot take place if there is an excess of fuel in the furnace, while the gases absorbed by some alloys are products of incomplete combustion of the fuel. Hence the metal can be either oxidized or gassed, but it is doubtful whether these actions can take place simultaneously. Oxidation can be easily overcome by the use of deosidizers or it may be avoided by protecting the molten metal with suitable fluxes. Absorption of gascs is more difficult to overcome: the regulation of the air and fuel, so as to produce complete combustion, and the protection of the bath by mineral fluxes arc the most important factors. Gas expulsion, resulting in gas holes, porosity, unsoundness, and swollen or cauliflower-headed risers, is said to have several causes. One writer1 lists the most common causes in the order of their importance, as follows: Superheated metal, dirty or slaggy furnace conditions, using metals low in quality or those previously subjected to bad melting practice, poor grade of fuel, use of newly lined or damp ladles, indiscriminate mixing of scrap or illogical combinations of metal. Superheating the metal usually occurs when the heat is ready to be poured but for some reason must be held in the furnace. In this case, a careful furnace tender tries to avoid overheating the metal by keeping a mild fire; that is, a reducing fire which, unfortunately, results in gassing the metal. A dirty, slaggy furnace may result in gassing the metal by retarding the heating and prolonging the time necessary to bring the metal to the proper temperature, thereby increasing the chances of gassing in uncertain furnace atmosphere. It is doubtful whether rnetals of low quality have anything to do with gassing molten metal, except, possibly in the case of metals containing

Jan 1, 1923

By R. J. Schilthuis

In 1929, Coleman, Wilde, and Moore1 undertook an investigation of the theoretical decline in reservoir pressure as related to the production of oil and gas. The most important part of this work was presented in an equation defining the relationship between the reservoir pressure, the quantities of oil and gas produced, the oil and gas content of the reservoir, and the properties of the reservoir fluids. With this equation, it appeared that, with sufficient data, it would be possible to calculate the oil content of the reservoir and predict quantitatively the effect of gas-oil ratio on the decline of reservoir pressure. Needless to say, such an expression would be highly important in evaluating fields and in arriving at a choice of production methods to be used. Unfortunately, at the time these investigators published their work, there were not sufficient data available to permit application of the equation. The technique of measuring reservoir pressures had not been developed, gas measurements were uncommon, oil and water production records were in most cases inadequate, and little was known of the properties of the complex hydrocarbon mixtures making up the oil and gas in the reservoirs. For these reasons, little additional work of a similar nature could be done. However, during the past four years many data have been systematically accumulated on reservoir pressures and the properties of oil and gas, and it is now possible to use these data in furthering the studies on the behavior of oil and gas reservoirs. It is the purpose here: first, to present the derivation of a modified form of the equation given by Coleman, Wilde and Moore, which will permit the calculation of what later will be defined as the "active oil" content of a reservoir; second, to derive formulas for calculating the reservoir-energy changes that occur during the course of production, and finally, to discuss the limitations and application of the equations developed.

Jan 1, 1936

By John T. Norton

In recent years, the damping capacity of metals has come to be recognized as an important index of certain types of structural change. In a number of instances, this property has proved to be particularly sensitive, but insufficient work has been done to permit a general interpretation. There is considerable question at the present time as to just what factors are responsible for the internal dissipation of energy when a metal is carried through a cycle of stress, and these factors must be ascertained if the value of the damping method as a metallurgical tool is to be determined. Since internal stresses are among the chief causes of dissipation of internal energy, or damping capacity, it was thought that a study of the changes in damping during the recovery and recrystalliza-tion of a cold-worked metal might throw some light upon the subject, particularly if the damping changes were correlated with other properties that are better understood. Probably more work has been done on the recrystallization phenomena of alpha brass than on any other metal, so this was chosen as the material for the present investigation. Damping measurements on brass have been made by Förster and Köster.1 They showed that the annealing of a brass that had been cold-drawn to 50 per cent reduction produced a rapid fall in the damping, a flat minimum occurring at approximately the temperature of recrystallization. The damping remained at a low value until grain growth was well under way and then it increased rapidly with increasing grain size. Köster and Rosenthal2 continued the work in greater detail. They pointed out that the damping decrease does not correspond to the hardness drop but occurs at a lower temperature, suggesting that the relief or redistribution of internal stresses has a large effect while the actual recrystallization effect is small. They also show the increase in damping at the higher annealing temperatures. Their curves are reproduced in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. King Hubert

The growth of human knowledge is an evolutionary process. Historically our separate sciences came into existence as people became interested in various apparently unrelated domains of phenomena, and in this manner we acquired the sciences of physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology and geology. As various of these sciences became established, cognizance of them came to be taken by the universities and in this manner there arose the traditional departments of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and geology of our American universities. As there was no particular rationality in the boundaries separating the various sciences, in the university departments the jurisdiction of each has assumed quite arbitrary limits. In the domain of earth phenomena the first science to grow up was that of geology, which arose originally from the activities of the collectors of rocks, minerals and fossils. Thus geology evolved as a descriptive science dealing with directly observable terrestrial phenomena for which elementary rational explanations were offered. The traditional treatment of phenomena by the science of geology has rarely been with more than an elementary regard for the fact that these phenomena were also phenomena of physics and chemistry. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, a new approach to terrestrial phenomena has been emerging and becoming of so great a significance that it can no longer be ignored. This approach has been made by people trained primarily in the sciences of physics and chemistry, who have investigated terrestrial phenomena as constituting phenomena of their respective sciences. In this manner we have acquired the so-called "borderland sciences" of geophysics, the physics of the earth, and of geochemistry, the chemistry of the earth. Neither of these fields is new, having arisen chiefly at the hands of European investigators during the latter part of the nineteenth century. The European universities have long since given official recognition at least to geophysics, by the establishment of departments or institutes of geophysics, which are on a par with the university departments of the other sciences.

Jan 1, 1940

By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

By W. S. Weeks

In coursing the ventilating air through a mine it is often necessary to restrict a comparatively open split in order that it may carry exactly the desired quantity of air. Such a restriction is known as a regulator, and usually takes the form of a partition with a hole in it. The quantity of air circulating is controlled by the size of the hole or orifice. For example, it is desired to force a quantity q I cu. ft, per min. through split a (Fig. 1) and the quantity q2 through split b. It requires a pressure of 2 in. water to force the desired quantity through a, and a pressure of 1 in. to force the desired amount through b. The pressure drop between points A and B must be 2 in and a pressure of 1 in. must be destroyed in split b. This is done by inserting a regulator in b, which causes the velocity to increase in the orifice and results in a change from pressure-head to velocity-head. If the air, after passing the orifice, is slowed down in a turbulent manner, all of the velocity-head does not change back into pressure-head, so a permanent loss of static pressure results. A classic formula for computing the area of an orifice to destroy a certain amount of static pressure has been handed down from early days: 0.0004Q a =2 This formula is based on the assumption that all velocity-head in the orifice is "destroyed;" that is, does not reappear again as either velocity-pressure or static pressure. The derivation of the formula is as follows: h = head lost in regulator in fect of air. v = velocity in regulator in fect per second. q = quantity circulating in cubic feet per second. Q = quantity circulating in cubic feet pcr minute. a = area of orifice in square feet.

Jan 1, 1928

By Rossiter W. Raymond

Being a portion of the President's Address at New Haven, February 23d, 1875. As I have attempted briefly to show you, gentlemen, the present position of the mining and metallurgical industries of this country offers in several respects most important indications of radical change. This is an epoch for more than one branch of these industries. We are commencing again to export copper; we have shifted the main production of lead from the Mississippi Valley to the far West, besides developing a new production of that metal in Missouri; we have seen the price of quicksilver go up, and the price of iron go down to such an extent as to affect profoundly, on the one hand, the great business of extracting silver by amalgamation, through the Washoe process in this country and the patio process in Mexico, and, on the other hand, the various manufactures employing iron as a raw material ; above all, the manufacture of steel. But the epoch which has occurred in the relative value of gold and silver, in consequence of causes which I shall attempt to explain, and among which the extraordinary increase in the silver product of Nevada is not the least ; this epoch is, perhaps, the most striking feature in the review of our situation. Since my official duties in connection with the mining industry of the Pacific slope and the Great Interior Basin have led me to pay particular attention to this subject, I have thought it not inappropriate to lay before you a somewhat extended account of its history. It is a topic of peculiar interest, because of the general use of these two metals as standards of value in the exchange of commodities. Neither of them is suitable to be, for the political economist, a real standard of value. That standard is rather to be sought in some more universal product of labor, such as wheat-the relation

Jan 1, 1875

By R. J. Schilthuis

In 1929, Coleman, Wilde, and Moore1 undertook an investigation of the theoretical decline in reservoir pressure as related to the production of oil and gas. The most important part of this work was presented in an equation defining the relationship between the reservoir pressure, the quantities of oil and gas produced, the oil and gas content of the reservoir, and the properties of the reservoir fluids. With this equation, it appeared that, with sufficient data, it would be possible to calculate the oil content of the reservoir and predict quantitatively the effect of gas-oil ratio on the decline of reservoir pressure. Needless to say, such an expression would be highly important in evaluating fields and in arriving at a choice of production methods to be used. Unfortunately, at the time these investigators published their work, there were not sufficient data available to permit application of the equation. The technique of measuring reservoir pressures had not been developed, gas measurements were uncommon, oil and water production records were in most cases inadequate, and little was known of the properties of the complex hydrocarbon mixtures making up the oil and gas in the reservoirs. For these reasons, little additional work of a similar nature could be done. However, during the past four years many data have been systematically accumulated on reservoir pressures and the properties of oil and gas, and it is now possible to use these data in furthering the studies on the behavior of oil and gas reservoirs. It is the purpose here: first, to present the derivation of a modified form of the equation given by Coleman, Wilde and Moore, which will permit the calculation of what later will be defined as the "active oil" content of a reservoir; second, to derive formulas for calculating the reservoir-energy changes that occur during the course of production, and finally, to discuss the limitations and application of the equations developed.

Jan 1, 1936

By M. King Hubbert

THE growth of human knowledge is an evolutionary process. Historically our separate sciences came into existence as people became interested in various apparently unrelated domains of phenomena, and in this manner we acquired the sciences of physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology and geology. As various of these sciences became established, cognizance of them came to be taken by the universities and in this manner there arose the traditional departments of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and geology of our American universities. As there was no particular rationality in the boundaries separating the various sciences, in the university departments the jurisdiction of each has assumed quite arbitrary limits. In the domain of earth phenomena the first science to grow up was that of geology, which arose originally from the activities of the collectors science dealing with directly observable terrestrial phenomena for which elementary rational explanations were offered. The traditional treatment of phenomena by the science of geology has rarely been with more than an elementary regard for the fact that these phenomena were also phenomena of physics and chemistry. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, a new approach to terrestrial phenomena has been emerging and becoming of so great a significance that it can no longer be ignored. This approach has been made by people trained primarily in the sciences of physics and chemistry, who have investigated terrestrial phenomena as constituting phenomena of their respective sciences. In this manner we have acquired the so-called "borderland sciences" of geophysics, the physics of the earth, and of geochemistry, the chemistry of the earth. Neither of these fields is new, having arisen chiefly at the hands of European investigators during the latter part of the nineteenth century. The European universities have long since given official recognition at least to geophysics, by the establishment of departments or institutes of geophysics, which are on a par with the university departments of the other sciences.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. L. Holley

THERE are regularly manufactured in the eleven Bessemer steel rail mills of the United States, 119 patterns* of steel rails, of 27 different weights per yard. This list does not include patterns which, although still largely inn use, are regarded by experts as obsolete, and which would swell the number to nearly 300; nor does it include all, the patterns for which rolls are kept on hand to fill a possible demand; nor does it include extra pattern,- rolled in one finishing groove by opening or closing the rolls so as to get different weights with the same contours. The list embraces only those separate patterns which are subject to current orders. How thoroughly modern these patterns are, is shown by the fact that of the whole 119, there are but five patterns of conspicuously bad shape; all the rest more or less completely illustrate the standard features,-a heavy bead,. light web and flanges, and a good angle :to hold the fish-plate. Sixty-two per cent. of the patterns have the "Chanute" head, which was not designed until 1874.† Sixty-four per cent. of the 119 patterns are embraced under five weights per yard,; three only of these vary from standard type; there am thus 76 patterns, all of them modern and standard, to represent five different weights, for which five patterns would perfectly answer. Of the 60-lb. rails, there is only one of the pear-head type, while a dozen of the bevelled head templets cannot be distinguished from each other * From all the works 188 patterns were sent to me as standard. Of these I found 119 different shapes and 69 duplicates. † Since this paper was read I have seen at the Bethlehem Iron. Works the templet of a 68-pound Lehigh Valley rail, with the bevelled head, usually called the "Chanute" head, and marked "Templet of 1872." This is shown on Plate II. I learn that iron rails, with bevelled heads, were rolled at Bethlehem prior to 1870.

Jan 1, 1881

By C. R. Austin

THE investigation described in this paper deals with the development of high-temperature alloys of the Konel series over a considerable period of time at the Research Laboratories of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. The word "Konel" has been coined to designate a class of alloys which are essentially nickel-cobalt-iron with other elements added, usually in small quantities. Most of these alloys contain titanium, usually about 2.5 percent. The main consideration related to strength at high temperatures but the thermionic characteristics of the alloys was also of considerable importance. It is, however, with the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures that we are herein concerned. Much attention has also been devoted to their age-hardening characteristics. There is little need to stress the utilitarian aspect of this subject, as it has been discussed frequently. Alloys exhibiting superior properties at normal or elevated temperatures rapidly find many suitable applications. There may be some question, however, as to what constitutes a "superior alloy, " or an alloy that may have good service possibilities at high temperatures. The problem is complex and various means have been employed to predict the useful life that may be expected of a material. In recent years the "creep limit" has been used as the best means of evaluation. Such tests necessarily are prolonged and hence collection of data is very slow. In a general survey of many alloys therefore the creep test is not desirable and recourse must be had to much shorter time tests in order more rapidly to select alloys which appear to show promise. For this reason the present survey has been made using the high-temperature tensile test and a bend' test developed by Howard Scott.1 In the tensile test the conditions have been standardized for all tests, so that values obtained are at least comparable, one alloy with another, although the absolute values recorded merely indicate the mechanical properties at the given temperature under a definite rate of loading.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. H. Herty, J. L. Keats

In the literature on the elimination of metalloids in basic open-hearth practice, there are a great many heats recorded in which excellent data on changes in slag and metal composition during refining are given, but in almost all of these heats either temperature data or weights and analysis of charge are unrecorded and observations on the physical characteristics of the slag are almost always lacking. With these points in mind, a test heat was made in which as complete data as possible on all the factors that affect the elimination of metalloids were obtained. The Test Heat The test heat was made in a standard 100-ton stationary furnace at the Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y., on January 17, 1922. The Charge—Scrap.—The scrap consisted entirely of rail-heat butts, selected from a number of heats made the week before the test. The average analysis of the scrap was calculated from the analysis of these heats and from the weight of scrap from each heat. Pig Iron.—Two ladles of pig iron were used in the charge and two samples were taken from each ladle as it was poured into the furnace. These four samples were composited for the average pig-iron sample. Other Materials.—Weights of dolomite, ore and spar were obtained by weighing a quantity of each just before the test and weighing the amount of each left after the heat was completed. The limestone. was weighed on the charging pans. Coal for recarburizing, ferromanganese, ferro-silicon and aluminum were weighed out as used. All these materials were carefully sampled before the test was begun. Coal consumption at the producers was obtained by getting the average capacity of the hoppers that fed the producers, and then counting the number of hoppers of coal used during the course of the heat. Products Steel.—The steel made was rolled into billets, the rolling properties being very satisfactory. The weight of steel was obtained by taking a

Jan 1, 1926

By J. C. Sullivan, W. A. Knoll

The sinking of a new shaft at the Newport mine, Ironwood, Mich., was started in May 1931 and completed on Aug. 3, 1932. During this period, 2665 ft. of shaft in granite was completed, at an average advance of 6 ft. per 24 hr. In Novernber of 1930, experimental work was conducted on 65 ft. of shaft through 22 ft. of overburden where ledge was encountered, and this work convinced the operators that all drilling could be done with vertical holes with the blasting relief to a 4½-in. hole drilled vertically in the center of the cut. The reason for not adopting the conventional V-cut was to get away from damaging the shaft steel. The blasting in a V-cut naturally tends to throw the broken material upward, but with the cut as adopted the relief was in a horizontal direction to a large extent. The scheme of mucking employed made it necessary to keep the steel shaft sets within 50 ft. of the bottom at all times. This could not be done without serious damage with a V-cut when blasting in granite. The cut as drilled also broke 10.83 ft. per round of drilling, which was considerably more than the experience with a V-cut in the same material. The extended cut reduced proportionately the delays for charging, blowing smoke and handling drilling equipment in the shaft. Another advantage was the ease in drilling vertical over inclined holes, and the preservation of the proper spacing of the drill holes at the bottom of the cut. Drilling Air was carried down the shaft in an 8-in. flanged pipe line at a pressure ranging from 95 to 100 Ib. This line was extended to within 100 ft. of the bottom, where a valve and a 4 by 4 by 6-ft. tee was connected to it. To each side of the tee was connected a nipple and elbow, the resulting span of the two elbows being about 4 ft. Lengths of short 3-in. hoses

Jan 1, 1940