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By E. F. La Vigne

ON Aug. 10, 1884, the Retsof Mining Co. began the sinking of an 18 by 12-ft. shaft at Retsof, N. Y. Rock salt was reached in 1885, in September, at 1008 ft. below the surface. The first salt was shipped in the fall of 1885. A timber breaker was built in 1886. In July, 1895, there was a consolidation of the Retsof Mining Co., the Greigsville Salt & Mining Co., the Livonia Salt Co., and the Lehigh Salt & Mining Co. These consolidated salt companies are now known as the Retsof Mining Co., a subsidiary of the International Salt Co. Eventually all of the mines were closed except the mine of the Retsof Mining Co., at Retsof, Livingston County, New York. On July 6, 1921, about ½ mile south of the original shaft and plant of the Retsof Mining Co., a new 9 by 28-ft. concrete-lined shaft was started. The shaft is 1063 ft. deep from the top of the shaft collar to the bottom of the salt bed. At the same time a reinforced-concrete breaker and other buildings were erected. This new plant began opera-tions on Dec. 15, 1923. It was designed for a capacity of 3000 tons in 8 hours.

Jan 1, 1936

By G. Willard Quick

TENSILE tests of rail steels at elevated temperatures'' have shown that certain rails, in addition to having low ductility in the well-known bluebrittle range in the neighborhood of 200° C., have marked reduction in elongation and reduction of area in the temperature range from 400° to 700° C. This range of low ductility was called "the secondary brittle range" and the phenomenon, "secondary brittleness." The question naturally arises as to whether this property of the steels would be shown by impact tests performed in the same range of temperature. If so, the impact test, as suggested by Gillett3 would be a simpler and quicker method for the routine examination of steels at elevated temperature than the tensile test. A number of investigators have reported results of impact tests on steels at elevated temperatures, in which the energy absorbed decreased with increase of temperature above 200° or 300° C. Langenberg4 performed Charpy impact tests on several steels at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 1000° F. (538° C). His results showed an increase in the energy absorbed in specimens tested in the range from room temperature to 200° or 300° C. and then a gradual decrease in the range, 300° to 538° C., the maximum temperature used. Greaves and Jones5

Jan 1, 1932

By Ralph A. Sherman, J. M. Pilcher

BY surface treatment of coal is meant the application of a material, either solid or liquid, to the surface of pieces of coal. The purposes of surface treatment are varied. They may be to identify or "trade-mark" the coal, to modify the burning characteristics, the coking tendencies, or the behavior of the ash, to prevent the freezing of wet coal, or to control the dust. The control of dust is the usual purpose of surface treatment. TRADE-MARKING COAL The application of color to the surface of coal for the purpose of identification and registration of the trade-mark has been practiced to some extent. In 1928, the Glen Alden Coal Co. began to color its coal and adopted the trade-mark, "Blue Coal." The Old Ben Coal Co. later followed a similar practice with "Green Coal." A commoner means of identification of coal has been the stenciling of designs or pasting labels on large lumps or in the distribution of small cardboard tags through the smaller sizes. The details of the method used to color coal have not been revealed. Usually all of the coal is not treated, because of the expense. Only enough pieces are colored to show clearly when distributed through the coal.

Jan 1, 1943

By Eugene Stebinger

INTRODUCTION. A LARGE number of papers and reports dealing with the coalfields of Montana have been published + during the last 30 years, but the information is much scattered, appearing in many technical and scientific journals and in government reports, in many cases inaccessible to those most interested. In recent years, especially since 1905, ,our knowledge of the geology and coal contents of the important fields of the State has been much increased. Fairly specific and detailed information is. at hand on all of the principal coal-bearing areas. The fields for which data are not at hand are small and inaccessible, and their omission will not materially affect an estimate of the coal resources of the State, viewed as a whole. The paper here presented is a summary of existing information, all sources having been freely utilized in its preparation. The viewpoint adopted is that of the geologist, rather than that of the engineer or colliery operator, because by far the greater portion of the coal areas present have had only the most meager development, making information that, will aid in prospecting and opening the at present little used coal lands of paramount importance to those interested in the coal fields of the State.

Jan 9, 1913

By I. Fatt

Study of a model which contains "dead-end" pore volume indicates that pressure transients are influenced by the amount of dead-end pore volume and by the resistance of the flow path between the dead-end pore volume and the main flow channels. A semi-empirical method is demonstrated that makes possible measurenment of the volume in the dead-end pores and the total pore volume. The difference between these two volumes is the volume of the flow channels. An indication of the flow resistance between the dead-end pore space and the lain flow channels is also obtained. INTRODUCTION In some engineering calculations the distribution of pore volume in a petroleum reservoir need not be known. For example, a material balance calculation treats a reservoir as an oil-filled tank. In other calculations the distribution of pore volume appears implicitly through use of the porosity and the relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that under certain conditions the exact distribution of pore volume must be known in order to interpret correctly transient flow behavior. Pressure transients during single-phase flow in porous media are usually said to obey differential equations of the form

By Frank C. Roberts

Progress in the facilities for handling mining products has been largely superinduced by the necessities of commercial economy ren dered requisite in order to meet the demand of competition. So rapid has been the depreciation in the value of mineral products, primarily due to the disproportionate increase of output over con sumption, that it may be justly claimed that mining, when considered as a commercial success, depends largely upon the ease and cheap ness by which the products are brought to the surface of the ground. In all methods of performing this operation, wire rope enters as an important factor; and the object of the present sketch will be to explain, as fully as is consistent with the space allotted, the various • adaptations of wire rope employed in placing coal and ores within the reach of our overground systems of transportation. These adaptations will be considered in the following order: I. Hoists. II. Inclined planes. a. Engine planes. b. Gravity planes. c. Aerial planes. III. Haulage. a. Tail-rope system. b. Counter-rope system. c. Endless-rope system. IV. Hoists. The term " hoist" is applied to the system whereby the mine product is elevated from the mine-level to the surface through ver-

Jan 1, 1888

By C. A. Heiland

THE investigations described were made on a portion of Clear Creek basin near Golden, Colo. (A portion of the area under survey is shown in Fig. 1. The photograph was taken in the vicinity of station No. 2 of Line II.) Three principal purposes were in the minds of the investigators: 1. To repeat with modern, more sensitive and more reliable instruments magnetometric placer investigations previously made. 2. To disprove the recently advanced theory that deposits of the glacial period have no pronounced magnetic effects. 3. To develop in detail the theory of the magnetic effects produced by placer deposits. Six years ago, the first magnetic observations were published, which proved that it is possible to locate gold-bearing channels with relatively crude instruments.1 Two years ago, K. C. Laylander published results obtained with similar instruments.2 The measurements of the latter were discussed by the senior author of this paper.3 At that time, however, the material available for such a discussion was somewhat scarce and not made with the most modern magnetic instruments, although very brilliant results were obtained. Therefore, the senior author felt that magnetic investigations should be made on very clear geologic conditions with the most modern instruments.

Jan 1, 1928

By A. A. Bauer, F. A. Rough, G. H. Beatty

AS a result of recent studies, the constitution of the zirconium-uranium system has been fairly well defined. A diagram for the system is shown in Fig. 1. However, both oxygen and nitrogen are known1-3 to have a pronounced effect on the limits of both ß- and e -phase regions. It has been shown that small amounts of oxygen severely constrict the compositional limits of these phase regions in the ternary zirconium-uranium-oxygen system. A previously published tentative diagram shown in Fig. 2 illustrates the ß-phase constriction resulting from oxygen additions. Generally, iodide zirconium has been used in constitutional studies of zirconium-uranium alloys. While this is the highest purity material available, cast iodide zirconium-uranium alloys will generally average from 200 to 300 ppm 0 and from 50 to 60 ppm N. Thus, while the constitution of the zirconium-uranium system is fairly well defined, it must be realized that this definition applies to alloys containing in the vicinity of 250 ppm 0 and 50 ppm N. The present investigation was undertaken to accurately determine the boundary between the ß-plus-P and ß phases at a single temperature in the binary zirconium-uranium system by quantitatively

Jan 1, 1959

By Andrew Hyslop

IN our never ending search for new and better ways of underground mining, we find that transportation has had its share of new ideas in the past few years. The old and still effective method of track haulage has had some competition from rubber tired cars and belt conveyors, each of which has its own safety hazards which demand close scrutiny in any safety study. The use of shuttle cars, in particular, has introduced clearance hazards caused by the absence of the more or less positive guides formed by the rails of a track sys¬tem; likewise the requirement of greater clearance tends to increase roof hazards which we all know to be great enough with the best of methods. However, the subject of transportation hazards is too broad to be covered entirely in one paper, so I will confine myself to track methods which carry the preponderance of underground tonnage. I am quite sure that to this group it is an evident fact that haulage accidents are of major importance. However, to stress the point, it may be well to look at a few figures. Safety statistics can be quite boring and often are subject to question as to mathematical accuracy because of different

Jan 1, 1948

By Thomas L. Watson

A part of the field-seasons of 1900, 1901 and 1902 mas devoted by the writer to a study of the manganese ore-deposits of Georgia. A report embodying the results of this study is rapidly nearing completion, and when finished it will be published as a bulletin of the Geological Survey of Georgia. I believe, however, the importance of these deposits warrants a separate and earlier publication than that made possible by the Survey, in which the more important results of the study are briefly set forth. It is principally for this reason that the present paper has been prepared. Previous Work.—Some of the more important deposits of manganese occurring in the Paleozoic area of Georgia were studied to some extent previous to 1890 by Dr. Penrose;t and again in the early nineties by former State Geologist, J. W. Spencer. In a recent paper published in the Transactions, on the " Geological Relations of the Iron-Ores in the Cartersville District, Georgia," Dr. Hayes briefly mentions the manganeseores of the same district. Distribution of the Manganese-Ores.—Georgia is divisible into three geologically-distinct areas which, named in order from southeast to northwest, are (a), the Coastal Plain; (b), the Crys-

Jan 1, 1904

The regular activities of the Insti¬tute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the principal sums of these endowments amount to more than $560,000. An active effort is being made to in¬crease the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which H. T. Hamilton is chairman; Paul D. Merica, vice-chairman, and of which the other members are: W. H. Aldridge, George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, John V. M. Dorr, Howard N. Eavenson, D. C. Jackling, Henry Krumb John M. Lovejoy, Harvey D. Mudd and J. V. W. Reynders. This committee feels that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of ever-growing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light by the committee.

Jan 1, 1943

By Oliver Bowles

Two striking events marked the year 1871-the establishment of the A.I.M.E. and the beginning of the portland cement industry, the most spectacular of all the nonmetallics in its development. Just as David Saylor's first portland cement, made in a little mill at Allentown, Pa., in that year was the forerunner of a mighty industry, the products of which in 1942 were made in 155 plants scattered throughout the country (having attained a value of nearly $300,000,000), so the Institute from its small beginning has attained a membership of many thousands, likewise decentralized into a series of individual sections of wide geographical distribution. Concurrent with the establishment of the Institute was also the invention of the steam drill, followed by the compressed-air drill about 1904. These mechanical drills were so immeasurably in advance of the hand drill and hammer used previously that quarrying and mining of present-day magnitude could never have been attained without them. Some outstanding occurrences have marked this eventful three quarters of a century. The concrete age, with its enormous demands for cement, aggregates and steel, is of primary importance. Of interest also is the shift of fertilizers from the organic to the mineral field. Nitrates, primarily obtained

Jan 1, 1947

By D. J. Jr. McAdam

RESULTS of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers. 1,2,3,4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The endurance limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers.1, 2, 3, 4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The cndursnce limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers.1, 2, 3, 4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The cndursnce limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By John Hall

(New York Meeting, October, 1913.) THE Fremont test for measuring the energy consumed in breaking a notched bar of steel is not so well known in this country as it deserves to be. The test specimen used in this test is about 3/8 by 1/4 by about 11/4 in., notched with a hack saw on the lower side to cause the piece to break at a fixed point. A weight of 10 kg. falling 4 m., and provided with a knife or. chisel which strikes the specimen, breaks the test piece by impact. The residual force in the falling weight after it has broken the specimen is recorded by a suitable device, and the difference between the total energy and the residual energy of the weight (in kilogrammeters) is the force consumed in breaking the specimen. An experience of several years with the Fremont testing machine has shown its great value in readily detecting brittleness not revealed by tensile testing or slow bending testing. In this paper it is proposed to discuss (1) the supersensitiveness of the test as applied to cast steel and (2) its value in revealing the effect of heat treatment under certain conditions.

Jan 7, 1913

By J. Greenspan

The anisotropy of fracture and slip, that is, the brittleness and ductility of the beryllium single crystal, is characteristic also of po1ycrystalline beryllium in which the grains are oriented in a preferred manner. Beryllium with grain orientations resulting from hot working either unidirectionally or bidirectionally is ductile or brittle in directions given by the anisotropy and orientation of the grains. Textures developed from various hot-working sequences are given, and tensile results are correlated with textures. Not only texture, but fine grain size is necessary for obtaining high tensile elongation. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation are both correlated with grain diameter. Of particular interest is the case in which unusually high tensile elongations of 30 to 40 pct are obtained when basal planes are oriented to carry THE beryllium crystal (of nominal purity) is probably unique among metals with respect to its unusually acute anisotropy of slip and fracture. While extensive slip can occur on the system (1010) [ll20] starting at about 19,000 psi, the (0001) plane is particularly vulnerable to fracture at 4500 psi or less. Fracture occurs also on the (11zo) plane at about 26,000 psi.1"3 Further, there seems to be no other slip System which contributes significantly to

Jan 1, 1960

By E. H. Jr. Dix

THE consideration of alloying elements for aluminum has led to a series of investigations of the equilibrium relations between aluminum and those alloying elements. Therefore, the aluminum end of the aluminum-antimony diagram has been studied. The general form of the aluminum-antimony equilibrium diagram has been worked out by Campbell and Mathews1 and by Tammann.2 Campbell and Mathews described principally the beginning of solidification. They found the curve of beginning of solidification to rise gradually from the melting point of pure aluminum to a maximum at about 67 per cent. aluminum. After a slight lowering of the curve at a little greater antimony concentration the curve again rises to a maximum at 18.4 per cent. aluminum, which corresponds to the compound AlSb. The curve then drops to the melting point of pure antimony. Tammann explained the maximum occurring at about 67 per cent. aluminum as the result of the slow formation of the single compound AlSb. The space lattice of the compound AlSb, according to Owen and Preston,3 is face-centered cubic, the antimony atoms being intermeshed with an identical aluminum lattice. Very little, if any, work has been done on aluminum alloys containing small amounts of antimony.

Jan 1, 1930

By G. W. Preckshot, N. G. DeLisle, C. E. Cottrell, D. L. Katz

MOST crude oils contain asphaltic substances that may be naturally or artificially precipitated. In the Greeley field, California, this asphaltic bitumen is precipitated during the flow of the oil from the reservoir to the stock tank. The mechanism of such precipitation is not well understood. This paper presents the progress that has been made by using the electron microscope as a new tool and by observing the effects of the streaming potential on the formation of bitumen particles. Crude oils at atmospheric pressure viewed in the electron microscope in very thin films under a vacuum showed no asphaltic particles. A technique of preparing slides of thin films by dilution of the oil with benzene and washing in petroleum ether was used at first, and these observations showed that the solvents caused the formation of the particles, varying from 0.01 to 0.2 micron in diameter. The electrical effects of fluids flowing through porous solid were studied, with emphasis on the formation of colloidal particles by the streaming potential. The streaming potential of crude oil flowing through sand was measured and was shown to be responsible for the formation of bitumen particles. These results bring out a new phenomenon, which may occur when crude oil flows through the porous oil reservoir.

Jan 1, 1942

By Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover

IN the last book I have explained the methods of delimiting- the meers along each kind of vein, and the duties of mine officials. In this book1 I will in like manner explain the principles of underground mining and the art of surveying. First then, I will proceed to deal with those matters which pertain to the former heading, since both the subject and methodical arrangement require it. And so I will describe first of all the digging of shafts, tunnels, and drifts on venae profundae; next I will discuss the good indications shown by canales2, by the materials which are dug out, and by the rocks ; then I will speak of the tools by which veins and rocks are broken down and excavated ; the method by which fire shatters the hard veins ; and further, of the machines with which water is drawn from the shafts and air is forced into deep shafts and long tunnels, for digging is impeded by the inrush of the former or the failure of the latter ; next I will deal with the two kinds of shafts, and with the making of them and of tunnels ; and finally, I will describe the method of mining venae dilatatae, venae cumulatae, and stringers.

Jan 1, 1950