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WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1941

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1944

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. II. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under-signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1934

Preamble At the present time many bodies are engaged in -the formulation of standards. There is no uniformity in the rules for such procedure in the different organizations; in some cases the committees engaged in the work are not fully representative, and in. a considerable proportion of cases they do not consult all of the allied interests. The present custom results in a considerable duplication of work, and in some fields several "standards" are proposed for the same thing, differing from one another only slightly and often in unimportant details. It is very much more difficult to obtain agreement between the proposers of overlapping standards after they have been published than it would be to get the proposers to agree before they had committed themselves publicly. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Society for Testing Materials have appointed a committee to consider the advisability of cooperating in engineering standardization. This committee recommends that these societies form a permanent organization by appointing a committee as proposed in the following constitution and rules of procedure to carry on this very important work.

Jan 3, 1918

By V. R. Garrias, R. V. Whetsel, J. W. Ristori

World consumption of petroleum and its substitutes in 1940, which, except for the United States, does not include consumption for military purposes even in peacetime, is estimated at 2,006,000,000 bbl., or approximately 21,000,000 bbl. less than in 1939. As consumption figures for belligerent countries and those affected by the war are unavailable, in order to arrive at a gross approximation the assumption has been made that the rate of civil consumption in these countries has declined 80 per cent since the German occupation or the effect of the war made itself felt. In 1940 the total consumption in the United States increased 94,000,000 bbl. over the previous year, while the civil consumption in the countries directly affected by the war—some of them occupied during the last half of the year—decreased 126,000,000 bbl. In the rest of the world consumption increased II,000,000 bbl., resulting in an over-all decrease in world civil consumption grossly estimated at 21,000,-000 barrels. Although no reliable information is available regarding military consumption in foreign countries before or during the war, military consumption and/or addition to stocks in foreign countries in 1940, as

Jan 1, 1941

By A. C. Halferdahl

DURING a study of reactions involving iron sulfides, it became desirable to know approxi-mately the heat of decomposition of pyrite. The values given for the heats of formation of pyrite and ferrous sulfide are 35,500 calories and 23,070 calories respectively. For the reaction 2FeS2= 2FeS+S:, the heat effect would be-24,860 calories. But pyrite gives sulfur and pyrrhotite upon heating and the latter is a solid solution of sulfur in ferrous sulfide. The only meas-urements of this decomposition are those of Allen and Lombard1 of the Geophysical Laboratory who have measured dissociation pressures of both covellite and pyrite and have carefully reviewed the literature. They give a table of values for covellite as determined by Preuner and Brockmoller2 and by Wasjuchnowa3 and compare these values with their own measurements. The conclusion is that the measurements of Preuner and Brockmoller are seriously in error, while Was-juchnowa's values fit in well with those of Allen and Lombard. Wasjuchnowa's measurements were made by a dynamic method, while Allen and Lombard em-plowed a static method on both covellite and pyrite. Tables I and II reproduce the measurements of Wasjuchnowa and of Lombard and Allen on covellite and pyrite.

Jan 11, 1927

By C. A. Wert

THE change in mechanical properties accompanying quench aging of carbon in a iron has been known for a number of years. Since the amount of carbon involved is rather small, however, no measurements could be made to correlate the property change with the state of precipitation of the carbide. Indeed, until a few years ago it was not plain which property might be used to indicate the state of the progress of precipitation. Some years ago the internal friction of solid solutions of carbon in a iron was demonstrated, and the use of this phenomenon to ascertain the amount of carbon in solid solution at any given time was developed. Shortly afterward the author made a number of measurements in which changes in electrical resistance, thermoelectric emf, and hardness were determined simultaneously with the internal friction (and hence with the precipitation) ? A little later Dijkstra and Wert measured the change in magnetic coercive force accompanying aging.' The present work was undertaken to inquire into the changes in yield strength accompanying aging. The work was done on specimens made of Puron. These specimens were 0.05 in. in diam and about 6 in. long. Though specimens of this small size are not ideal for yield strength measurements, such specimens are desirable for internal friction meas-

Jan 1, 1952

By Irwin Roman

In addition to projects such as those reported in parts I and II above, the Section of Geo-physics of the Federal Government has undertaken a considerable amount of fundamental research. Two such field-projects may be mentioned, one a magnetometric study in the Comstock Dis-trict of Nevada, and the other a resistivity-study of snow and ice. In addition to the field-problems, there have been two classes of research of a mathematical type. One of these has been the preparation of tables, scales, and charts for the important geophysical functions already known; the other has been the extension of the relations involved in the resistivity-problem. The magnetometric study at Spring Valley, in the Comstock District, was made for the pur-pose of determining the value of the magnetometer in extending the knowledge of a region, as ob-tained by purely geological means. The variations in the vertical magnetic intensity were mea-sured with an Askania balance at intervals of 20 feet, along lines as shown in Figure I.. These lines were 100 or 500 feet apart over an area approximately a rectangle 6000 by 7500 feet. In addition to the lines shown, two areas were selected for more intensive study. In one, short

Jan 1, 1940

By J. W. Ristori, R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garrias

World consumption of petroleum and its substitutes in 1940, which, except for the United States, does not include consumption for military purposes even in peacetime, is estimated at 2,006,000,000 bbl., or approximately 21,000,000 bbl. less than in 1939. As consumption figures for belligerent countries and those affected by the war are unavailable, in order to arrive at a gross approximation the assumption has been made that the rate of civil consumption in these countries has declined 80 per cent since the German occupation or the effect of the war made itself felt. In 1940 the total consumption in the United States increased 94,000,000 bbl. over the previous year, while the civil consumption in the countries directly affected by the war—some of them occupied during the last half of the year—decreased 126,000,000 bbl. In the rest of the world consumption increased II,000,000 bbl., resulting in an over-all decrease in world civil consumption grossly estimated at 21,000,-000 barrels. Although no reliable information is available regarding military consumption in foreign countries before or during the war, military consumption and/or addition to stocks in foreign countries in 1940, as

Jan 1, 1941

By E. T. Cox

WHILe engaged, in the year 1856, in determining the oil-bearing properties of some bituminous coals from Western Kentucky, by subjecting them to dry distillation in an iron retort, which held about a pint;, and to the neck of which were attached several bottles, for collecting the carbon oils, and washing and measuring the gas, I observed that there was a very great gain in the weight of coke thus made, over that obtained from the same coal when charred in a platinum crucible, as is usual in the laboratory for making the proximate analysis of coal. It was thought at the time that the increase of coke, by the former mode of treating the coal, was due to the pressure which the retarded gas exerted upon the solid carbon, and the possible fixing of a portion of the carbon from the volatile hydrocarbons. For the purpose of obtaining a more definite idea of the effects of pressure on the coking of coals, a series of experiments were made this spring under my direction, by my assistant, Dr. G. M. Levete. The results are highly instructive and full of interest, since they point out some peculiarities in the nature of bituminous coals which

By E. T. Cox

WHILE engaged, in the year 1856, in determining the oil-bearing properties of some bituminous coals from Western Kentucky, by subjecting them to dry distillation in an iron retort, which held about a pint, and to the neck of which were attached several bottles, for collecting the carbon oils, and washing and measuring the gas, I observed .that there was a very great gain in the weight of coke thus made, over that obtained from the same coal when charred in a platinum crucible, as is usual in the laboratory for making the proximate analysis of coal. It was thought at the time that the increase of coke, by the former mode of treating the coal, was due to the pressure which the retarded gas exerted upon the solid carbon, and the possible fixing of a portion of the carbon from the volatile hydrocarbons. For the purpose of obtaining a more definite idea of the effects of pressure on the coking of coals, a series of experiments were made this spring under my direction, by my assistant, Dr. G. M. Levete. The results are highly instructive and full of interest, since they point out some peculiarities in the nature of bituminous coals which

Jan 1, 1875

By John V. Beall

One Sunday night last month the phone rang and it was George Schenck from Penn State. How would we like to see a big scrap operation, he wanted to know. A few days later we were on the Connecticut turnpike headed for New Haven to visit a large scrap operation, M. Schiavone and Sons. George had a large clam basket in the back which he explained was for collecting trophies. The car shredder, he said, turns out some fancy metal shapes. In fact, they have gained a certain acceptance as objets d’art among George's friends and relatives. He thinks there may be a small, but possibly lucrative secondary market for shredded cars in the art world if the idea is imaginatively promoted. On the way to New Haven we received a briefing on the scrap industry. The scrap business grew from humble beginnings. Mostly it was started by a few immigrant Jews who collected junk in hand- or horse-drawn carts. The fortunate one might even have had a truck. Before proceeding further, we hasten to point out that the word "junk" is strictly taboo among scrap people, who prefer to refer to their industry as the "secondary metals industry."

Jan 1, 1970

MR. CHARLES F. RAND, President, BUTTE, MONT., APR. 29, 1913. American Institute of Mining Engineers. Dear Sir: In conversation here with Mr. Sales, who is much interested in the work of the Committee on Mining Geology, he made a suggestion which you may be interested to hear. He, and many of us, are interested in papers along our lines of special activity, as they appear from time to time in the Institute Transactions, and often take these papers with us into the field. It appears that the work of special committees which are being formed is likely to result in a much greater number of available papers than the Institute has ever before been called upon to publish. This year's Transactions, for instance, have to be published in two volumes. Why would it not be a good plan, instead of printing heterogeneous volumes, to classify the papers into several volumes, under main headings such, for instance, as iron and steel, precious metal mining, and mining geology ? We would, in fact, be very glad to suggest this as a topic for discussion, if you think it wise, in response to the Secretary's letter of April 18. Very truly yours, J. W. FINCH.

Jan 5, 1913

By W. F. White, W. R. Beloff, B. C. Dorwart, G. W. Jaworski

INTRODUCTION The rigid inclusion stressmeter is a relatively low-cost instrument developed by Hawkes and Bailey (1973) and was originally intended to monitor stress changes in mine pillars subjected to uniaxial stress changes. In this regard, this instrument has found considerable use by the mining industry. More recently, there have been attempts to use the stressmeter for determination of more general changes of the in situ rock stress. This paper reports on a study to characterize the performance of the rigid inclusion stressmeter for this application and presents results on the effect of anisotropic stress changes. These stress changes must be accounted for to properly analyze general changes of the in situ rock stress. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The rigid inclusion stressmeter is an instrument designed to measure variations of the in situ stress around a borehole. The stressmeter studied in this work, is manufactured by Irad Gage, Div. Creare Products, Inc. Lebanon, New Hampshire. It consists of a stiff hollow steel gage body that is preloaded across a borehole diameter. The preloading is activated by sliding a wedge between an upper platen and the gage body. Changes in the in situ stress result in slight deformations of the gage body. These deformations affect the stress in a highly tensioned wire that

Jan 1, 1982

US Tin Mission To Study Costs in Far East A move to obtain adequate supplies of tin at prices the United States is willing to pay was initiated when the interagency tin mission left for the Far East. The Mission, which includes representatives of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, State Department, Defense Minerals Procurement Agency and the Bureau of Mines will go to Indonesia and Malaya. The primary purpose of the mission, according to officials, will be to study tin production costs, not to negotiate for the purchase of tin. The mission will be prepared to enter into negotiations, if the Far Eastern producers are amenable. The United States withdrew as a large-scale buyer of tin some months ago in protest against what it considered exorbitant prices being charged in the Singapore market. Subsequent attempts to negotiate for a steady tin supply at what this country considers reasonable prices have been unavailing. The U. S. is prepared to enter into a two or three year contract with the price of tin somewhere between $1.00 to $1.12 per lb. The decision to abstain from the market has not yet put a squeeze on U. S. supplies. Substantial quantities of tin still are coming in from Malaya under an old contract.

Jan 12, 1951

By Emory J. Douglass

Mining companies are unique in that they extract mineral resources and must therefore deal with ecological disturbances and other special problems. Like most enterprises, however, their primary motive must be to make money. The problem of mining investment starts with the question of what "make money" means. This article proposes an answer consistent with what economists call the theory of the firm and then applies it to two of the common, and perhaps unrecognized, problems connected with min¬ing investment. In essence, the concepts presented here call for thinking to terms of the income change associated with a given change it outlays or operating procedures To illustrate. ABC Distributing Co. has just discovered the power of advertising. It has raised its annual advertising budget from $25,000 to $50,000, and sales have, zoomed from 250.000 to 350,000 units. The company buy, for 50e per unit and sells at $l. This move has produced $50,000 of operating income for $25.000 in additional advertising expense. This looks great, so the next year the advertising budget goes up to $100,000. Sales go to 440,000 units. With 90,000 more units at 50[c] per unit, ABC sales are up by $45.000. Its advertising costs, however, went up $50,000.

Jan 1, 1971

By A. Springer

Chemists, physicists and others, whose occupations necessitate the use of fine scales, have heretofore regretted their inability to obtain any which would remain uniformly accurate. The difference between the theoretical and the actual results obtained in the ordinary balance (provided the pivot-distances are exact) is mainly due to the frictional resistance between the knifeedges and their bearings. This frictional resistance, although reduced to a minimum in the finest scales when new, constantly increases, thereby decreasing the sensitiveness proportionately. When examined under the microscope, neither the surface of the knife-edge nor that of' its hearings ever appears perfectly smooth. Soft kunife-edges are easily blunted, whereas hard ones are brittle and liable to crumble under the effects of over-load or shock. Prof. Frederick A. Roeder for many years attempted to discover some means by ,which the knife-edge could be replaced with some device free from the above-mentioned objections. His experiments convinced him that a torsion-joint was best suited for that purpose. After he had communicated his conclusion to me, we jointly developed the system to its present form. A torsion-wire had been used for the centre of rotation, prior to Prof. Roeder's invention, but it was found impossible to replace the terminal knife-edges with torsion-joints.

Jan 1, 1884

A severely technical article, however well written, can not be an agreeable form of literature. It suffers from the defects of its qualities. One defect is a congestion of language, due to a multiplicity of adjectival nouns. The sentences are packed with words of unpleasing sound, charged with complex ideas, crowding one another so closely that the phraseology moves like an ice-pack in Bering Sea or a log-drive in a river; the undercurrent of meaning may continue to move, but the surface is obstructed. This verbal congestion is made evident by ugly compoundings, many of which are adopted by the technical writer in the mistaken belief that they give directness to his statements. For example: A unanimously approved scheme "A scheme unanimously approved " The continuous temperature record "The continuous record of temperature " To stimulate interest in synthetic plant construction "To stimulate interest in the construction of synthetic plants " In smelters reverberatory-furnace firing with powdered coal has been practised for a decade. "In smelting, the firing of reverberatory furnaces with powdered coal has been practised for a decade." A tar consumption of one pound per ton "A consumption of tar at the rate of one pound per ton " A mechanical ventilating system

Jan 1, 1931

By N. M. Saum, W. T. Caneer

Uranium may be in short supply due to the predicted energy needs in the coming years. As a result of this, a new surge of uranium exploration is underway accompanied by the refinement of numerous exploration techniques. One such technique is the monitoring of radon gas in surface soils and rocks as a guide to subsurface uranium deposits. The Colorado School of Mines Research Institute became involved in radon studies in 1967 on a project for the Atomic Energy Commission. Since that time the Institute has conducted numerous radon surveys for a large number of companies which have been active in uranium exploration. The objective of this paper is to relate the techniques utilized by the Research Institute and the results of some of the studies performed. Most of the studies performed by the Research Institute were related to roll front, sandstone-type uranium deposits. However, we have performed radon studies in various other types of rock. For those who may not be familiar with the application of radon "sniffing" in soils and rocks, a brief descriptive background should be given. The following question may be asked-why use radon as a guide to uranium mineralization? Some of the answers to this question are:

Jan 5, 1974

By L. Kovisars, F. Buttazzoni

The current demand for copper in the western world exceeds 7 million tonnes annually. The growth in demand is expected to average 2.6% annually to a level exceeding 11 million tonnes in 2000. Copper mine production is currently about 6 million tonnes annually; the annual net addition to mine output in the future will have to average about 190,000 tonnes of contained copper. The industrial nations of Europe and the western Pacific are heavily dependent on copper imports. Currently these import needs are supplied by Canada, Africa and Pacific producers. The increased demand for copper in the future is expected to further weight the trade balance to the Pacific suppliers. An evaluation of undeveloped deposits allows the ranking of these deposits based on total cost of production, including provision for plant and infra- structure investment as well as political/social/ economic risk. Peru, Canada, and the Southwest Pacific are expected to significantly increase exports. The United States will develop deposits to replace depleted mines, maintaining mine production at a level approximately equal to current output, with a consequent increase in copper imports. Chile is expected to become the world's leading copper producer, as well as expanding it's position as the leading exporter.

Jan 1, 1982