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By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

By L. C. McCabe

This paper is a progress report on a study of the distribution of the banded ingredients (Figs. 1 and 2) in Illinois screenings and the method of determining their distribution. Proximate analyses and screen tests1 have been reported and a further report on the washability characteristics of the screenings is in preparation. The microscopic study of the screenings is not yet far enough advanced to permit a conclusive report on the effect of mining, screening and washing on the distribution of the banded ingredients in the coals of Illinois. However, considerable fundamental data have been collected as a background for the screenings investigation and for a proposed study of fuels composed of known quantities of vitrain, clarain and fusain, the three common banded ingredients of Illinois coals. These fundamental data and the preliminary information now available from the microscopic study of screenings are broadly indicative of the reaction of the coals to the physical processes affecting them in mining and preparation. Proximate analyses of samples of vitrain, clarain, and fusain from several Illinois mines have been published2, but those given in Table 1 serve to show the differences that are apparent in proximate analyses. The vitrain samples are consistently low in ash, and the unit-coal value is uniformly lower than in clarain. The average fuel ratio (F.C./V.M.) of the vitrain samples in the table is 1.57 whereas the clarain average is 1.42. The fusain analyses vary considerably in ash and moisture. In the two samples from this mine the moisture values range from 8.99 to 22.80 and the ash from 4.86 to 16.91 per cent. Fusain has higher fixed carbon than either vitrain or clarain but the percentage is erratic from sample to sample. The relative proportions of the banded ingredients in the Herrin (No. 6) coal in Illinois is reasonably well known but detailed information

Jan 1, 1936

The meeting of the Institute of Metals Division was held in Phila-delphia from Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, inclusive. On Monday evening preceding the meeting, a dinner was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at which many of the former officers of the Division and of the present officers and execu-tive committee were present. The subject of a membership committee was discussed and a motion to appoint such a committee with powers to go over the membership list for the selection of divisional members and to institute plans for additional members was passed. Mr. H. E. Howe and Dr. Johnston of the National Research Council attended the meeting and presented their plans for an Alloys Research Association. Many opinions were voiced as to the practicability of such a scheme and Mr. Howe expressed himself in appreciation of the cooperative thought and efforts given him. On Tuesday morning the Institute of Metals Division joined sessions with the American Foundrymen's Association and listened to the opening addresses. In the afternoon a boat ride was taken on the Delaware River, visiting the plants of the Cramp Ship and Engine Building Co. and the shipyard of the Emergency Fleet Corpn. at Hog Island. The launching of the boat christened "Afoundria" at 5 p.m. was witnessed by members of the party. The opening technical session was held on Tuesday evening at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at 8 o'clock. The next session was held at the Ritz-Carlton at 10 o'clock on Wednesday morning and the final session at the same time and place on Thursday morning. The sessions were well attended and the discussion was good. The highly technical nature of some of the papers on the program was of special note. Taken as a whole the meeting was one of the most successful ever held. The follow-ing papers were presented:

Jan 11, 1919

H ORACE VAUGHN WINCHELL was born at Galesburg, Michigan, Nov. 1, 1865, and died at Los Angeles, California, on July 28th of this year, at the age of fifty-seven. Mr. Winchell was one of the conspicuous geologists of his time. It may fairly be said that he was a geologist born and reared. His father, N. H. Winchell, was professor of geology at the University of Minnesota; his uncle, Alexander Winchell, was professor of geology at the University of Michigan. Under both of them Horace studied, graduat-ing at the University of Michigan in 1889. Mr. Winchell at once began that active life in the field which he followed for 34 years and until his death. The first years of his professional life were largely spent in the study of the iron ranges of Min-nesota. In 1898, he re-moved to Butte and became geologist in charge of the geological depart-ment of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. and allied companies. There he remained for eight years. This period covered the trying days of the mining controversies be-tween the Anaconda and associated companies and the Heinze interests, and it fell to Mr. Winchell to direct the geological studies and development in connec-tion with that litigation. Recognizing the importance of careful geological study in the practical operation of mines, he organized and developed the splendid geological department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. This was one of his greatest contributions to the mining industry. Probably no mining company has attached the impor-tance to geological study and continuity of geological mapping in connection with mining operations that the Anaconda company has. It has given broad authority to its geological department and the development of its mines is under the direction of its geologists. The broad vision of Mr. Winchell was responsible for the adoption of this policy, one which is being profitably employed by many other organizations.

Jan 9, 1923

Cooperation will be the keynote of the meeting of the Institute that will be held in New York on February 17 to 20. Arrangements are being made for two joint sessions with the Canadian Mining Institute, on the same day, which therefore will be known as Canadian Mining Institute Day. On the afternoon of Wednesday, February 19, there will be a joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Besides, we will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council, four of which will be presented at the National Research Council Session. In March, at the next meeting, of the Canadian Mining Institute, there will be an American Institute of Mining Engineers Day. The plan is to have the same subjects discussed at both meetings, but by different speakers. One speaker on each subject will represent the Canadian Mining Institute, and one speaker the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The Canadians and the Americans who will speak in Canada are expected to attend the discussion in New York. In addition the discussion at the New York meeting will be sent to Canada in printed form, so that the Canadian discussion will be a continuation of the former. At the joint session with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, there will -be presented six very important papers on the subject of Electric Welding, one by the Chairman of the Electric Welding Research Committee of the National Research Council, another by the Chairman of the Metallurgical Sub-committee of that same Committee, and a third by Comfort A. Adams, President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Chairman of the Welding Committee of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. We will receive six or eight papers through the National Research Council. These papers are results of recent investigations and represent the last word in their respective subjects. The excursion on Thursday, February 20, will be to Newark Bay to visit the Federal Shipyard where the first, electric-welded ship is being built. Philip W. Henry is chairman of the excursion committee of arrangements.

Jan 1, 1919

By Arthur H. Redfield

The West Indies are the summits of a submerged mountain chain, the continuation of which must be sought in the mountains of central Honduras. In Haiti, the chain divides, one branch passing through Jamaica and the other through Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and the Misteriosa bank. Suess divides the West Indies into three zones: The first zone is entirely of volcanic origin and includes many recent volcanic cones. It includes the arcuate string of islands, which extends from Saba and St. Kitts to the Grenadines and Grenada. The western half of Guadeloupe belongs to this group. The second zone consists of a geanticline, of which the sedimentary rocks range from the Jurassic to the Quaternary, but consist chiefly of Lower Tertiary sediments. In the west it is broad, including the whole of the Greater Antilles; but in the east it is restricted to a narrow belt, which includes the Virgin Islands (except Anegada), Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, the eastern part of Guadeloupe and part of Barbados. The islands that compose the third zone are flat and low. Like the second, this zone is broad in the west and narrow in the east; it includes the Bahamas, Anegada, Sombrero, Barbuda, and part of Barbados. Geologically, Florida and the plain of Yucatan may be regarded as belonging to it. Trinidad and Tobago, though geographically adjacent to the Lesser Antilles, are geologically a detached part of the South American continent. The crystalline complexes of northern Trinidad and of Barbados are a continuation, en echelon, of the crystalline axis of the promontory of Paria. The folded Cretaceous and Tertiary of the central and southern parts of Trinidad represent a continuation of the folded sedinlents of the Paria district of Venezuela. Possible Oil-bearing Areas The volcanic islands of the inner arc of the Lesser Antilles may be excluded from consideration; these include Saba, St. Kitts, Nevis,

Jan 1, 1923

By W. B. Weeks, H. K. Shearer

The year 1937 brought to south Arkansas increased drilling activity and production. Oil production amounted to 12,159,440 bbl., an increase of 1,504,500 bbl., or 14.1 per cent over 1936. This was the largest production since 1931, and the first annual increase since 1925, when the deeper sands at Smackover were developed. There were 177 wells completed during the year, with 103 oil wells, 6 gas wells, and 68 dry holes, an increase of more than 100 per cent over 1936. Of the 56 wildcat wells drilled, 52 were dry and 4 produced oil. Two new fields, one important extension and three minor extensions were discovered. The trend toward deeper drilling is shown by the fact that 97 wells were more than 5000 ft. deep, including 80 over 6000 ft. and 13 over 7000 ft., although the depth record of 7973 ft., made in 1935, was not exceeded. Geological Section Deeper and more extensive drilling during the past few years, not only in south Arkansas but also in adjacent parts of north Louisiana and east Texas, has furnished much important geological information and has brought out some very unexpected facts in regard to structural and depositional conditions in the series of formations laid down in the interval between the end of the Pennsylvanian and early Cretaceous time. It is now evident that an important basin of salt deposition existed in the Arkansas-Louisiana-Texas area, but it is still an open question whether this salt basin was contemporaneous and continuous with the even larger Gulf Coast salt basin extending from Mississippi to Mexico. The accompanying columnar section (Fig. 1) shows the producing zones and names that have been applied to the several subsurface formations, most of which have no outcrop equivalents. This is for the convenience of readers unfamiliar with recent developments, but the correlations and nomenclature cannot yet be considered final. These formations will be discussed in more detail in various papers to be published in the near future.

Jan 1, 1938

By George L. Heath

This paper is devoted chiefly to the coal-fields of the western part of the province of Chili and the eastern part of the province of Shansi; but the outline of this belt will give some idea of the extension of the coal-fields over northeastern China. This part of China is topographically divided into: (1) the mountainous peninsula of eastern Shantung; (2) the coastal plains, extending W. and SW. from the gulf of Pechili; and (3) the mountains and table-lands N. and W. of the coastal plains. The plains extend N. and W. from the gulf to within from 10 to 25 miles of the Great Wall, while their SW. extension covers western Shantung and reaches W. along the Yellow river almost to the southern boundary of Shansi. A line joining the mapped coal-fields, shown in Fig. 1, almost gives the western boundary of the plains; since these areas lie on the border of the plains—except the Tsê Chou field, which is on the table-land, 20 to 25 miles from that border. The coal-fields which have been mapped and investigated by the author are shown in Fig. 1. The one at and around Tongshan is known as the K'ai-p'ing coal-field; the one W. of Peking has been called the Wang-p'ing coal-basin; the one SW. of Pao-ting and N. of Chêng-ting may be called the Lingshan coal-field; and the one at and around Tsê Chou is known as the Tsê Chou coal-field. I. The K'ai-p'ing Coal-Field. As is shown in Fig. 2, most of this field lies in the coastal plains, and is therefore covered by alluvium and loess, which have buried the older rock-beds, and the more gentle and older topographic outlines, to such an extent that most of the re-

Jan 1, 1902

By Arthur H. Redfield

The West Indies are the summits of a submerged mountain chain, the continuation of which must be sought in the mountains of central Honduras. In Haiti, the chain divides, one branch passing through Jamaica and the other through Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and the Misteriosa bank. Suess divides the West Indies into three zones: The first zone is entirely of volcanic origin and includes many recent volcanic cones. It includes the arcuate string of islands, which extends from Saba and St. Kitts to the Grenadines and Grenada. The western half of Guadeloupe belongs to this group. The second zone consists of a geanticline, of which the sedimentary rocks range from the Jurassic to the Quaternary, but consist chiefly of Lower Tertiary sediments. In the west it is broad, including the whole of the Greater Antilles; but in the east it is restricted to a narrow belt, which includes the Virgin Islands (except Anegada), Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, the eastern part of Guadeloupe and part of Barbados. The islands that compose the third zone are flat and low. Like the second, this zone is broad in the west and narrow in the east; it includes the Bahamas, Anegada, Sombrero, Barbuda, and part of Barbados. Geologically, Florida and the plain of Yucatan may be regarded as belonging to it. Trinidad and Tobago, though geographically adjacent to the Lesser Antilles, are geologically a detached part of the South American continent. The crystalline complexes of northern Trinidad and of Barbados are a continuation, en echelon, of the crystalline axis of the promontory of Paria. The folded Cretaceous and Tertiary of the central and southern parts of Trinidad represent a continuation of the folded sedinlents of the Paria district of Venezuela. Possible Oil-bearing Areas The volcanic islands of the inner arc of the Lesser Antilles may be excluded from consideration; these include Saba, St. Kitts, Nevis,

Jan 1, 1923

By R. R. Wilson

THE Cassidy Colliery operated by the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Co., Ltd., is situated about 9 miles in a southerly direction from the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island. The coal seam worked, which is called the Douglas bed, outcrops in the western part of the property, clipping easteyrl, and is opened by a slope 7 by 14 ft. in the clear, and is timbered by 12 to 14-in. framed sets of timber, 4 ft. center to center. A separate manway provides for a traveling road and at the same time forms an intake airway. The general average of the dip of the seam at Cassidy is 18°, and varies in thickness from 1 to 25 ft., averaging about 8 ft. The main slopes follow straight down the dip a distance of 4545 ft. At the bottom of the main slope two rock tunnels were driven a distance of 1500 ft. to the south, cutting through a fault, and opening up an area in the same seam which is known as No. 7 South Section. The coal is found in this section at a vertical depth of 1560 ft., and is very soft and friable. The immediate roof is a strong, sandy shale overlain by massive sandstone while the floor is a light-colored shale, hard when freshly exposed. It does not soften materially oil exposure. In the folding of the coal measures a great thrust caused a movement along the coal seam as indicated by the slickensided nature of the coal. The floor has buckled and this has rolled and squeezed the coal-so that with rare exceptions it shows no normal bedding but curved slip planes, which frequently start at right angles to the floor, curving upward and then in the direction of the dip. As such planes are slickensided it is probable that there is a coating of clay which is more or less impervious to gas.

Jan 1, 1927

By T. Leser, A. W. Jenike

The problems of caving and underground subsidence can be considered as the failure of a highly compacted rock and its subsequent flow in the form of broken rock. The problem is complex because the propagation of failure and flow have to be considered simultaneously; the yield strength of the virgin rock and the broken rock are different; and, while under certain conditions it is sufficient to consider the virgin rock as homogeneous, the density and the yield function of broken rock are both pressure and time dependent. A study of the failure and flow of solids with a pressure dependent yield function has been published recently by Jenike.' In this paper the density of the broken rock is assumed to be only time dependent and the consequences are examined in the case of one-dimensional vertical subsidence into an initial cavity. The following describes an attempt to develop a tool which, in combination with other tools, may lead to mathematical solutions of real problems of caving and subsidence. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM An underground cavity of horizontal cross section 4 = 1 and height 6 is assumed to exist at some depth below the surface. At the time t = 0 rock above the cavity fails and completely fills out the cavity with expanded broken material. With passing time the broken rock consolidates and subsidence proceeds continuously upuard in a vertical shaft. The phenomenon is one-dimensional (see Fig. 1). The problem consists of finding the displacement and the velocity with which the frlmt of the subsidence (wave front) moves upward as a function of the time and of the rock properties. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS CONTROLLING THE PHENOMENON With the assumptions that the broken rock is a continuum and that the subsidence occurs continuously, we can apply the one-dimensional differential equation of contitiuity (conservation of mass) and the equation of preservation of momentum The latter equation is replaced by an assumed relation based on experience, which takes care of the

Jan 1, 1962

L. S. Austin, Denver, Colo. (communication to the Secretary) : Mr Hartman says (p. 4 of the pamphlet) that the penetration of air into the crucible of the blast-furnace " is, of course, a function of the diameter of the nozzle." To this I would emphatically take exception. Fig. 1 represents a vertical ideal section of tuyere, cruciblewalls and charge, immediately at the tuyere, in which the currents of air are represented, both in quantity and in direction, by the tortuous black-lines emanating from the nozzle-opening and passing through channels of the least resistance. As an electric current, flowing by various conductors to a common point, is carried in quantity inversely as the resistance of those conductors, so here the air ramifies through the most open cavities or channels, relatively little of it passing where the resistance due to fine materials is great. This figure represents the course of currents in the vertical plane only. As a matter of fact, they pass away in every plane, as opportunity offers. The effect of blocking or decreasing the area of the nozzleopening would certainly only decrease the quantity of air entering by that particular tuyere, without assisting penetration. The large channels (b, b, Fig. 1, for example) would still carry the larger part of the air, while again the smaller channels (a, a, a) would continue small and take no larger percentage of the air than before. These channels momentarily change, however, with the slow descent of the coke. Further on (p. 5), Mr. Hartman describes the dispersive effect of a single lump of fuel. He has only to conceive the entire spaces before the tuyere-nozzles as filled with such lumps, in order to parallel the condition of affairs I have just explained. It is where the large pieces of the charge come down, that the mass is the most open, and the blast passes most freely. On the other hand, wherever the fine ore collects combustion proceeds slowly, because of the smaller supply of air. The

Jan 1, 1899

By K. E. N. Hanney

INTRODUCTION Slurry systems and mechanical conveying, represent the main methods of transporting solids from one area of a mineral processing plant to another. A well-designed slurry handling system can assist in lowering plant capital costs by reducing building size, simplifying plant layout and reducing operating costs by lowering maintenance and labour costs. This Paper has been prepared with the object of providing a practical approach to designing slurry systems. SLURRY CHARACTERISTICS Slurry is a mixture of crushed or ground rock mixed with water or a chemical solution, and can flow under several different conditions: (a) As a homogeneous suspension; (b) As a heterogeneous suspension; (c) With a moving bed (saltation); (d) With a stationary bed. Homogeneous flow takes place when the solids are uniformly distributed throughout a pipe and when particle sizes are smaller than 325 mesh. Heterogeneous is the most common slurry suspension. In this system, there is a gradual increase in concentration of solid particles towards the bottom of a pipe. There is a fairly wide range of velocities that fall within this system. In moving bed systems, the coarse particles settle out and bounce along the bottom of a pipe. Operating under these conditions tends to minimize wear and power requirements, but because this system operates within narrow velocity limits, pipelines frequently plug. Stationary bed conditions exist when coarse material has settled in the bottom of the pipe restricting the available area. These conditions should be avoided. DESIGNING A SLURRY SYSTEM Slurry can be transported either by pumping through a pipeline or by developing a gravity head and flowing through a pipe or along a launder. When considering any slurry system, whether for the design of a new plant or to make modifications to an existing operating plant, design criteria are required. The design criteria provide the information for calculating the material balance and sizing the equipment. The quantities on the material balance can then be assigned to the flowsheet for reference. The equipment can then be laid

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Mostowitsh

I. Introductory LEAD sulphate occurs as anglesite, and is formed in every roasting of lead sulphides or sulpho-salts containing lead. In smelting in the blast furnace an ore containing natural or artificial lead sulphate, a large part of the sulphur present goes to the formation of the intermediary product matte which requires further treatment for the recovery of the values it contains. It is therefore of importance to study the behavior of lead sulphate at elevated temperatures, both without and with reducing agents, especially as the information available gives data which are more or less conflicting. II. Decomposition of Lead Sulphate by Heat The dissociation of PbSO4 into PbO and S03 or S02 and 0 has been discussed by many metallurgists. The following data are considered to be representative. Doeltz and Graumann1 found that PbSO4 was not affected by heat at 800° C.; that dissociation began at 900° C., and was rapid at 1,000° when the salt lost in 1 ½ hr. 14.3 per cent. of its weight, the dry salt containing 26.43 per cent. SO3. Hofman and Wanjukow2 summarize their work upon the dissociation of metallic sulphates with the statement that the decomposition of PbSO4 begins at 195° C., but progresses very slowly, with the formation of the basic salt 6PbO.5S03 at 705°; that this salt undergoes a transformation at 847°, begins to be decomposed at 888°, to sinter at 896°, and to fuse at 910°; rapid dissociation begins at 952°, and is accompanied by volatilization of PbO; retardations at 958° and 962° indicate an acceleration of decomposition which, however, is not complete. Proske3 found that PbSO4 gave off at 900° C. in 30 min. only 0.63 per cent. of its SO3, and that the loss increased with

Jan 5, 1916

By E. G. Beinlich

The continuing search for faster, safer, and more economical methods of excavating underground openings has led the staff of the Mather mine of the Negaunee Mine Co. directly to mechanical boring of raises and drifts. The mine is located within the city limits of Negaunee and Ishperning in the eastern portion of the Marquette Iron Range in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is owned jointly by McLouth Steel Corp., Bethlehem Steel Corp., Republic Steel Corp., and The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., who also serves as the operating agent. A total of 2,400,000 tons of iron ore averaging over 60% Fe is mined annually by the block-caving method. This provides feed for the Pioneer pellet plant at Eagle Mills where 1,450,000 tons of pellets are produced yearly with the remaining tonnage being sold as coarse ore. Technical staff of Cleveland-Cliffs have long realized that improved methods of advancing raises and drifts were a necessity if underground mining of iron ore was to survive the transition period in the steel industry's requirements from direct-shipping ore to pelletized ores. For this reason, the Mather mine embarked upon an experimental raise-boring program with a prototype machine in 1961. Improvements since that time in equipment and practice have resulted in the acceptance of mechanical boring of raises as a standard development tool and a vital link in the fulfillment of an orderly development schedule. Advancement of large-diameter openings such as main-level drift headings by mechanical methods in the harder, more competent types of rock has developed more slowly in the mining industry due to the need for more compact and portable machinery and improved bit technology. Many of the obstacles have been overcome by the manufacturers, and in March 1967 it was decided to proceed with a program to bore approximately 4000 ft of 13-ft-diam drift in the Mather graywacke footwall rock.

Jan 1, 1970

By Marcel Daly

(A contribution to the study of the conditions of equilibrium of the "free surface" of a water body inclosed in a porous medium.) IN a recent paper, on Geologic Structure in the Cushing Oil and Gas Field, Oklahoma,1 Carl H. Beal has pointed out some interesting peculiarities in the distribution of the hydrocarbons and the disposition of the "planes of separation" between the oil and the water (water surfaces). Mr. Beal's principal statements on this matter may be summarized as follows: I. In every important dome in the Cushing field, which has not been complicated by folding along its sides, the oil area in each, of the three oil and gas sands studied (Layton, Wheeler and Bartlesville) apparently extends farther down on the long axis. of the dome than it does on the steeper sides. The result is that water is encountered at a lesser depth below datum plane (sea level) on the steep sides of the dome than along the ends where the beds are more gently tilted. II. In the Layton and Wheeler sands (to which the detailed study of water surfaces has been almost entirely confined), the water surface is not level, but dips at a gentle angle (maximum dip 100 ft. to the mile) away from the center of the structure. This inclination existed prior to development, and it has been rendered greater by the rapid extraction .of oil and gas. To these statements, the following observations are added. The dominant structural feature in the Cushing field is a broad north and south anticlinal fold, along whose, axis the domes are distributed (Fig. 1, p. 1104), and the more important oil areas in each sand lie on the west side of the field. In many cases, gas has been forced to the east side of the structure, sometimes as far as the water line. From the distribution of the oil and gas bodies, Mr. Beal concludes that the hydrocarbons in this region probably migrated from the west or the northwest.

Jan 1, 1918

By Charles Bohdanowicz

Production of crude in 1937 decreased (Tables 1 and 5) by about 2 per cent, while gas production for that period increased by about 6 per cent after a slight decrease in 1936 (0.4 per cent).' As in preceding years, drilling operations were confined principally to extensions of old oil fields in the Jaslo district (fields 1 and 7) and to some extent to such extensions in the Stanislawbw district (field 27). Deepening of old wells to horizons reached more recently by new wells gave on the average better results per well than those attained by new wells (Table 3). Reserves of proved lands have increased some by new oil fields discovered, Targowiska (field 8) and Czarna (field 19) both of which, however, have only small production. The Daszawa gas field (field 25) has not been extended, but two new gas fields were located instead— Opary, distant 25 km. (151/2 miles) northwest of Daszawa, Balicze at 12 km. (7 1/4 miles) southeast of Daszawa, and Kalusz (TESP Company exploiting potassium salts) in the vicinity of the town of that name (field 33). Drilling upon the gas area near Tarnbw and Debica, while gas-bearing sandstone had been found at depths of from 300 to 512 meters (984 to 1680 ft.) (Zdziary No. 2) and at 220 m. (722 ft.) [pressure 11 atmospheres, flow 24 cu. m. per min. (847 cu. ft.)] (Przyborbw No. l), has not as yet ascertained horizons qualified for permanent exploitation. The exploring well near Kos6w remained for the last seven months at the depth of 1420 m. because of the collapse of rotary drilling pipe. Below the 300-m. level no gas sands have been encountered at this well. Gas Reserves In connection with the broad plan of developing industrially the sector of Poland lying between the Vistula and the San Rivers, and extending farther north as far as the city of Radom, there arose the necessity of a more accurate calculation of gas reserves for the fields of

Jan 1, 1938

By Arthur Phillips, Carl H. Samans

The study of anisotropy in metals has been greatly stimulated in recent years by the rapid development of X-ray methods for determining the crystallographic relationships of wrought and annealed materials. Prior to this time the knowledge regarding the directional properties of commercial alloys consisted almost exclusively of observations of a practical nature made during the fabrication of metal objects, supplemented by a limited number of mechanical tests on specimens cut at various angles to the direction of working. Such observations clearly indicate that the common methods of cold-working metals cause both a crystallographic and a mechanical fibering varying in character and degree according to the nature and extent of the deforming process. Even after annealing, following certain not too well known combinations of reductions and anneals, a preferred orientation may exist,, thereby constituting a residual fiber effect sufficiently pronounced to manifest directional properties. With the application of the X-ray the experimental horizon was extended chiefly because the study of anisotropic metals promised to offer direct and quantitative evidence regarding the involved mechanism of fragmentation and plastic flow. As a natural consequence the intensive studies in this direction have yielded a vast accumulation of data of ultimate potential value. Unfortunately, however, as is commonly the case in entering a virgin field of experimentation, many of the data cannot be molded into complete and coherent form because of the many unrelated conditions of the experimental projects. Again, the results of the study of single crystals have been rather naturally but at times indiscriminately applied to poly crystalline metals. Furthermore, sweeping statements have been made regarding the behavior during working and annealing of metals and alloys, entirely on the basis of similarity in lattice arrangement. There is abundant reason for believing that relatively small concentration variables, differences in magnitude and distribution of applied stresses, and the character of associated annealing treatments may in some cases greatly influence the mechanics of flow

Jan 1, 1933

By Arthur Phillips

THE study of anisotropy in metals has been greatly stimulated in recent years by the rapid development of X-ray methods for determining the crystallographic relationships of wrought and annealed materials. Prior to this time the knowledge regarding the directional properties of commercial alloys consisted almost exclusively of observations of a practical nature made during the fabrication of metal objects, supplemented by a limited number of mechanical tests on specimens cut at various angles to the direction of working. Such observations clearly indicate that the common methods of cold-working metals cause both a crystallographic and a mechanical fibering varying in character and degree according to the nature and extent of the deforming process. Even after annealing, following certain not too well known combinations of reductions and anneals, a preferred orientation may exist, thereby constituting a residual fiber effect sufficiently pronounced to manifest directional properties. With the application of the X-ray the experimental horizon was extended chiefly because the study of anisotropic metals promised to offer direct and quantitative evidence regarding the involved mechanism of fragmentation and plastic flow. As a natural consequence the intensive studies in this direction have yielded a vast accumulation of data of ultimate potential value. Unfortunately, however, as is commonly the case in entering a virgin field of experimentation, many of the data cannot be molded into complete and coherent form because of the many unrelated conditions of the experimental projects. Again, the results of the study of single crystals have been rather naturally but at times indiscriminately applied to polycrystalline metals. Furthermore, sweeping statements have been made regarding the behavior during working and annealing of metals and alloys, entirely on the basis of similarity in lattice arrangement. There is abundant reason for believing that relatively small concentration variables, differences, in magnitude and distribution of applied stresses, and the character of associated annealing treatments may in some cases greatly influence the mechanics of flow and consequently largely determine the final structural characteristics of the metal.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. W. Whitlow, P. K. Theobald, W. C. Overstreet

Monazite placers in a region of the Carolinas ex- in 1951-1954 by the USGS are estimated to contain at least 53,000 short tons of thorium and 4600 short tons of uranium. None of these deposits is being mined. The 5200-sq mile area investigated extends northeast along the western Piedmont from the Savannah River in South Carolina to the Catawba River in North Carolina. Much of the region is 700 to 1100 ft above sea level. Gentle hills and broad interfluves give a local relief of 100 to 200 ft. This increases to 1700 ft at the west margin of the area where the east flank of the Blue Ridge is approached in South Carolina and the South Mts. are entered in North Carolina. This report is restricted to placers in the Piedmont. Monazite deposits in the Blue Ridge and coastal plain were not covered by the investigation. Monazite Mining in the Carolina Piedmont: Discovered in 1879 by W. E. Hidden,' the monazite placers in the Carolina Piedmont were first mined in 1886. The area was a major world source for thorium and the lanthanides until 1895, when Brazilian monazite entered the trade. Total output from the Carolina Piedmont has been nearly 5500 tons of monazite,2 but the placers have been idle since 1911, except for 48 tons produced between 1915 and 1917. Monazite mining was revived in the Carolinas in 1954 when a dredge operated by the Heavy Minerals CO. opened a fluviatile placer along Horse Creek in the coastal plain near Aiken, S. C. Geology and Mineralogy: Two recent papers",' have described the geology of the monazite placer district in the Piedmont between the Savannah and Catawba rivers; the general geology of the region has been reviewed by P. B. King.' These reports show that the placers are in locally derived alluvial sediments that cover the floors of shallow, narrow valleys in an area underlain by monazite-

Jan 1, 1960