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By D. R. Mash

A strong yield point with attendant enhanced mechanical properties was found in commercially pure beryllium under certain conditions of heat treatment. Beryllium specimens also responded to both quench and strain aging treatments. Based on these results, a possible means of obtaining increased normal temperature mechanical properties is suggested. COMMERCIALLY pure beryllium has been found to exhibit the yield point phenomenon and several other aging manifestations under certain conditions of heat treatment. This behavior is not surprising in view of the present accumulation of experience regarding such effects in numerous metals; but in addition to extending this experience to include beryllium, the present study is of interest because aging effects are generally associated with the presence of small amounts of solute elements. The well known lack of tensile ductility in beryllium at normal temperatures is also considered to be due to impurities in some way. In the present investigation, the view was taken that beryllium of commercial purity (greater than 98 pct) should be considered as a dilute alloy and that precipitation phenomena may well exist which could lead to enhanced mechanical properties. In connection with this possibility, published data on the variation of mechanical properties with temperature are of interest. For example, Fig. 1 illustrates the variation of ductility (percentage of elongation) and ultimate strength as a function of temperature for beryllium of various histories.* Although these curves are somewhat schematic in nature, they clearly indicate the possibility that precipitation of an unstable phase and/or aging effects occur during tests in the region 400" to 700°C. The existence of such behavior should be recognized as affecting the properties of the commercial material and perhaps can be employed advantageously. Experimental Method All testing was done at room temperature using a Baldwin universal testing machine. A microformer extensometer was used in conjunction with a micro-former-type stress-strain recorder. All tests were conducted at constant loading rate, the slowest rates being used. This corresponded to 120 lb per min in the 1200 lb full scale range and 300 lb per min in the 6000 lb full scale range. After the rate of loading was set in the elastic range of the material during the early part of the test, no further adjustments were made, allowing the test to proceed at that setting. In the plastic region of the curve above the yield region, strain rates of from 0.002 to 0.006 in. per min were regularly obtained. All experimentation was carried out on specimens machined from the same lot of beryllium, lot No. Y5036BP. Table I shows the chemical analysis as furnished by the supplier, Brush Beryllium Co., as well as the standard specifications to which commercial beryllium is produced. Both 1/4 in. thick hot pressed plate and ½ in. round hot pressed and warm extruded rods were obtained. The history of the material is reported to be as follows: 1—Beryllium metal plates, produced from a standard hot pressed QMV beryllium metal block 4x15x40 in., were cut off and finished machined to 1/4x6x12 in. flat plates. The original hot pressed block was made by hot pressing —200 mesh vacuum cast attri-tioned powder at about 1050°C under vacuum. 2—Beryllium rod was hot pressed and warm extruded. Extrusion billets were machined from the regular hot pressed blocks followed by extrusion at 425°C. The extrusion was done without jacketing, and graphite was used as a lubricant. The rods were then straightened at 720 °C, after which they were annealed at 800°C for 15 min. Both flat tensile specimens and round tensile specimens were tested. The former were machined from the plate stock into standard specimens according to specifications shown in ASTM E8-52T. The nominal cross-section was 0.25x0.500 in. and the gage length was 2 in. The round specimens were

Jan 1, 1956

THE transformation, in a sample of levitation melted iodide titanium, has been studied with a Leitz hot-stage microscope. The specimen was etched in HF:HNO3: glycerine, (1:1:2) giving a structure shown in Fig. 1, and was then heated at approximately 5OC per min. At 870°C (±5OC) the etching product disappeared, the a-grain boundaries showed in relief, and some new grain boundaries (presumably of ß) appeared (Fig. 2, see arrow). Some evidence of ß-grain growth is indicated by the apparent longitudinal movement of a ß-grain boundary shown in Figs. 2 and 3 (see arrows). The specimen was later heated to 1000°C and then cooled at 2°C per min. At 845°C rumpling of the surface was first noticed, Fig. 4, and continued at constant temperature. The photomicrograph reproduced in Fig. 5 was taken 6 sec after Fig. 4, at 845°C. Fig. 6 shows the structure after cooling to room temperature. The room-temperature structure, showing a rumpled surface has been observed by previous investigators.' These structures presumably indicate a sheer transformation ß - a, athermally nucleated, but capable of isothermal progression.

Jan 1, 1960

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. E. Lamborn

A summary of oil and gas development in Ohio for 1935 must necessarily be brief. As attention of the state government to the oil and gas industry has never included the collection and compilation of statistics on production, either by producing sands, by counties, by fields, or for the state as a whole, such information as requested in Table 1 of this symposium is impossible to secure for this state. In the absence of production data chief attention must be directed to drilling activity for the year. Information such as can be compiled from various sources, including weekly drilling reports to operating companies and trade journals, is given in the following paragraphs with the realization that the data may not be complete in all its details. Drilling Activity by Fields Drilling activity during 1935 was similar to the preceding year in , that the major operating companies were generally content to drill lease-requirement and offset wells and in that comparatively little effort was made to discover new pools. A compilation of completions recorded in weekly reports to drilling companies and in trade journals show 1022 tests completed for the year in 53 counties of the state. Of this total number, 653 wells were commercial producers and 369 were classed as dry holes. Production was secured in 40 counties from formations ranging in depth to 5700 ft. and ranging in age from Middle Ordovician to upper Pennsyl-vanian. From the standpoint of new production for the year, the most important sands are the Clinton of Silurian age, the Berea of Mississippian age and the Shallow sands of Mississippian above the Berea and of Pennsylvanian age. Trenton Sand Field Production in the field of Trenton sand, which originally included parts of 15 counties in northwestern Ohio, is now on the decline. Seventy-three completions were reported in this field during 1935, of which 33.8 per cent were dry holes. Activity centered in Allen County with 12 completions, two of which were dry holes; in Hardin County with 11 producers; and in Wyandot County with 12 producers and 2 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1936

By G. W. Imholz

A number of interesting wells were drilled in north central Texas during 1940. The Shell Oil Company's Smith well in scc. 143, block I, H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, was completed for an initial production of 581 bbl. per day from the Mississippian limestone, with a total depth of 6065 ft. The same company's Patterson well, sec. 393, block D. H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, tested the Ellenburger limestone and was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 6760 feet. In Nolan County the Tex-Harvey Oil Co. drilled a well in sec. 43, near the Tipton well, which was completed as a small producer in the Strawn section. The Tex-Harvey well tested this producing horizon but was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 5210 feet. The Montour-Haggart well, sec. 184, block 2, H. and T. C. survey, Fisher County, tested the Strawn and was abandoned with a total depth of 5664 feet. The Georgian Oil Company's Blach, sec. 309, T. R. and L.. Shackelford County, encountered the top of the Ellenburger limestone at 4725 ft. After being plugged back to 3915 It. from a total depth of 4825 ft., the well tested 10 bbl, of oil per day and 300 bbl. of water. The W. I. Sothern No. 2 Carlisle well in sec. 293 was deepened to the Cambrian. The top of the Ellenburger was encountered at 6540 fcet. A wildcat well in Fisher County, the E. A. Stephenson-Maberry, apparently opened a new pool when the well encountered sand from 3298 lo 3302 ft. and was completed for 50 bbl. per day in the Cook sand horizon. In Jones County, the King Oil Company's Olsen well, sec. 158, B. B. B. and C. survey, extended the Avoca-Olander pool. The well was completed for 263 bbl. in 8 1/2 hr. from the Palo Pinto limestone, from 3298 to 3302 ft. Ungren-Frazier extended the Akard pool with No. I Akard, in the D. 'T. Bruce survey. The well was completed for 83 bbl. per day from the Cook sand, encountered from 2109 to 2126 feet.

Jan 1, 1941

By Olin G. Bell

The year 1934 in Southwest Texas was marked by aggressive development and exploratory work and resulted in the finding of five new fields and a new producing horizon in one of the older fields. This activity is the result of a reasonable market outlet for production, on both oil and gas, and the fact that drilling and operating costs are reasonable and that possibilities of finding new productive areas are rather high. A large part of the area is prospective and very little, if any, satisfactory surface geological work can be done. This, together with the possibility of finding new productive areas, stimulates wildcatting throughout the counties under discussion. Development work continued actively in all of the newer fields. Exploratory work was most intense in Duval, McMullen, Starr and Zapata counties. The activity in Duval and McMullen counties was the result of persistent efforts to find new trends of production similar to and perhaps associated with the Government Wells group of fields. The activity in Starr and Zapata counties was stimulated by the discovery of the Sam Fordyce field in Hidalgo County as well as the continued effort to find new productive trends southeastward from some of the older fields in northeastern Zapata County and western Jim Hogg Comity. Statistics on production are shown in Tables 1 and 2. New Fields Lopeno.—The Lopeno gas field in the southwestern part of Zapata County was opened in August, 1934, by R. B. Morrison No. 1 Ramirez. This is an anticlinal structure mapable in Claiborne beds and the producing horizon is the Queen City sand at 2100 ft. in the Upper Mt. Selman. At the close of the year only two gas wells had been completed but drilling operations were in progress on several other wells and a gas line was being laid to the field so that withdrawals from the area will begin early in 1935. Comilas.—The Comitas field was opened by Merle Gunby No. 1 Haynes in a sand at 800 ft. in an area southwest of the Escobas field. The discovery well had an initial production of only about 16 bbl. of oil

Jan 1, 1935

By R. E. Lamborn

A summary of oil and gas development in Ohio for 1935 must necessarily be brief. As attention of the state government to the oil and gas industry has never included the collection and compilation of statistics on production, either by producing sands, by counties, by fields, or for the state as a whole, such information as requested in Table 1 of this symposium is impossible to secure for this state. In the absence of production data chief attention must be directed to drilling activity for the year. Information such as can be compiled from various sources, including weekly drilling reports to operating companies and trade journals, is given in the following paragraphs with the realization that the data may not be complete in all its details. Drilling Activity by Fields Drilling activity during 1935 was similar to the preceding year in , that the major operating companies were generally content to drill lease-requirement and offset wells and in that comparatively little effort was made to discover new pools. A compilation of completions recorded in weekly reports to drilling companies and in trade journals show 1022 tests completed for the year in 53 counties of the state. Of this total number, 653 wells were commercial producers and 369 were classed as dry holes. Production was secured in 40 counties from formations ranging in depth to 5700 ft. and ranging in age from Middle Ordovician to upper Pennsyl-vanian. From the standpoint of new production for the year, the most important sands are the Clinton of Silurian age, the Berea of Mississippian age and the Shallow sands of Mississippian above the Berea and of Pennsylvanian age. Trenton Sand Field Production in the field of Trenton sand, which originally included parts of 15 counties in northwestern Ohio, is now on the decline. Seventy-three completions were reported in this field during 1935, of which 33.8 per cent were dry holes. Activity centered in Allen County with 12 completions, two of which were dry holes; in Hardin County with 11 producers; and in Wyandot County with 12 producers and 2 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1936

By G. W. Imholz

A number of interesting wells were drilled in north central Texas during 1940. The Shell Oil Company's Smith well in scc. 143, block I, H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, was completed for an initial production of 581 bbl. per day from the Mississippian limestone, with a total depth of 6065 ft. The same company's Patterson well, sec. 393, block D. H. and T. C. survey, Stonewall County, tested the Ellenburger limestone and was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 6760 feet. In Nolan County the Tex-Harvey Oil Co. drilled a well in sec. 43, near the Tipton well, which was completed as a small producer in the Strawn section. The Tex-Harvey well tested this producing horizon but was abandoned as a dry hole with a total depth of 5210 feet. The Montour-Haggart well, sec. 184, block 2, H. and T. C. survey, Fisher County, tested the Strawn and was abandoned with a total depth of 5664 feet. The Georgian Oil Company's Blach, sec. 309, T. R. and L.. Shackelford County, encountered the top of the Ellenburger limestone at 4725 ft. After being plugged back to 3915 It. from a total depth of 4825 ft., the well tested 10 bbl, of oil per day and 300 bbl. of water. The W. I. Sothern No. 2 Carlisle well in sec. 293 was deepened to the Cambrian. The top of the Ellenburger was encountered at 6540 fcet. A wildcat well in Fisher County, the E. A. Stephenson-Maberry, apparently opened a new pool when the well encountered sand from 3298 lo 3302 ft. and was completed for 50 bbl. per day in the Cook sand horizon. In Jones County, the King Oil Company's Olsen well, sec. 158, B. B. B. and C. survey, extended the Avoca-Olander pool. The well was completed for 263 bbl. in 8 1/2 hr. from the Palo Pinto limestone, from 3298 to 3302 ft. Ungren-Frazier extended the Akard pool with No. I Akard, in the D. 'T. Bruce survey. The well was completed for 83 bbl. per day from the Cook sand, encountered from 2109 to 2126 feet.

Jan 1, 1941

By Theron Wasson

Michigan has had another record year. Its production has been maintained by the development of fields discovered in 1938. Two minor fields were listed as discoveries in 1939. These are in the southwestern part of the state, where the greatest drilling activity took place. During the year 1465 tests were completed, of which 828 were oil wells, 56 gas wells and 581 dry holes. The four southwestern counties—Allegan, Ottawa, Kent and Van Buren—had 1077 tests drilled, while nine other southwestern counties had 70 tests, making a total of 1147 for this part of the state, 78 per cent of all drilled during the year. Michigan's production of 23,400,000 bbl. during 1939, equal to an average daily production of 64,110 bbl., exceeded 1938 by 4,655,000 bbl., thus establishing another annual record, which brought the cumulative amount for the state to a little over 125,000,000 barrels. A map showing location of Michigan oil and gas fields was published in the TRansactions in 1939 (Vol. 132, p. 353). Active Oil Fields.—The Walker field, near Grand Rapids, Kent County, had a rapid development during the year. Traverse limestone production was discovered here in September 1938, and development has been rapid during 1939. At the end of the year 5500 acres have been proved by drilling. The Traverse limestone is found in Walker field at a depth of about 1810 ft. The Temple field, Clare County, was the most active in Central Michigan. Its production is from the Monroe dolomite at a depth of 3890 ft. In this field 2500 acres have been proved by 125 producing wells. Michigan's largest producer for 1939 was drilled in the Temple field, with a rated potential of 8760 bbl. per day. The Wise field, Wise township, Isabella County, discovered in 1938, had a steady and orderly development because the operators agreed on a staggered 20-acre spacing program. So far 760 acres have been proved for production from the Dundee limestone, found at 3650 feet. Active Gas Fields.—The most active areas in which drilling was done during the past year for gas were the Freeman and Lincoln fields in Clare County, the Clayton field of Arenac County, and the Home field of

Jan 1, 1940

By Theron Wasson

Michigan has had another record year. Its production has been maintained by the development of fields discovered in 1938. Two minor fields were listed as discoveries in 1939. These are in the southwestern part of the state, where the greatest drilling activity took place. During the year 1465 tests were completed, of which 828 were oil wells, 56 gas wells and 581 dry holes. The four southwestern counties—Allegan, Ottawa, Kent and Van Buren—had 1077 tests drilled, while nine other southwestern counties had 70 tests, making a total of 1147 for this part of the state, 78 per cent of all drilled during the year. Michigan's production of 23,400,000 bbl. during 1939, equal to an average daily production of 64,110 bbl., exceeded 1938 by 4,655,000 bbl., thus establishing another annual record, which brought the cumulative amount for the state to a little over 125,000,000 barrels. A map showing location of Michigan oil and gas fields was published in the TRansactions in 1939 (Vol. 132, p. 353). Active Oil Fields.—The Walker field, near Grand Rapids, Kent County, had a rapid development during the year. Traverse limestone production was discovered here in September 1938, and development has been rapid during 1939. At the end of the year 5500 acres have been proved by drilling. The Traverse limestone is found in Walker field at a depth of about 1810 ft. The Temple field, Clare County, was the most active in Central Michigan. Its production is from the Monroe dolomite at a depth of 3890 ft. In this field 2500 acres have been proved by 125 producing wells. Michigan's largest producer for 1939 was drilled in the Temple field, with a rated potential of 8760 bbl. per day. The Wise field, Wise township, Isabella County, discovered in 1938, had a steady and orderly development because the operators agreed on a staggered 20-acre spacing program. So far 760 acres have been proved for production from the Dundee limestone, found at 3650 feet. Active Gas Fields.—The most active areas in which drilling was done during the past year for gas were the Freeman and Lincoln fields in Clare County, the Clayton field of Arenac County, and the Home field of

Jan 1, 1940

By Sidney H. Haughton

WHEN the white pioneers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries advanced from the coastal settlements of southern Africa into the interior of the subcontinent, they found it inhabited, more or less sparsely, by brown or black peoples mainly of pastoral habits but equipped with a fighting spirit and certain fighting weapons. Some of the tribes were smiths, others were miners and metallurgists; all used fuel, either industrially or domestically. Some of that fuel was wood, some cattle dung, and in some places the natives mined outcrop coal. Coal was first discovered by Europeans in Natal about 1840. After proper deliberation and after allowing due time for a consideration of all the implications, the Natal Government decided in 1881 (40 years after) to import an English expert to investigate and report on the discovery. Things then moved rapidly, and in what to a geologist is the remarkably short space of eight years, Natal collieries were producing at the rate of nearly 30,000 long tons per annum or 100 long tons per working day!

Jan 1, 1945

Secondary blast holes are now being pierced in quartzite and sandstone quarries, using multiple hand-operated Jet-Piercing units supplied with oxygen, fuel and water from a compact mobile carrier. A unit of this type, operating in a Canadian quarry, enabled four Jet-Piercing blowpipes to pierce blast holes for two hours without shutdown. The piercing blowpipes used were developed by Linde Air Products Co., a division of Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. The mobile supply carrier was constructed by the quarry from specifications supplied by Linde and modified by the quarry operators for their particular use. Employment of the new self-contained unit, which allows up to four operators to pierce approximately 450 ft of blast hole without shutdown, accelerates rock removal operations. Normally, only two blowpipes are in operation at one time. Large boulders or ledges, which sometimes remain after primary blasting to hamper loading operations, can, in the case of certain hard rock, be prepared for reduction more rapidly with these new units than by any other means. A special feature of the new manual Jet-Piercing unit is the mobile gas and fluid supply carrier. It consists of a standard truck chassis fitted out with four banks of large standard-capacity oxygen cylinders, a steel-holding tank for fuel oil, and a gasoline-driven air compressor and tank for pressurizing the fuel oil tank. Cooling water for the blowpipes is supplied to the unit from a hose extension to the quarry supply line. Feeder lines from the oxygen cylinder manifolds and the oil and water tanks terminate in four sets of take-off stations on the control panel at the rear of the truck. As many as four hand Jet-Piercing blowpipes can be connected to the take-off panel by high-pressure rubber hoses. The hand Jet-Piercing blowpipe used with the mobile supply carrier is a highly portable device which can be manipulated comfortably by one operator. The blowpipe can pierce blast holes at rates up to 60 ft per hour, depending on the properties of the rock. Blast holes can be pierced at any angle from the vertical to the horizontal, making it necessary for the operator to drill from the top of the boulder. Hole diameter is held to approximately that which allows the use of a standard 11/8-in. diameter dynamite. The manual Jet-Piercing blowpipe has these important design features: a burner from which the combustion gases emerge at supersonic speeds (in excess of 6000 ft per sec); a hole-sizing shell which controls the minimum size of the hole and protects the copper burner; and a sliding shield which protects the operator against the steam and spallings ejected from the hole during the piercing. The Jet piercing process has been applied successfully in United States and Canadian quarries within the last several years as an advanced method of "drilling" blast holes.

Jan 1, 1952

By Ralph Arnold

Since 1915, when Elk Basin field was brought in, eight oil fields have been developed in Montana and the production has arisen from 50,000 bbl. in 1916 to 8,000,000 bbl. in 1926. The production for 1927 was 5,121,600 bbl. and the total up to the end of 1927 was 27,138,239 barrels. The eight fields, with their year of discovery are: Elk Basin, Carbon County (1915); Devil's Basin, Petroleum County (1919); Cat Creek, Petroleum County (1920); Soap Creek, Big Horn County (1921); Kevin-Sunburst, Toole County (1922); Lake Basin, Stillwater County (1924); Pondera, Pondera and Teton counties (1927); and Bannatyne, Pondera and Teton counties (1927). About 170 wildcat wells have been drilled in the state of which 8 were successful and 162 gas wells or dry. Hence, only one out of 21, or 5 per cent. of the wildcats have been successful. The average depth of the wells has been 1600 ft. and the average cost $32,000 apiece. • Up to Jan. 1, 1927, a total of 1376 wells have been drilled in the producing oil and gas fields of the state, of which 904, or 66 per cent., were successful oil wells; 82, or 6 per cent. were gas; and 390, or 28 per cent, were dry. The percentage of dry wells is excessive as compared to the wells in other states, due to the uncertainties of limestone reservoir rocks. The total production of oil to Jan. 1, 1927, has been 22,016,639 bbl. and of gas 7,265,330,000 cu. ft. The average price at the well for the oil has been $1.47 per bbl. and for gas about 4 c. per 1000 cu. ft. The value at the point of consumption has been about 23 c. per 1000 cu. ft. The total revenue derived from crude oil has been $32,277,119, and from gas 8350,613, or a total income to the producer of $32,727,832. Each well drilled in the state has already (to Jan. 1, 1927) averaged a return of over $21,000. The total number of domestic (Montana) oil and gas companies organized, since the first in 1885, has been 844, of which 702 are still alive and 142 dead. Oil and gas companies registered for operation within the state to Jan. 1, 1927, but with outside charters, are 143, of which 66 are alive and 77 are dead. Outside the few distributing companies, which are included in these figures, the grand total of 997 companies which have

Jan 1, 1928

By L. B. Herring, Harold Decker

The South Texas area, discussed herein, represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Cominission and extends from Jackson, Lavaca, and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, comprising a total of 26 counties.$ The present boundaries of this district do not coincide with those of earlier reports published in the annual volumes of Petroleum Development and Technology. The war, in its various ramifications, determined and controlled all the phases of the oil and gas industry. Priorities for material and governmental subsidies determined all new operations. New Pools In our opinion, the combine' quantity of crude and distillate reserves added in '943 approached Or possibly exceeded the amount produced. Thirty-five new pools were added to the area' Of these, five have significant reserves and ten offer possibilities of containing consequential reserves. The largest proven reserve discovered during the year was the Slick pool, on the DeWitt-Goliad County line. This is also the most important Wilcox discovery to date in the area. The most significant extension was at Willimar, Willacy County. Other important extensions were developed at Agua Dulce, Seeligson, and Odem. Except for the Porter field, in Karnes County, the Laredo trend, which produces lrom the Jackson and Yegua, proved very disappointing, and this pool is o:C secondary importance. The Scott and Hopper pool, Brooks County, has only orie well, but offers excellent possibilities of becoming an important discovery. It represents at this time the major Frio discovery of the year. The Hobson pool, Karnes County, is not a major reserve, but can be classed as important in that it produces at a shallow depth from the Wilcox. This proves that the potential area of production for this zone occupies a broad trend. Gas and Condensate During the year construction was begun on only one recycling plant, this being in the Sejita field, Duval County. Several others were colltemplated, but no actual operations were begun. The most important development in recycling was the rebuilding of old plants to allow for the fractiona-tion of isopentane, n-butane, isobutane, and propane. Heretofore all pentanes plus have been marketed as cLdistillate,n only a minor portion of the butanes being isolated and sold for fuel purposes. All these new the except propane, are considered vital to the war effort and propane is being marketed as fuel gas. In other instances propane is being isolated and then pumped back into the gas reservoirs for storage. It is anticipated that the demands for this product will increase in the future. Drilling in the Wilcox trend during the year showed the existence of valuable gas

Jan 1, 1944

By L. B. Herring, Harold Decker

The South Texas area, discussed herein, represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Cominission and extends from Jackson, Lavaca, and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, comprising a total of 26 counties.$ The present boundaries of this district do not coincide with those of earlier reports published in the annual volumes of Petroleum Development and Technology. The war, in its various ramifications, determined and controlled all the phases of the oil and gas industry. Priorities for material and governmental subsidies determined all new operations. New Pools In our opinion, the combine' quantity of crude and distillate reserves added in '943 approached Or possibly exceeded the amount produced. Thirty-five new pools were added to the area' Of these, five have significant reserves and ten offer possibilities of containing consequential reserves. The largest proven reserve discovered during the year was the Slick pool, on the DeWitt-Goliad County line. This is also the most important Wilcox discovery to date in the area. The most significant extension was at Willimar, Willacy County. Other important extensions were developed at Agua Dulce, Seeligson, and Odem. Except for the Porter field, in Karnes County, the Laredo trend, which produces lrom the Jackson and Yegua, proved very disappointing, and this pool is o:C secondary importance. The Scott and Hopper pool, Brooks County, has only orie well, but offers excellent possibilities of becoming an important discovery. It represents at this time the major Frio discovery of the year. The Hobson pool, Karnes County, is not a major reserve, but can be classed as important in that it produces at a shallow depth from the Wilcox. This proves that the potential area of production for this zone occupies a broad trend. Gas and Condensate During the year construction was begun on only one recycling plant, this being in the Sejita field, Duval County. Several others were colltemplated, but no actual operations were begun. The most important development in recycling was the rebuilding of old plants to allow for the fractiona-tion of isopentane, n-butane, isobutane, and propane. Heretofore all pentanes plus have been marketed as cLdistillate,n only a minor portion of the butanes being isolated and sold for fuel purposes. All these new the except propane, are considered vital to the war effort and propane is being marketed as fuel gas. In other instances propane is being isolated and then pumped back into the gas reservoirs for storage. It is anticipated that the demands for this product will increase in the future. Drilling in the Wilcox trend during the year showed the existence of valuable gas

Jan 1, 1944

By Jasper L. Stuckey

It is not known when kaolin mining was first begun in North carolina, Evidence, in the form of excavations and primitive tools, indicates that some of the deposits were worked in prehistoric times. It has been suggested that the prehistoric mining was for mica, but the workings were all in altered or partly altered pegmatite material and the dumps do not represent the amount of material removed. some of the early openings may have been made in search of kaolin or semi-kaolinized feldspar which was sold to English1 traders along the coast and used in some Of the early English porcelains. In 1744,2 an application was made for an English patent to produce porcelain from an earthy mixture obtained from the Cherokee Nation in North America. It is well established, however, that the occurrence of kaolin in western North Carolina was known in England by 1767. In that year, Josiah Wedgewood sent T. Griffiths3,4 to what is now Macon County, North Carolina, to secure a supply Of kaolin for use in England. Griffiths diary, now in Etruria Museum, Stokes-on-Trent, contains a most interesting account of his experience. Kaolin was discovered at St. Austell, England, shortly after the voyage Of Griffiths, which probably accounts for the lack of further interest in American kaolin. Between 1767 and 1888, there are no records of kaolin mining in North Carolina. In the latter year, however, mining was begun near Webster, Jackson County, and, in the intervening period, has become an important industry. 'Or some 20 years, kaolin mining was carried On chiefly in Jackson, Macon, and Swain Counties. About 1904, it was begun in the Spruce Pine district and for the past 20 Yea's most of the kaolin mined in the State has come from Avery, Mitchell, and Yancey Counties. Distribution The kaolins of North Carolina are limited in occurrence to the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain area of the State. While kaolins are widespread in the Piedmont Plateau, having been prospected for in Rutherford, Cleveland, Gaston, Granville, Lincoln, Catawba, Ire-dell, Richmond, Moore, Randolph, and Montgomery Counties, the production from that area has never been important. The known deposits of commercial importance are limited entirely to the mountain area of the State. While kaolins occur widely distributed throughout the mountain area and have been prospected for in many counties of that area, commercial production has come chiefly from two districts. One of these includes Jackson, Macon, Swain, and Haywood Counties. The other includes Avery, Mitchell, and Yancey Counties. Geology With few exceptions, all the known kaolin deposits in North Carolina contain

Jan 1, 1948

By Jasper L. Stuckey

It is not known when kaolin mining was first begun in North carolina, Evidence, in the form of excavations and primitive tools, indicates that some of the deposits were worked in prehistoric times. It has been suggested that the prehistoric mining was for mica, but the workings were all in altered or partly altered pegmatite material and the dumps do not represent the amount of material removed. some of the early openings may have been made in search of kaolin or semi-kaolinized feldspar which was sold to English1 traders along the coast and used in some Of the early English porcelains. In 1744,2 an application was made for an English patent to produce porcelain from an earthy mixture obtained from the Cherokee Nation in North America. It is well established, however, that the occurrence of kaolin in western North Carolina was known in England by 1767. In that year, Josiah Wedgewood sent T. Griffiths3,4 to what is now Macon County, North Carolina, to secure a supply Of kaolin for use in England. Griffiths diary, now in Etruria Museum, Stokes-on-Trent, contains a most interesting account of his experience. Kaolin was discovered at St. Austell, England, shortly after the voyage Of Griffiths, which probably accounts for the lack of further interest in American kaolin. Between 1767 and 1888, there are no records of kaolin mining in North Carolina. In the latter year, however, mining was begun near Webster, Jackson County, and, in the intervening period, has become an important industry. 'Or some 20 years, kaolin mining was carried On chiefly in Jackson, Macon, and Swain Counties. About 1904, it was begun in the Spruce Pine district and for the past 20 Yea's most of the kaolin mined in the State has come from Avery, Mitchell, and Yancey Counties. Distribution The kaolins of North Carolina are limited in occurrence to the Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountain area of the State. While kaolins are widespread in the Piedmont Plateau, having been prospected for in Rutherford, Cleveland, Gaston, Granville, Lincoln, Catawba, Ire-dell, Richmond, Moore, Randolph, and Montgomery Counties, the production from that area has never been important. The known deposits of commercial importance are limited entirely to the mountain area of the State. While kaolins occur widely distributed throughout the mountain area and have been prospected for in many counties of that area, commercial production has come chiefly from two districts. One of these includes Jackson, Macon, Swain, and Haywood Counties. The other includes Avery, Mitchell, and Yancey Counties. Geology With few exceptions, all the known kaolin deposits in North Carolina contain

Jan 1, 1948

By M. R. Geer, H. F. Yancey

Four coals were treated in the Humphreys spiral concentrator, and the products were examined by float-and-sink and screen-sizing tests to determine fundamental performance characteristics. The efficiency of the separation between coal and impurity was shown to be influenced greatly by particle size.

Jan 1, 1950

By B. C. Craft

Oil and gas development in Arkansas during the year 1933 has been marked by considerable wildcat drilling, considering the overproduction prevalent in the oil industry. Arkansas showed an increase in drilling operations during 1933. There were 45 completions from 10 counties resulting in 7 oil wells and 38 dry holes, compared with 37 completions resulting in 4 oil wells and 33 dry holes during 1932. Miller County continued to be the most active area, with 18 completions resulting in 3 oil wells and 15 dry holes. Extensive exploration around the Miller County field has more definitely established the producing limits. It has confirmed the belief that produc-

Jan 1, 1934