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By L. A. Norman

ANOTHER chapter in the history of Mother Lode mining is being written by operations in the Old Eureka mine near Sutter Creek, Amador County, California. During a two-year period (1938-1939), 85,517 tons of ore averaging 0.62 oz. gold per ton were mined and milled, as compared to the production of approximately 210,000 tons of 0.315-oz. gold ore during the preceding seven years. This is a repetition of mining history in the Mother Lode, where a period of prosperity has followed a long period of lean production. The location of this new ore in the hitherto unproductive hanging-wall greenstones and its mining and geological developments are most interesting. HISTORY OF THE OLD EUREKA MINE The Old Eureka mine, also known as the Hayward, Eureka, Hetty Green and Amador Consolidated, is in the most productive 10-mile length of the 120-mile long Mother Lode of California. The mine was first opened in 1852 with operations more or less continuous for the next 30 years. Production during this period amounted to $12,000,000 from an ore shoot 500 ft. long, which bottomed 1700 ft. below the surface. The shaft was continued as a prospect to 2065 ft. on the incline, where work was stopped in 1881. The mine was sold in 1916 by Hetty Green and the shaft deepened to the 3500-ft. level (3212 ft. vertically) by the new owners. Drifts were run on the 1700, 2100, 3000 and 3500-ft. levels, together with approximately 1500 ft. of crosscuts. No ore was found and work was abandoned in 1921. The present owners, the Central Eureka Mining Co., purchased the mine in 1924 after threatened litigation over rights to the rich ore shoot being mined from the lower levels of the Central Eureka mine on the south. Rehabilitation of the shaft commenced in 1926 and in 1930 mining on the old 2100-ft. level was started. While efforts of the previous owners had been directed for the most part toward the area south of the Old Eureka shaft and adjacent to the productive Central Eureka mine, the present owners started drifting northward on the old 2100-ft. level. On the 2000-ft., 2100 and 2300-ft. levels, drifts were run in part along the

Jan 1, 1939

By John V. Morgan

Although the Lansing-Kansas City groups One one of the more important producing horizons of Central Kansas, exploitation has been hindered by inability to consistently identify and correlate the various productive intervals. A study of gamma ray-neutron logs and core data indicates that definite zones exist which are related to production and which may be generally correlated over an appreciable portion of Central Kansas. A suggested system of zoning and nomenclature is developed and illustrated, along with examples of its specific application in overall evaluation and in development of zonal production characteristics. General adoption of the suggested system should aid appreciably in the future development of commercial Lansing-Kansas City production in Central Kansas. It is probable that similar systems might be developed for other regions where production is obtained from various uncorrelated and unnamed zones in thick pay intervals. GENERALIZED GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL KANSAS The most important large subsurface feature in Central Kansas regarding oil production is the Barton Arch, which is part of the Central Kansas uplift. The Barton Arch is a buried ridge of Pre-Cambrian granite running northwest-southeast, near which the majority of Central Kansas oil fields have been found. To the northeast of this arch, the granite dips sharply into the Salina Basin and similar basin areas to the west and south are termed the Hugoton Embayment and Anadarko Basin, respectively. This report deals Primarily with the region of the Central Kansas Uplift and its southwestern flank. Fig. 1 indicates the general location of subsurface structural features along with the oil and gas fields of central Kansas. Above basal granite lies the Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle Dolomite which is the principal oil producing zone in Central Kansas. This formation, as well as those higher in the section, reflects the general underlying granite structure; however, the Arbuckle top is an erosional surface and most oil producing structures are probably topographic hills. Formations above the Arbuckle in ascending order may include those of the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods as well as certain recent sediments. As the Barton Arch is approached, those formations below the Pennsylvanian and above the Arbuckle tend to pinch out until Pennsylvanian rocks, which include the Lansing-Kansas City groups, rest directly upon the Arbuckle. The Arbuckle itself is also completely eroded away at points on the Arch, but is up to 600 ft thick only 20 to 30 miles down dip. Formations of the Pennsylvanian system vary considerably in thickness but probably average about 1,000 ft as an overall total. The more commonly known oil productive zones are the Tarkio, Topeka, Toronto (Dodge), Lansing-Kansas City and Marmaton. Of these, the Lansing-Kansas City, which varies from about 200 ft to 400 ft in thickness, is the most important, since its areal frequency of oil production is exceeded only by that of the Arbuckle. Most Pennsylvanian rocks in Central Kansas were deposited in shallow seas which alternately covered, then retreated from the land. This resulted in recurring cycles of thin beds which cover relatively large areas. Small surface deformations during the period of deposition also caused variations in the type material deposited and its thickness. The local structures of Pennsylvanian time probahlv influenced the accumulation of

Jan 1, 1952

By Eugene N. Cameron

Pegmatites of these areas have become important sources of beryl and lepidolite and have yielded cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, and other minerals. Examination of about 60 of these pegmatites leads the author to question the opinion of earlier investigators that the concentrations of beryl, lepidolite, and columbite-tantalite found have mostly formed by hydrothermal or pneumatolytic replacement of previously formed quartz-feldspar pegmatites. The author concludes, on the contrary, that present knowledge of the occurrence of minerals in zoned pegmatites can be applied to prospecting and mining of pegmatite deposits in these two areas of South West Africa. PEGMATITES occur in abundance in certain areas of South West Africa and in adjacent parts of northern Cape Province in the Union of South Africa. Some of the pegmatite deposits were prospected before World War I, and intermittent mining was done during the period between the two World Wars. The deposits of the Jooste lithium mines became an important source of lepidolite, and beryl, columbite-tantalite, wolframite, and other minerals were produced. Since World War II prospecting and mining have been carried on vigorously, with the result that South West Africa produced nearly 3000 tons of beryl during 1949 through 1953, together with more than 40,000 tons of lithium minerals, chiefly lepidolite and petalite. Small amounts of tantalite, columbite, and other minerals have also been produced during the postwar period. Most of this mineral production has come from two pegmatite areas roughly outlined in Fig. 1. One is the Karibib-Omaruru area of north central South West Africa. The second is the northeastern part of the Orange River pegmatite area, which extends into adjacent parts of Namaqualand, in northern Cape Province of the Union of South Africa. The writer visited the two pegmatite areas in July 1951. The visit was brief. but it gave an opportunity to compare some of the' pegmatites of these areas with those studied and described in detail by many investigators in the U. S., Brazil, and Canada during and since World War 11.'-l' The writer has attempted to determine, in a preliminary way, whether the concepts of internal structure and distribution of minerals in pegmatite bodies developed out of these studies are applicable to prospecting and exploration of pegmatites in South West Africa. Previous Work In an important series of papers (1929 to 1942) T. W. Gevers, H. I?. Frommurze, S. H. Haughton, G. K. Joubert, and other geologists of the Geological Survey of South Africa described and discussed the pegmatites of the two areas.*-" These works are the principal sources of information on the pegmatite mineral deposits of South West Africa. The investigations showed that in the two areas pegmatites are profusely distributed in pre-Cambrian rocks. These rocks are meta-igneous and metasedimentary units that have been folded and subsequently invaded by younger pre-Cambrian granites and by other igneous rocks. The pegmatites are considered to be genetically related to the pre-Cambrian granites. Pegmatites occur in the granite bodies themselves but are most abundant in the surrounding metamor-phic rocks, a pattern repeated in many pegmatite districts of the world. The origin of the pegmatites and the factors controlling the occurrence of mineral deposits in them were discussed at length by Gevers and Frommurze (1929)" and later by Gevers 14, 15 pp. 41-51, Ref.

Jan 1, 1956

By P. B. Barton, P. M. Bethke, R. O. Rye

Rhyolitic welded-tuff wallrocks of the epithermal base and precious metal veins of the Creede district were pervasively altered by the addition of more than two billion metric tons of potassium some 1.5-2 million years before mineralization. Sodium, calcium and magnesium were strongly depleted, yielding a nearly binary quartz + potassium feldspar assemblage containing as much as 13 weight percent K 0. This large-scale metasomatism, originally noted by Steven and Rattle (1965), took place progressively by initial alteration of plagioclase phenocrysts to orthoclase or microcline followed by alteration of the groundmass feldspar to orthoclase and gradual change of the sanidine phenocrysts to more Or-rich compositions. Oxygen isotope and chemical studies show that the metasomatism resulted from the interaction of the tuffs with deeply circulating heated ground water and suggest that the potassium metasomatism of rhyolitic rocks is the facies equivalent of propylitization of volcanic rocks of more basic composition.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. V. Fairbanks

This report covers a study of three different methods for drying ultrafine coals by sound waves. Ultrafine material is classified as coal which passes through a 100-mesh sieve. During the investigations, it was found that the addition of acoustic radiation to the drying of ultrafine coal is effective in increasing the rate of drying; the effect of acoustic radiation to improve drying decreases with an increase in the temperature of the system; the drying rate increased 10-40% when acoustic radiation was introduced into a rotary kiln but was dependent upon the environmental conditions; the application of vertical vibrations to multi-tiered drying screens increased the rate of moisture removal ten times over that obtained in the rotary kiln; the formation of coal balls in any of the drier systems retards the rate of drying; the higher the initial moisture content of the coal the greater the amount of coal balls formed.

Jan 1, 1970

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, technical graduate, five years' experience as mining engineer and chemist. Actual experience in underground work, surveying, mapping, foreman, etc. Will accept very moderate salary to start with reliable company. Willing to go anywhere. No. 184. Member, technical graduate, with experience as engineer and metallurgist for various copper companies, is open for similar positions. No. 185. Member, specializing in cyanide treatment and cyanide plant construction, with 10 years' experience in Mexico and in the West, desires position. No. 186. Member, technical graduate, first in mining engineering and then in chemistry and metallurgy, Lafayette College; Fellow, School of Mines, Columbia University; special work Royal School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany; ten years' experience teaching mining, chemistry, assaying, and metallurgy, desires position as Director of School of Mines or Professor of Metallurgy. No. 187.

Jan 2, 1915

Mrs. W. Y. Westervelt, Director of the New York Section, reports an interesting meeting at her house- on May 12. Dr. Cecile Griel, special worker of the division for work among foreign-born women of the National Board of the Y. W. C. A., spoke. As the Americanization Committee under Mrs. Scobey is planning an energetic campaign, Dr. Griel's stirring appeal was timely and suggestive. While Dr. Griel cited the usual avenues of approach to our alien population through the school children, the needs of the baby, sewing classes, English classes, etc., her especial appeal was for correct psychology on the part of the workers. She deplored the condescension, implied or expressed, so often manifest in persons attempting Americanism, work and emphasized many times the importance of an understanding heart and mind. At the close Mrs. Scobey brought forward plans for practical work to be done by the New York women, of which I hope to give some details next month.

Jan 7, 1919

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Nov. 10 to Dec. 10, 1915: F. Lynwood Garrison, Philadelphia, Pa. E. Fleming l'engle, Costa Rico, C. A. William J. Lakeland, Burma, India. Fred Maccoy, El Oro, Mexico. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. 0. N. Scott, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Chester A. Fulton, Yonkers, N. Y. K. P. Swenson, Tokyo, Japan. Willet G. Miller, Toronto, Canada. - H. L. Mead, New York, N. Y. L. G. Huntley, Pittsburgh, Pa. E. DeGolyer, Norman, Okla. L. E. Howard, Lockport, N. Y. J. S. Lane, New York, N. Y. H. W. DuBois, Philadelphia, Pa. T. V. Nonactre, Argentina. Howard R. Stewart, London, England. N. H. Darton, of the U. S. Geological Survey, has returned to Washington after a long season of field work in New Mexico investigating the prospects of finding potash deposits in the Red beds.

Jan 1, 1916

By L. Mair

A STUDY by J. R. Low, Jr.1 on the effect of quench aging on the Charpy-impact specimens of semikilled 1020 steel disclosed that a decrease in cooling rate from 1275°F raised the transition temperature. This was demonstrated in his investigation by controlling the cooling rate of impact specimens to duplicate that of a heavier plate and com- paring the properties with air-cooled specimens and quenched specimens. The transition temperature of the samples that had been cooled at a rate estimated to be similar to that of an air-cooled 3/4 in. plate was approximately 45ºF higher than the quenched samples. The transition temperature of the air-cooled series was between that of the slow-cooled and the quenched series. On the basis of this work, it appeared that the cooling rate of plates after rolling in a hot mill would have a bearing on the brittle fracture of the

Jan 1, 1955

Upon nomination of the President, _the following Committee on Membership was appointed: Karl Eilers, Chairman, Arthur. S. Dwight, Lewis W. Francis, Louis D. Huntoon, Arthur L. Walker. The following resolution was then unanimously passed: WHEREAS, the integrity and life of this nation is dependent upon its ability to successfully defend itself against foreign aggression and attack, and WHEREAS, it is necessary that the nation he properly prepared to the end that our untrained patriotic volunteers he not uselessly slaughtered and our country disgraced and defeated, be it therefore RESOLVED: That the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers believe that compulsory universal military training should be at once instituted and that adequate, complete and immediate preparedness, should he provided. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That, we believe that thorough and complete preparedness in the army, the navy and the industries of the country is vital; anything less is unsatisfactory and inefficient and may result in disaster to the nation.

Jan 5, 1917

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during .the period Jan. 10 to Feb. 10, 1915: N. H. Emmons, 2d, Dover, Mass. R. 0. Hocking, Redruth, England. Paul W. Gaebelein, Cornucopia, Ore. G. H. Carnahan, New York, N. Y. H. D. Kinney, Easton, Pa. W. A. Wilson, Salt Lake City, Utah. W. D. McDougall, New York, N. Y. H. V. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn. Kirby Thomas, New York, N. Y. Mrs. H. V. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn. V. T. Lawshe, Newark, N. J. Keijiro Nishio, Tokyo, Japan. Henry S. Stebbins, who has been connected with the firm of Oglebay, Norton & Co., Cleveland, since 1892, has resigned to accept a position with M. A. Hanna & Co. of the same city. E. L. Newhouse has been chosen First Vice-President of the American Smelting & Refining Co. in place of the late Barton Sewell.

Jan 3, 1915

Plans for the fall meeting of the AIME, to be held in conjunction with the Centennial of Engineering -marking the 100th anniversary of the Society of Civil Engineers-indicate that the Chicago gathering will be one of the most significant in Institute history. Headquarters for the six divisions represented will be the Palmer House. Twenty technical sessions will be held from September 3 to 6, with papers of industry-wide impact to be presented. The papers will follow the theme of the celebration-a century of engineering progress. The MBD will start the ball rolling with morning and afternoon sessions Thursday, September 4. A luncheon also will be held. MBD has scheduled morning and afternoon sessions for the following day as well. MGGD, Iron and Steel, and the Coal Div., will hold sessions Friday afternoon. The Industrial Minerals Div. plans an executive meeting, 5 pm, Friday. Geology Subdivision is slated for morning and afternoon sessions Saturday. The Coal Div. will meet again Saturday morning.

Jan 1, 1952

JOHN H . NELSON,*Worcester, Mass.-In reply to the question "Is there any final information in regard to the relation between the temperature or the rate of cooling of a piece of heat-treated steel from the drawing temperature, and the so-called notch toughness?" I might say that we have conducted a large series of tests in the study of impacts on chrome-nickel and carbon steels and have gone into the subject of quenching from drawing temperature quite thoroughly but have found that one cannot lay down any definite rule or law with respect to the effect of quenching from the drawing heat. We conducted experiments on the effect of cooling by quenching in water, cooling in air, and burying the coupon in lime. Steels that have practically no impact value when air cooled may show very marked results when they are quenched in water, depending on the temperature at which the drawing is done.

Jan 6, 1919

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing. committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization and at a minimum of expense. J. V. W. Reynders is chairman of the Endowment Committee.

Jan 1, 1929

(Members are urged to send in for, this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who registered at Institute headquarters during the period Aug. 10 to Sept. 10, 1915: Everett L. Booth, New York, N. Y. Raymond B. Ladoo, Cambridge, Mass. T. E. Sturtevant, Dover, N. J. Henry A. Tobelman, Ajo, Ariz. C. A: Filteau, New York, N. Y. R. B.Tinsley, B. Tinsley; Venezuela. Guy C. Riddell, Helena; Mont. ; E. H. Hamilton, Norfolk, Va. Joseph Leiner, New. York; N. Y. M. Yoshimura, Tokyo, Japan. Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Canada. Van H. Manning has been appointed Director of the U.. S., Bureau of Mines, to succeed the, late, Dr. Joseph A. Holmes. Mr. Manning was Assistant Director of the Bureau. 0. M. Lewyn, formerly Mine. Superintendent for the Braden Copper Co., has accepted the position of Assistant Mine Manager with the Union Minière de Haut Katanga of South Africa.

Jan 10, 1915

By W. M. Rust, W. D. Mounce

THE almost universal acceptance of electrical logging by the petroleum industry calls for a critical examination of the physical bases of the common methods. This is particularly needed for the natural potential log. The conventional explanations are based on the phenomena of electrofiltration and electro-osmosis. However, experimental data show that they fail to give a basis that is quantitatively sound. Moreover, they lead to interpretations of details of electrical logs that are erroneous. It was found experimentally that when a plug of shale is placed in a chain of dissimilar electrolytes, a current flow results. Experiments on oil-well cores and fluids similar to those existing in wells show that potentials are set up which are in reasonable agreement with those encountered in electrical logging. Doubt- less other sources of potential are important but this explanation not only accounts for much of the potential but also clarifies some fairly familiar examples of misinterpretations.

Jan 1, 1944

By Ian M. Thomson, Robert W. Greene

Last August, American Commercial Barge Line Co. (ACBL) began moving coal from mines on the old Camp Breckinridge property in Western Kentucky to TVA's new 2600 MW steam plant at Cumberland City, Tenn. By April of 1973, this movement will reach a level of 7 million tpy. TVA bought the coal rights to this property from the General Services Administration in 1965 for approximately $7 million and is now in possession of reserves containing about 120 million tons of recoverable No. 9 coal, and about the same recoverable amount of No. 11 coal. TVA then contracted through competitive bidding with Peabody Coal Co. to mine the No. 9 seam through two slope shafts. The mines are about 300-ft deep and are separated by the one major fault on this property. The mine portals are approximately 3 ½ mi apart, with the northern portal being over nine miles distant from the Ohio River.

Jan 1, 1971

By Will Mitchell

There are in this country some 20 or 30 societies for engineers and engineering scientists. Most of these organizations are autonomous, and there is little or no cooperation among them. Many do not touch the lives of our Institute members. However, during the course of the years several societies closely associated with the AIME have banded together to handle specific situations where cooperation was necessary. It is believed by many engineers that the functions of these cooperative societies should be analyzed and a plan set up to unify the engineering profession into an organization similar to the American Medical Association and the American Bar Association. The preliminary study of the AIME Committee for Inter-Engineering Society Cooperation has indicated that the following organizations bear upon the professional lives of our members. Some of these are federated groups, such as EJC and ECPD; others are individual-member participation groups, such as the Founder Societies and NSPE.

Jan 10, 1960

By R. H. Migliaccio, M. B. Kahle

The railroad haulage system was started at Kennecott's Bingham Mine in 1906 and has remained a prime mover of ore and waste for the succeeding sixty years. As the stripping ratios increased contract stripping on the upper levels of the mine was introduced employing truck and shovel methods. The ore production then was 90,000 tpd. Analysis of expanding the ore production to 108,000 tpd revealed that the increased ore production and continually rising stripping ratio would result in waste production requirements that exceeded the capacity of the rail haulage system above 6290 level. The advent of larger haulage trucks (65-100 tons) in the early 1960's made available to the Bing- ham Mine economic and operating factors which showed truck haul- age to be the best replacement for rail haulage on the upper levels of the mine. As part of that analysis it was concluded that company stripping would replace the contractor stripping in the top area of the mine.

Jan 7, 1973

By A. Eiders

THE year 1874 marks a decided advance in the metallurgy of the West, in two directions. On the one hand, the technical management has been very materially improved, and on the other, the production has been largely increased over that of the previous year. The technical improvements of greatest importance are the introduction of condensation-chambers, or flues, at several works, and the further treatment of the lead matte produced in the ore smelting. These two are of general importance, and although by no means introduced at the majority of works, their adoption at the few where their great importance has begun to be understood will no doubt bring about their universal introduction. To these may be added a third step. forward, which for some localities is vital enough, though for others it must still remain doubtful whether it is to be regarded as an improvement or not. This is the introduction, at several

Jan 1, 1875