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By Walter P. Jenkey

[ ] I. THE REDUCING ACTION OF CARBON AND OF HYDROCARBONS. Carbon has long been recognized as one of the most powerful reducing agents in the deposition of ores. Investigations, made by myself, of the zinc- and lead-deposits in Southwest Missouri, in the region centering about Joplin, where the formation of the metallic sulphides has been due to the action of bitumen, carbonaceous shales and bituminous coal, Lace afforded abundant evidence that the solid oxygenated hydrocarbons, particularly, when in fine powder and in suspension in the waters circulating through the ore-bodies, are the most energetic and powerful reducing agents known. Bitumen, liberated by the decomposition of the ore-bearing limestone, is found in the Joplin mines in all degrees of fluidity and hardness, dependent on the amount of oxidation it has undergone. From semi-fluid maltha it grades into partly oxidized mineral-pitch, which, by further oxidation, changes to hard asphalt, finally breaking up, from continued absorption of oxygen, into a fine powder resembling in appearance powdered coal. In this condition oxidized bitumen, from its light gravity, is transported readily in suspension in the underground circulating-waters. Bituminous coal and black carbonaceous clays and shales occur as surface formations, often in intimate association with

Jan 1, 1913

By T. C. Craig

For the year 1934, there were 382 oi1 wells completed for a total initial of 146,965 bbl. Fifty-three wells were deepened for a total increase of 8363 bbl., bringing the total volume of new oil to 155,328 bbl. As of Jan. 1, 1934, the daily potential of the field as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission was 159,740 bbl. Of this amount 26,429 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2682 bbl. is exempt on account of water. In December, 1934, the daily potential was established by the Railroad Commission as being 297,501 bbl. with a daily allowable of 56,800 bbl. Of this amount 31,993 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2183 bbl. is exempt on account of water. There has been no field-wide test made during the year, and as a result the rated potential of the field is in all probability much higher than the actual potential. As each new well comes in, a five-day test is made under the supervision of the Railroad Commission. The potential thus established is added to the field potential and shares its pro rata part of the market outlet, which is the allowable production, no allowance

Jan 1, 1935

By W. A. Vine

When a hole is made in a stressed solid, such as rock pierced by mine openings, equilibrium of the solid is destroyed. To restablish that equilibrium the stress condition in the rock surrounding the opening becomes rearranged. This rearrangement may or may not develop local stresses in the vicinity of the opening which exceed the elastic strength of the rock. Since stability of the opening depends, therefore, on the strength of the naturally occurring rock surrounding the opening, this rock is an engineering material of construction, and all rock affected by the associated opening or system of openings may be considered a structure. The term invert is chosen to describe the formation of the structure built from the inside, as it were, and a consequence of mining rather than an entity built for a purpose. By definition, an invert structure is formed when openings are made underground and is com- posed of that material on the solid side of a rock-air interface wherein the stress condition is affected by the associated opening or system of openings. The shape of an invert structure is never clearly defined; the skin of the structure may be mapped, and even described, but the boundary of the structure within the solid rock mass must be arbitrarily set.

Nov 1, 1955

By J. E. Johnson

The brief contribution of Mr. West* furnishes a text for the present paper, which will, however, take a wider range, warranted by the writer's somewhat unusual opportunities for the study of the practice of the foundry as well as the blast-furnace, and especially of the production of satisfactory castings from iron of a composition altogether unsuitable, in the opinion of the average foundryman, for that purpose. Mr. West has observed that plates cast from direct-metal of a certain composition could be planed, whereas this would have been impracticable with cupola-metal of like composition; that furnace-metal has more " life " (i. e., fluidity, or a higher temperature) than cupola-metal; that it throws out much " kish," etc. And he suggests that blast-furnace managers may throw further light on the greater softness of direct-metal castings. Perhaps such light may be furnished to some extent by the present paper. The difference between cupola-metal and furnace- or direct-metal is, first of all, in the lower average sulphur-content of the latter. It has been proved by experiment that iron increases in its content of sulphur to a considerable extent with each remelting. More than thirty years ago Fairbairn showed that a certain iron after remelting 18 times had only five-

Jan 1, 1905

By J. A. Heskett

NEW ZEALAND is dependent on the outside world for its ferro goods, yet it can boast of at least two well-defined iron-ore deposits; namely, Para Para limonite, 3 Fe203 + 21120 also found as lower hydrated oxides, and Taranaki iron-sand, a combined magnetite and ilmenite, 2FeO + 2Fe203 + FeO + Ti02. The former is of massive variety and the FIG. 1.-VIEW OF WORKS SHOWING IRON-SAND DEPOSITS, ALSO WHARF AND BREAK¬WATER IN THE DISTANCE. latter granular and mixed with various proportions of fine shell and siliceous sand well water-worn. This latter deposit forms the greater portion of the beach sands of the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is so fine that the whole of a sample passed through a sieve of 40 meshes to the inch. The ilmenite cannot be detected by the microscope, as in the titaniferous ores of the Adirondacks, nor can it be magnetically separated, as in the titaniferous ore of Natashkwan, Canada. To all appearances it is a chemical compound of the double oxides of iron and titanium and not a mechanical mixture, as is the ore of the Adirondack deposits.

Jan 8, 1920

By C. Schlumberger

SINCE the, beginning of the year 1928 the senior authors and their associates have applied a series of procedures which makes possible the detailed study in situ of the formations traversed by a drill hole before the casing has been landed. They have given the name "electrical coring" to the ensemble of these processes, which now replace in a large measure the mechanical coring performed by the drillers, and permit the gathering of bottom-hole data hitherto unobtainable. Three years have elapsed since the technique and interpretation of these measurements emerged from the experimental stage and entered the field of industrial application on a large scale. The total length of drill holes so far surveyed by the authors and their associates, all over the world, amounts to several millions of feet. Practical and strongly built equipment has been evolved, which permits the examination in a short time of an open hole several thousand feet long. No comprehensive paper has yet been published discussing the essential principles of the processes applied and bringing into evidence their economic interest. This is the object of the present paper.1 Numerous examples of field work performed under varied geological conditions are given, constituting a concrete illustration of the services rendered by the new methods.

Jan 1, 1932

by their overdogmatic picture of geology and their resulting drastic oversimplification and idealization of geologic features. I am in hearty disagreement with the recommendation that geophysics should be done by cooperative work between a geologist and a geophysi-cist. That arrangement would be comparable to doing petrography by having a physicist at the microscope and a geologist sitting by his side. The interpretation of the geological significance of geophysical data can be done efficiently only by a physicist who has become also a good geologist or by a geologist who is also a good geophysicist. Less Well-trained Men The rank and file, composing perhaps two-thirds of the personnel of exploratory geophysics, is not, and should not be, composed of highly trained men. The routine, stereotyped character of the work and the impossibility of promotion of more than a few from these lower ranks even under the best circumstances justify companies in filling the bulk of these rank and file positions with men having only a bachelor's degree at the most. There can be a wide range of training for such positions, although certain lines of study are preferred for certain kinds of work, and different employers have different preferences. For work in gravitational and magnetic prospecting, first preference will be for men having geological training and second for men with civil engineering training. In seismic work, men with geological training are preferred by some employers for computers; physicists, electrical engineers and all whose technical education has covered radio circuits are preferred for the other technical positions. Collegiate training in geophysical prospecting brings no preference and by many employers is given a slightly inferior rating. One large company seldom hires men who have just graduated with a major in geophysical prospecting. This prejudice is based on the reasoning that much of what is learned in college is obsolete or obsolescent, that most of the techniques learned in college will have to be unlearned, because different from those used by the employing company, and that in the long run additional courses in basic physics, mathematics and geology are of more value to a man than the courses on geophysical prospecting. DISCUSSION [This discussion refers to the five papers beginning on page 23 and ending on page 74.1 L. W. Blau,* Houston, Texas.—I have had some rather sad experiences with forecasting. For example, I could not foresee 10 years ago my present occupation, and I do not profess to be able to look ahead 10 years and tell anyone what he will be doing then. Referring to the point raised in the discussion, I do not know, for example, what the price of oil will be 10 years from now. If an appreciable number of

Jan 1, 1940

by their overdogmatic picture of geology and their resulting drastic oversimplification and idealization of geologic features. I am in hearty disagreement with the recommendation that geophysics should be done by cooperative work between a geologist and a geophysi-cist. That arrangement would be comparable to doing petrography by having a physicist at the microscope and a geologist sitting by his side. The interpretation of the geological significance of geophysical data can be done efficiently only by a physicist who has become also a good geologist or by a geologist who is also a good geophysicist. Less Well-trained Men The rank and file, composing perhaps two-thirds of the personnel of exploratory geophysics, is not, and should not be, composed of highly trained men. The routine, stereotyped character of the work and the impossibility of promotion of more than a few from these lower ranks even under the best circumstances justify companies in filling the bulk of these rank and file positions with men having only a bachelor's degree at the most. There can be a wide range of training for such positions, although certain lines of study are preferred for certain kinds of work, and different employers have different preferences. For work in gravitational and magnetic prospecting, first preference will be for men having geological training and second for men with civil engineering training. In seismic work, men with geological training are preferred by some employers for computers; physicists, electrical engineers and all whose technical education has covered radio circuits are preferred for the other technical positions. Collegiate training in geophysical prospecting brings no preference and by many employers is given a slightly inferior rating. One large company seldom hires men who have just graduated with a major in geophysical prospecting. This prejudice is based on the reasoning that much of what is learned in college is obsolete or obsolescent, that most of the techniques learned in college will have to be unlearned, because different from those used by the employing company, and that in the long run additional courses in basic physics, mathematics and geology are of more value to a man than the courses on geophysical prospecting. DISCUSSION [This discussion refers to the five papers beginning on page 23 and ending on page 74.1 L. W. Blau,* Houston, Texas.—I have had some rather sad experiences with forecasting. For example, I could not foresee 10 years ago my present occupation, and I do not profess to be able to look ahead 10 years and tell anyone what he will be doing then. Referring to the point raised in the discussion, I do not know, for example, what the price of oil will be 10 years from now. If an appreciable number of

Jan 1, 1940

By M. T. Hepworth, W. B. Sample

HYDROGEN solubility and linear contraction measurements were made at constant temperature on an alloy of titanium of constant oxygen-to-titanium molal ratio but variable hydrogen content. A cylindrical specimen of titanium (0.25 by 1.6 in.) containing 0.75 at. pct 0 and less than 0.03 at. pct N was cast from a master button of iodide process titanium which had been alloyed with titanium dioxide. Four vacuum fusion analyses, which were made along the length of the cylinder after the hydrogen solubility studies were made, revealed a variation of oxygen content of less than 0.02 at. pct. The specimen was introduced into a quartz furnace tube, annealed and outgassedat 1050"~ for about 1 hr, and then held at 800" * 0.5" for about 30 hr, during which latter time experimental data were taken. The leak rate to the furnace chamber was not sufficient to contaminate the specimen during the run as determined by leak-rate studies and vacuum fusion analyses for oxygen and nitrogen before and after the runs. The furnace chamber was attached to a modified Sieverts apparatus used to introduce measured quantities of purified hydrogen to the specimen. A quartz pushrod transmitted changes in length of the specimen to a Chevenard dilatometer. The push-rod passed through a vacuum grease seal to the dilatometer which amplified motion of the rod by a factor of 319. During hydrogen addition, the pushrod did not contact the specimen. Measured quantities of hydrogen were added to the specimen and equilibrium hydrogen pressures recorded as a function of hydrogen content. The solubility data, which appear in Fig. 1, agree well with a separate investigation made with a different apparatus. The solubility limit of the hcp a phase appears as an abrupt discontinuity in slope at 3.4 at. pct H. The solubility plot has been extended as a dashed line at this discontinuity in order to emphasize the discontinuity. The hydrogen content at which bcc P appears is not clearly defined. An arrow indicates solubility data were taken upon hydrogen addition. Upon reaching the arbitrary maximum hydrogen content of the run, the quartz pushrod was pressed against the specimen in order to record the change in length with hydrogen removal. A pressure of about 100 g per sq cm was required to overcome the friction of the vacuum seal in order to obtain reproducible linear contraction data. The contraction ratio ~2/1", change in length divided by original length, was set equal to zero for the maximum hydrogen content. The relative contraction of the specimen was observed upon removal of hydrogen in the following manner. The system was opened to the pumps for a few seconds and an unknown quantity of hydrogen was removed. The system was then isolated from the pumps by closing a stopcock and allowed to return to equilibrium. When the temperature returned to 800°C, the pressure stabilized, and contraction ceased, measurements of contraction and pressure were made. The hydrogen content of the specimen was then deduced by measuring the equilibrium PIydrogen pressure and referring to the solubility plot. Linear contraction was then plotted against interpolated values of atomic percent hydrogen. The justification for this procedure is the established reversibility of the hydrogen equilibrium.' Uniaxial compression was assumed to have no effect on hydrogen pressure. The isothermal linear contraction data are plotted on Fig. 1. An arrow indicates data were taken upon removal of hydrogen. The solubility limits of the two phase a i /3 region can be identified by discontinuities ill slope of the dilatometric plot at 9.1 and 3.4 at. pct H, agreeing well with other studies.' Dashed extensions of the plots emphasize the discontinuities. Isothermal studies of expansion made upon hydrogen addition gave curves of much smaller slope and less pronounced discontinuities. A uniaxial compressive stress tends to accentuate volume changes in going from the more open bcc phase to the hcp phase.2 Incomplete data on ex-

Jan 1, 1962

By E. G. Leonardon, C. Schlumberger, M. Schlumberger

The authors give a definition of the various types of corrosion that may affect a metallic conductor buried in the ground, namely: 1. The metallic conductor may be attacked by the surrounding soil. This phenomenon is purely local and is called by them soil corrosiveness. 2. The metallic conductor may connect two regions of the ground when the electrolytes have a different composition. An electrical current will then be generated and certain zones of the conductor will be oxidized. This is autogalvanic corrosion. 3. Stray current may flow in the ground and enter the conductor in certain sections and leave it in others, thus causing oxidization in certain zones; this is electrolytic corrosion. The soil corrosiveness has been studied extensively by the United States Bureau of Standards and the authors give a summary of the work carried out and results obtained along this line. In autogalvanic corrosion it has been shown, by the investigation of buried pipes, that the zones of corrosion are associated with the zones of egress of the electric current (anodic zones). The location of these zones can be determined by measuring at the surface of the ground the difference of potential that exists along the path of the pipe. This work is performed easily and quickly with the apparatus invented by the authors for the exploration of conductive orebodies. The problem of electrolytic corrosion is a difficult one because it is a question of stray current which may vary in direction and intemsity at every instant. Therefore the components of the electrical field must be known at a given station and compared with the components of the clectrical field at another station, at the same moment. This is achieved by a rccording apparatus that will register the variations of the intensity of the electrlc current along two rectangular directions, during several minutes

Jan 1, 1934

By Arthur S. Coffinberry, Ralph Hultgren

WE have studied the gold-aluminum system by X-ray diffraction and by the microscope over the entire range of composition for temperatures between 300° and 500° C. Results obtained are shown in Fig. 1, combined with the work of Heycock and Neville1 at higher temperatures. The diagram differs in important details from that given by Hansen2 in his critical compilation of the literature of binary alloy systems. This work was undertaken both because of the intrinsic value of a knowledge of the phase diagram of this system and because of the need of theoretical metallurgy for precise and accurate data, particularly X-ray diffraction data. Systematic studies of equilibrium diagrams, particularly by Hume-Rothery,3 have shown regularities that yield a certain insight into the nature of alloying forces. It has been shown, for example, that solid solubility depends on the concentration of free electrons in the alloy, on the relative radii of solvent and solute atoms, on the forces of attraction between atoms, and on the relative stability of intermediate phases. The well-known Hume-Rothery rule states that the crystal structures and compositions of many intermediate phases depend on the electronto-atom ratio. This has been confirmed and extended by wave mechanical calculations.4 A knowledge of the forces between atoms in alloys, even an imperfectly developed empirical one, should be a valuable guide in the preparation of technological alloys of desirable properties. Furthermore, such information is basic in such problems as rate of diffusion, age-hardening, phase transformations, and others. The most valuable data for this purpose are furnished by X-ray diffraction studies. Unfortunately, work has been

Jan 1, 1938

By W. A. Tiller

The conventional techniques1 for determining the liquidus and solidus surfaces of an alloy system containing more than two components are extremely tedious to use and do not provide a complete picture of the equilibrium relations between solid and liquid alloys. These techniques are unable to yield "tie-line" information concerning solid and liquid phase equilibrium, a very important parameter in the solidification description of the liquid alloy and a very necessary parameter in the preparation of "zone-levelled" alloy crystals. The tie-line in a polycomponent system is analogous to the partition coefficient, k, in a binary system, it gives the composition of the solid, Cs, in equilibrium with a liquid of composition CL. That is, CS = kCL, where CL = [CO, c1,...Cn] denotes the concentrations of the n + 1 constituents, and k = [ko, kb ,...kon] denotes the gross partition coefficient for the elements between the two phases; thus, k is the tie-line in this system. To provide complete information concerning the two-phase equilibrium in a polycomponent system it is necessary to know both the liquidus surface and the gross partition coefficient. From these two the solidus surface is obtainable. The conventional techniques are unable to provide this information in other than a binary system so we must look elsewhere. In recent years considerable insight has been gained into the correct description of the liquid-solid transformation, 2,3 and controlled solidification experiments may now be designed to both facilitate and enhance equilibrium diagram studies. In the present paper consideration is given to two methods for obtaining the liquidus surface and the tie-lines in polycomponent systems. The methods to be described below deal with the solidification of an n + 1 constituent liquid alloy of initial composition [co, Co ,...Con], where the superscripts refer to the elements present and the Oth element is considered as the solvent in which the n solutes are dissolved. The general assumptions made in the treatment are the following: (i) the solid and the liquid at their interface are in equilibrium during the growth of the solid phase, (ii) there is no diffusion in the solid phase, and (iii) the liquid phase is completely mixed and is therefore homogeneous in concentration. METHOD I In this section a general experimental method will be described which, in principle, is capable of giving an exact description of the liquidus surface and tie-lines. Consider the unidirectional solidification of the liquid alloy specimens L cm in length (freezing either horizontally or vertically). Allow the sample to be frozen very slowly from one end, as indicated in Fig. 1, with complete mixing in the liquid, and then analyze the solid bar to determine its chemical constitution as a function of position, x, along the bar. Let Fig. 2 represent a possible distribution of the ith constituent along the bar. At the point x' the concentration of the ith constituent is C1/5(x'), and the average concentration of the rest of the bar between x' and L is given by C:(X' - L) where [ A(x) c1s(x)dx c1/s(x'-L) = f A(x) dx x * and A(X) is the cross-sectional area at x. In a similar manner. all the Cf(x' - L) may be determined. Thus, the gross artition coefficient k for liquid of composition [Cs(x - L),...Cs(X' - L)] is given by -ko= CUs')/Cos(x' - L)" k0 = csn{x')/cs(x'- L) During the freezing of a charge of length L, the liquid composition may vary over a wide segment of the phase diagram and the gross partition coefficient over this segment of the phase diagram may be determined from one, bar. Fig. 3 illustrates the magnitude of Cs(g)/C,' as a function of the fraction g of the bar which has Solidified.2 We can see that the concentration in the bar will vary over a range of about 15 wt pct for C,' = 10 wt pct and k0 = 0.5. It appears that 4 or 5 specimens would be adequate to study a simple binary eutectic phase diagram.

Jan 1, 1960

By D. C. Hilty, W. Crafts

Determination of the solubility of oxygen in iron containing silicon, or manganese, or both, has confirmed the earlier work on silicon, shown that manganese is more effective than expected, and has demonstrated that the combination of silicon and manganese is a much stronger deoxidizer than might have been inferred from their individual effects. SILICON and manganese are of primary impor-tance in the deoxidation of steel, and a study has been made at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Inc. of the solubility of oxygen in iron in the presence of silicon and manganese, singly and in combination, as a basis for more effective control of inclusion formation. The investigation was carried out with the same equipment and experimental procedure that were used in the determination of the oxygen solubility of iron containing aluminum'. The heats were melted in a rotating crucible furnace under an argon atmosphere. Bath temperatures were controlled by platinum/platinum +10 pct rhodium thermocouples to attain equilibrium at 1550°, 1600°, and 1650°C, so that oxygen solubility isotherms were determined directly without requiring calculation from a temperature coefficient. A detailed description of the furnace and procedure is given in the paper on aluminum deoxidation1. Oxygen solubility in the presence of more than 0.10 pct silicon was found to approximate earlier determinations closely, but some deviation was observed at lower silicon contents. Manganese appeared to be more effective than had been anticipated. The combination of silicon and manganese lowered the solubility for oxygen markedy as compared with either silicon or manganese alone. Although the solubility for oxygen in the presence of both silicon and manganese represents only a part of the information needed to control inclusion formation, it suggests a partial explanation of the benefits of this combination that have been observed in practice. Manganese and Oxygen in Liquid Iron: The study of oxygen in iron in the presence of manganese was carried out in magnesia crucibles of the type furnished commercially for laboratory induction furnaces. Alumina crucibles were unsatisfactory, because the work on the aluminum-oxygen equilibria in iron' had shown that merely melting iron in an alumina crucible limited the solubility of oxygen to a level considerably below that anticipated for moderate concentrations of manganese. Silica crucibles appeared unsuitable because of the dangers of excessive fluxing by the melt. Moreover, as will be shown later, melting iron in a silica crucible also limits the oxygen content below that in equilibrium with

Jan 1, 1951

By Reno Sales

INTRODUCTION. THE geology of Butte possesses especial interest on account of the magnitude of the ore deposits, their extraordinary richness and persistence in depth. Since its discovery in the early 60's the district .has yielded, in round numbers, 6,000,000,000 lb. of copper, 260,000,000 oz. of silver, 1,250,000 oz. of gold, and a large but not definitely known number of pounds of zinc. This enormous metal production has been derived from an ore tonnage estimated roughly at 65,000,000 tons. At the present day, most of the important mine shafts have reached a depth of. 2,400 ft., while several are more than 3,000 ft., deep. At these-great depths rich bodies of copper ore are being exploited, showing no diminution in metal content as compared with the ores of the higher levels. The present (1913) daily rate of production is approximately 14,000 tons, of which 13,250 tons may be regarded as copper ore, although a small percentage of this is minable only because of the presence of

Jan 8, 1913

By Frederic Lahee

THE total production of crude oil in Texas during 1924 was said to be 133,613,985 bbl. as compared with 125,991,628 bbl. in 1923.1 Subtracting from these figures the yield of the Gulf Coast fields, there remains, for the other part. of Texas, a yield of 106,272,573 bbl. in 1924, as compared with 101,931,595 bbl. in 1923. This represents an increased, production of over 4,250,000 bbl. for all of Texas outside of the Gulf Coast or Salt Dome fields. Within this same region, in 1924, there were 3624 completions, of which 2352 were oil or oil and gas wells, 7 were gassers, and 1265 were dry holes. Thus, nearly 35 per cent. of the completions were dry holes. In 1923, there were 4134 completions, with 2853 oil or oil and gas wells, 2 gas wells, and 1279, or 31 per cent. of the total, dry holes. Outside of the Gulf Coast region, six major pools were discovered and developed in 1924.; two pools, previously discovered, were extended far beyond their limits at the end of 1923, and many smaller pools were opened. The major pools were the Big Lake field, in Reagan Co., the New Richland field, in Navarro Co., the Harmel, Carey, and Ragle pools, in south Archer County, and the Wortham field, in Freestone and Limestone Counties. Fields that were notably extended were the Panhandle producing area and the Luling field. Many wildcat wells have been drilled; most -of these were failures, but several opened .pools and several have had sufficiently favorable results to. lead to further drilling. The activity of the operators in searching for new production was very intense during 1924, and indications point to as feverish a campaign during the coming year. This will be stimulated by rising prices for crude oil. There are good reasons for believing that new pools will be discovered along the Mexia fault zone, in Archer, Young, Baylor, and Throckmorton Counties, in the great central region of Texas where we now have the Mitchell County and Reagan County pools, and very likely in the eastern Red River Counties including Cooke and Grayson. On the other hand, with the opening of the year, there is no new big pool in sight. An outstanding feature of the production end of the business is the increasing reliance placed on geological work and geological recommendations. Not in five or six years has there been such a demand for first-class geologists.

Jan 3, 1925

THE British Industrial Fatigue Research Board has issued its annual report covering the year 1925, and a nine-page review of it, by George E. Shepard, was published in this country in the November, 1926, Bulletin of the Society of Industrial Engineers. The report gives results of three different investigations, all of which indicate that rest-pauses, where the spells .of work are 41/2 hr. long or more, not only increase the contentment of the workers, but often bring about an increase in output. A report on the physiology of ventilation is about to be published, and one on the theory of ventilation has been issued. These seem to add but little to the work being done in this country by the Bureau of Mines and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Other studies made are on atmospheric conditions in cotton weaving, on lighting in composing rooms, on repetitive work, the teaching of muscular skill, the energy expenditure in heavy work, the metabolic processes involved in violent exercise, the relation between oxygen intake and lactic acid in the blood, and fatigue in localized groups of muscles. Most of this material is intended for advanced workers in these fields, but will be of interest to engineers who desire to keep up with cur-rent progress in the determination of the facts involved in fatigue resulting from industrial work.

Jan 2, 1927

By T. V. Philip, R. E. Lenhart

C. G. Dunn(General Electric Research Laboratory)— It is well recognized that understanding of the formation of the cube-on-edge texture in annealed commercial cold-rolled Si-Fe strip is important industrially as well as scientifically. I would like to make a few remarks on this subject, discuss some points in the present paper, and list two remaining problems that appear to be particularly outstanding. Attention should be drawn to the paper by P. K. Koh,23 which also considers the kinetics of secondary recrystallization in 3 pet Si-Fe, produced commercially by the Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. Koh covered a much larger temperature range than do either the present authors or P. N. Richards, whose work is mentioned in a footnote. Koh found an induction period (of short duration) even for isothermal anneals at 1260oC (2300°F). Koh and Dunn24 also found a change in texture during the 1260oC anneal for the same material. On the other hand, the material in coil D, according to Philip and Lenhart, underwent no sec-condary recrystallization, only continuous grain growth. The grade classifications of the four coils studied would suggest, however, that all four materials had developed the cube-on-edge or (110) [001] texture, but to varying degrees. Since no data on this are given and since watt loss depends

Jan 1, 1962

By Edward L. Clark, Garrett A. Muilenburg

THE first record of the discovery of iron ore in Missouri was Marquette's observation in 1673 of brown iron ore, or limonite, in the Mississippi River bluffs just north of the mouth of Apple Creek in southeastern Perry County. There is no record of any attempt to mine or smelt Missouri iron ores until 1815, when the Ashebran furnace was erected at the Stouts Creek shut-in near Arcadia, Iron County. Some limonite was treated in this furnace, the first iron furnace west of Ohio, but most of the ore was hematite from Shepherd Mountain and adjacent deposits. Eight years later, in 1823, the Perry furnace five miles north of Caledonia, Washington County, was constructed to smelt limonite ore. It was not until 1890 to 1900, however, that these ores attracted considerable attention. Nearly 300,000 tons had been produced by 1911, and this production had come from 24 counties in the Ozark region. For the next two decades, until 1931, essentially all activities ceased. During the depression years of the thirties when employment was low many people turned to the brown ores for subsistence; consequently production was increased. World War II produced another stimulus to the industry. The availability of risk capital in the past three years has revived interest in these deposits, although no appreciable increase in production has resulted.

Jan 1, 1954

By Read Winterburn

This study of the relationship of the accumulation and drainage of oil to the structural conditions in the Wilmington oil field is presented with the hope that the data contained herein will aid in efficient exploita-tion of other fields where similar conditions exist. It is also probable that the conditions observed in this field will enable accurate comparisons of various well-spacing programs as to efficiency of production and ultimate recovery. Formations in Wilmington Field Age Formation Thickness Lithology and Remarks Quaternary and Pleistocene. San Pedro 1000 t Fresh-water sands, gravels and clays Pliocene Upper Pico 800 t Alternating sands and silt- Stones Pliocene Middle Pico 0-200 ± Sands and siltstones Unconformity Pliocene Repetto 875-1150 Gray and green shales, silt-stones and sands at top grading to interbedded gray-ish brown shales and fine-grained sands toward bot-tom Miocene Puente 4100± Hard brown shales and sands. Sands are fine and uncon-solidated at top, becoming firmer and coarser grained toward bottom. Top por-tion contains layers of lam-inated diatomaceous shale Unconformity Schist The data included herein are not complete as to all areas and zones, being confined mostly to the area south of Anaheim Street. The sections presented are illustrative of edge-water conditions in the Terminal zone and Tar zone, but have not been extended down the structure far enough

Jan 1, 1940

By R. W. Raymond

In a paper on the Divining-Rod (Transactions, xi., 411), presented at the Boston meting, in February, 1883,I suggested, among other signs of which the skilled prospector might consciously or unconsciously avail himself in the search for springs of water or mineral deposits, the presence of particular grasses or shrubs, and the general appearance of the flora. There are not wanting, in the literature of our art, indications that greater attention was paid to such signs in ancient days than at present. It is the tendency of a scientific age to ignore, or regard as superstitious, what cannot be classified or explained. But the acute though unscientific observation of earlier times often, doubtless, accumulated facts which it would be worth our while to re-examine. It is highly probable that the mining prospectors of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to go no further back, were close students of nature, and knew, though they could not explain, and, for reasons of private gain, would not communicate, many curious and significant facts. We can generalize better than they could; but for that very reason we are, perhaps, their inferiors in observation. They let nothing pass, because all things were equally significant to them. We take wider views, and miss more. And, no doubt, there still exists among practical millers, prospectors,, hunters, Indians, etc., an unwritten.

Jan 1, 1887