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By L. Webster Wickes

The bad effects of arsenic in commercial copper are well-known to metallurgists. The refining of copper by electrolysis eliminates practically all of the arsenic, provided certain requirements are fulfilled. The first, and most important, of these requirements is, that the voltage of the depositing current shall not be too high. It has been known for some time that the percentage of arsenic in the deposited copper increases with the voltage. To investigate the relation between the electro-motive force (e.m.f.) and the freedom of the precipitated copper from arsenic, the experiments were made, of which a brief summary is here given: I made three copper-arsenic alloys, containing respectively 3.56, 2.24 and 0.96 per cent. of arsenic. From these alloys I cast several anodes. For cathodes I used sheets of thin copper,

Jan 1, 1905

By W. J. Garmoe

The Carr Fork mine is located approximately 50 kilometers southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Bingham or West Mountain District, adjacent to the Bingham open pit copper mine. Applied geology at Carr Fork, by Anaconda Minerals Company personnel includes detailed geologic mapping and sampling of underground workings, logging and sampling of drill core and cuttings, and the preparation and posting of geologic maps and cross sections for geologic interpretation, ore reserve calculation, mine operations, and long range planning. Accurate and easily understood graphic recording of Carr Fork geology is essential for optimum use by operating and engineering personnel. The design and implementation of exploration, development and definition drilling programs, research into geological spatial relationships, and analysis of structural complexities of the Carr Fork deposit are a1 so integral parts of the applied geology program.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. F. Lee, G. Purcell

Tests carried out in the Department of Mining and Metallurgy at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology indicate that high density rigid foams may, with the addition of suitable fillers, have structural properties comparable with concrete. Since polyurethanes have other useful properties that are unique to the foams, they have great potential value for both mining and civil engineering applications. Polyurethane, a generic term for a wide variety of closely related foam compounds, suggests rather misleadingly that foams are simple polymers of the urethane monomer ethyl carbamate (H,NCOOC,H,) . Polyurethane foams certainly do contain urethane groups, but these need not necessarily preponderate. Other reactive groups may be, and usually are, present so that the final polyurethane product will most likely contain, in addition to urethane groups, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon, ester, ether, amide and urea groups.

Jan 9, 1963

By Robert D. Thomson

Listed among strategic and critical minerals for stockpiling, mica is an important raw material in electronic and electrical equipment industries. Each year large quantities are consumed in the manufacture of television and radio tubes, radar sets, generators, transformers, electric toasters, and irons. Crude mica, which comes from the mine in crystals or in rough books of various shapes and sizes, is known as run-of-mine or book mica. Structural imperfections, impurities, rough edges, and defective laminae are removed by cobbing, rifting, and trimming to produce a marketable block mica or film mica. After the rough books have been hand-cobbed to remove adhering rock, dirt, and crushed or defective mica they are rifted, or split. In the U.S. a straight-bladed knife is generally used for rifting. Products of this operation are classed broadly as untrimmed sheet mica and scrap.

May 1, 1956

By Henry F. Collins

The following notes on the cheap milling of a soft lowgrade ore-body in the State of Chiapas, Mexico, may be of interest. The ore-body in question was worked, not by itself, but incidentally in connection with a large extraction of concentrating-ore; and one 10-stamp battery of a 30-stamp mill used for re-crushing tailings, and provided with copper-plates, was set aside for the treatment of this particular ore, of which, during a period of 17 months, 10,274 tons, of 2240 lbs. each, were handled. Description.—The ore-body collsisted of that portion of a mass of decomposed garnet-rock of igneous origin, which, near its contact with another igneous mass, composed chiefly of the mineral wollastonite in a nearly pure state, had been permeated by solutions, depositing irregularly, throughout it, quartz, chal-

Jan 1, 1902

By Freeman Bishop

Before Capitol Hill hearings, primary metal producers are often called "concentrated industries" because there are relatively few companies in each category and most of them are large corporations. Capitol Hill still looks on large companies as inherently wrong, but there are about as many arguments one way as the other. Encourage Imports? Now comes Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust Richard W. McLaren to say that imports of metals and other basic materials should be encouraged to create competition for the concentrated industries here at home. Cloakroom analysts are wondering how this ties in with President Nixon's cabinet task force studying the copper price structure. This is chaired by Dr. Hendrik Houthakker, a member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers who has also indicated that the use of imports to pull down prices may be one way to create less inflation.

Jan 1, 1970

By Theron Wasson

The Central Michigan area held first place in the state during the year. Midland and Isabella, the leading counties in 1932, produced most of the oil in 1933. The Porter field southeast of Mt. Pleasant and along the same structural trend saw the greatest drilling activity. In Porter during the year 117 new wells were drilled. Under proration these wells produced 3,583,617 bbl., or nearly one-half the total for the state, which has been estimated at 7,947,695 bbl. The Porter field is already outlined on all sides except the northwest. It probably reached its peak in 1933. Unless a new field of some magnitude is developed in 1934, Michigan will see a continuous decline. The Greendale extension to the old Mt. Pleasant field furnished the new flush for 1932. In 1933

Jan 1, 1934

By Harold M. Mooney

WHEN apparent resistivity data are taken with the symmetrical Wenner 4-electrode spread, a fixed center position is used and readings are taken for values of electrode separation. Basic data consist of apparent resistivity plotted against separation of adjacent electrodes. The interpreter attempts to infer geologic structure, such as the depth to discontinuities and the nature of subsurface earth materials. An earlier paper1 described methods for interpreting resistivity data. All of these involve a severe assumption, namely that the earth in the region of interest consists of horizontal layers, electrically homogeneous and isotropic. The actual earth never satisfies this assumption exactly and may deviate from it so much that none of the above methods can be applied. Attempts in three directions have been made to modify the assumption so that it approaches known geologic complexity more closely.

Jan 12, 1954

By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By Kenneth N. Weaver

Portland cement can be made from relatively abundant industrial minerals and rocks, and this may explain why cement producers placed little emphasis on geology during the early days of the industry. After World War II, however, the industry began to recognize the need for geological exploration, and some of the larger companies began to build a permanent geological staff. This development had its roots in the following factors: Rapid expansion of the industry; closing of many cement plants due to inadequate raw materials; necessity for upgrading the quality of portland cement; and the increasingly large capital investment required to build new cement plants, which in turn, required a higher degree of accuracy in reserve calculations. Whereas the geologist's function during the active expansion of capacity was primarily in exploration, one of his major functions today is the development of existing reserves.

Jan 1, 1965

By Benny Langston, Frank M. Jr. Stephens

IN recent years much attention has been given to recovery, treatment, and disposal of dusts discharged into the atmosphere from operations of industry. Considerable data has been accumulated on both operational1-4 and design5,6 of dust-collector equipment for commercial installations. On the other hand, there is almost no published data on design and construction of small-scale equipment to handle dust problems that arise in the ore-dressing laboratory. Dust-collection equipment such as multiclones, single-cyclones, scrubbers, chemical and mechanical filters, settling chambers, and electrostatic separators has proved its efficiency for collecting dust in industry. In the laboratory, however, the engineer is faced with the problem of collecting small quantities of dust, inexpensively, without diverting the major effort from the metallurgical problem to the problem of collecting dust produced by the process.

Jan 8, 1954

By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By D. M. Urich

New plant construction for pyrolysis and agglomeration during 1969 has been relatively quiet in the North American scene. U.S. pellet capacity approximates 52 million long tons and that of Canada 25.3 million tons. The foreign scene, however, has been extremely active during 1969, and this is expected to continue for the next several years. Changes in sinter practice have not been reported, other than a few changes towards increased bed depths and the increased use of screening facilities to size the product more closely. Interest in the field of briquetting in fields other than iron ore is high with a new fluorspar briquetting plant under construction at Brownsville, Texas. Considerable research appears to be pointed towards solving the problem of reclaiming steelmill waste products (flue dust, BOF dust, mill scale) by means other than sintering.

Jan 1, 1970

By Robert W. Coughlin

Pulverized coal has been introduced at the anode where it is oxidized during the electrowinning of metals from their aqueous solutions This substitutes an electrochemical reaction between coal and water for the usual oxygen-evolving half-cell reaction at the anode, with the result that overall cell potential is significantly lowered and the consumption of electrical energy is correspondingly reduced. Experimental results are reported for electrowinning copper as an example of this novel modification of the electrowinning process in this example, the use of coal lowered the consumption of electricity by two-thirds of the requirement of the conventional process When the potential electrical energy of the coal consumed is considered the new, coal-assisted process consumes about 45% less energy, and the energy costs (combined costs of coal and electricity) are reduced by about 50%.

Jan 1, 1981

By Richard E. Lounsbury

Coal mine refuse handling traditionally has been the redheaded stepchild of the industry-a problem to be ignored as much as possible. During the past few years, however, mining companies have become more aware of the potential water pollution problem associated with refuse handling and storage. Planning for refuse disposal involves environmental protection and the economics of refuse handling. For over two years, Monterey Coal Co. has operated a non-polluting refuse disposal system at its No. 1 Mine located in Brushy Mound Township of Macoupin County 6 miles south of Carlinville, Illinois. Drainage goes to Spanish Needle Creek and eventually to the Illinois River. The mine produced 3.5 million tons of clean coal during its first two and one-half years of operation and is designed to produce 3 million tpy of clean coal at capacity.

Jan 6, 1973

By Thomas M. Drown

The process for determining phosphorus in iron now in most general use in the laboratories of iron and steel works, is, I think, the one proposed bv Mr. Emmerton." In this process the solution of the iron for precipitation by ammonium molybdate is effected by treating the iron with nitric acid, evaporating to hard dryness in a dish, taking up with hydrochloric acid and driving off the greater portion of the hydrochloric by nitric acid. This procedure accomplishes, first, the destruction of all the carbonaceous matters; and, second; it renders all the silica insoluble. Experience has proved the former—the complete oxidation of the carbon—to be absolutely essential; but the explanation usually given, namely, that unless the carbon compounds are destroyed they will have a solvent action on the yellow precipitate, I am inclined to

Jan 1, 1890

SINCE it seems to me that guns are of greater importance in the art of casting than any of the other things that are made by it, and that they require more foresight and care because they need many perfections, I wish now to repeat certain useful and necessary precautions in corroboration, for though I have already spoken to you of them in some detail, the power has not been granted me to pass with one breath completely through a subject with many parts. Therefore it will not be wearisome to you to hear the same thing told again, because it will not be without amplification of some pertinent points. For this reason I have prepared the present discourse, which I have called admonitions. The first of these concerns the making of the pattern upon which the

Jan 1, 1942

By B. J. Klee

What is the economic basis for direct, continuous particle size measurement and control? First, precise grinding control is necessary to achieve and maintain a specified recovery and throughput. Second, throughput and recovery are direct functions of particle size-and these two factors control the economic performance of the ore concentration process. Third, only size-based control using a particle size and percent solids monitor (PSM) has achieved the necessary precise control. Recovery, throughput and cost can be accurately measured for various concentrator operating conditions if particle size is closely controlled. From such data the economic results of different particle size grind points can be analyzed. This will reveal the best combination of recovery and throughput to meet objectives established by financial management. Predictable, repeatable response to set-point selection is essential if the projected profitability of the mill is to be reached.

Jan 11, 1976

The problem of applying instrument control of variables associated with lead-zinc ore treatment has been under investigation for several years at The Zinc Corp. facilities in Broken Hill, Australia. In 1959 it was decided that there was sufficient knowledge of the problem to enable specifications to be drawn up for a system to automatically control at set conditions the roll crushing, ball milling, lead flotation and zinc flotation sections. In choosing between electrical and pneumatic control systems the broad principle was adopted that if the sensing system was pneumatic the transmission and control would also be pneumatic, whereas if electrical sensing was employed, electrical transmission and control would apply. In general. pneumatic systems were preferred owing to lack of experience with, and standardization of, the electrical systems offered at the time the specification was prepared.

Jan 12, 1964

By Iichiro Omori

THE Mabuki process, a Japanese hearth process for the treatment of matte, uses the same princi-ple as the Bessemer steel process. The only difference between the two is that in the Mabuki proc-ess a hearth furnace, not a converter, is used. Though the hearth is not as good as the converter, the first cost is very low and the capacity is compara-tively small; so the process is most suitable for smelters FIG. 1.-PLAN AND SECTION OF HEARTH. having a small production. To construct the hearth, an excavation, 6 ft. in each dimension, is made in the ground and a drainage channel is dug at the bottom. Then all side walls are faced with stone or slag brick and the cavity is filled with fireclay or brasque, except the hearth at the top.

Jan 9, 1922