Search Documents

By Pierre R. Hines

The first progress in American ore dressing practice was made in the mills of the Mother Lode in Calif., the Comstock Lode in Nev., and Gilpin County in Colo., during the years 1861 to 1870, when the ancient wooden stamp battery, with square wooden stems, was converted into the 'California' stamp made of wrought and cast iron, with round stems which rotated. Eli Whitney Blake invented the jaw crusher in 1858 for stone crushing, and it was soon used for crushing ore. F. W. Gates' gyratory crusher followed twenty years later. S. R. Krom, Thomas A. Edison, and others improved the Cornish rolls by increasing their size and spring pressures; the Symons Brothers made horizontal and vertical disc crushers; W. Ball and E. T. Leavitt designed powerful steam stamps for Lake Superior native copper ores; and jigs were mechanized. William B. Frue, a mill superintendent in the Lake Superior copper district, invented the vanner in 1874. Arthur F. Wilfley built his riffled concentrating table in 1895, just after Dr. Robert H. Richards commenced his Ore Dressing. The Wilfley table so changed concentrator flow sheets that Dr. Richards was compelled to revise his text, and its publication was delayed until 1903. The value of sizing or classifying before concentration was recognized. Dr. Richards had persuaded the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. to install round tables with special surfaces to catch the 'extremely fine free mineral.'l Gravity concentration had achieved almost every refinement for recovering or separating minerals by the difference in their specific gravities. However, one serious problem remained unsolved, i.e., how to retrieve the enormous loss of the extremely fine mineral in the slime portion of the ore. Slime, then, as now, was not a precise term due to the variation in the mineral composition of the ores and the different requirements in crushing, grinding, sizing, and classifying. At that time, slime was considered to be fine sand and colloidal material passing 100 mesh.2 Most sulfide ore minerals are more friable than their associated gangue minerals, so that crushing and grinding increased the proportion of the extremely fine ore minerals in the slime. Sparkling specks of galena, chalcopyrite, argentite, or ruby silvers, according to the ore, floating away on the tailing stream from vanners and slime tables, were familiar sights in the old gravity concentrators. Gravity concentration practice was aimed at recovering the ore minerals at the coarsest possible size because the recovery was higher and unnecessary

Jan 1, 1962

By G. F. Fix, R. E. Esarey

During 1939, Indiana experienced a grcat increase in prospecting and drilling for oil and gas. Major activity, as during the preceding year, was in the southwestern part of the state, the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Coal Basin. An increasing interest was evident during the year, however, in the entire state, chiefly in northern Indiana (on the south flanks of the Michigan Basin) and in the old Trenton field of east central Indiana. In the latter area several tests to deeper horizons in the Trenton and to the underlying St. Peter sandstone were completed. Results in this area have been discouraging, however, since these deeper horizons are very erratic. The regional structure in the Indiana portion of the Michigan Basin is generally favorable to oil accumulation, but the picture is complicated by a uniform mantle of glacial drift and a lack of subsurface information. Several wells were started during the last half of 1939 to test the Devonian and Trenton formations in this area. Production from these formations was found at several localities many years ago, hut, no sustained effort has been made to locate pools in this area, which covers perhaps 20 counties. There were 377 wells completed in Indiana during 1939, and 77 others were in various stages of drilling at the close of the year. Of the 377 completed, 255 were classed as field locations and 122 as wildcats. The field wells were divided as follows: 156 oil wells, 39 gas wells, and 60 dry holes; the wildcats: 98 dry holes, 19 oil wells and 5 gas wells (wildcat oil and gas wells include deeper production in oil fields and field extensions as well as new field discoveries). During the year 218 more wells were completed than during 1938. Outstanding developments for 1939 include the discovery of several new oil and gas fields. In the Griffin field, which was discovered during the closing days of the previous year, 103 wells were drilled, including field extensions. Of these, 97 were productive oil wells. This field now covers more than 2000 acres of productive area and has not as yet been defined. There are five producing horizons in the field, including the Waltersburg, Tar Springs, Elwren, and Aux Vases sandstones of Chester age and the McClosky horizon of the Ste. Genevieve limestone. Produe-

Jan 1, 1940

By H. LeRoy Scharon, A. B. Cleaves

THE application of geophysical techniques in the A engineering surveys of the Philadelphia and Western Extensions of the Pennsylvania Turnpike System is unique inasmuch as this is the first time, (to the authors' knowledge), that such studies have been employed on a large scale on a major highway system. These investigations were confined to specific areas along the center line of the proposed Philadelphia Extension between Carlisle and King of Prussia, and the Western Extension between Irwin and the State line near Youngstown, Ohio, as shown in Fig. 1. Along the 100 miles of the philadelphia Extension, the geophysical surveys were confined to 137 individual cuts and comprised a total length of 37.4 miles of line. The Western Extension, 66 miles in length, has 108 individual cuts. The accumulated length covered by electrical resistivity studies was 17.3 miles. The depth of the cuts varied from a minimum of 10 ft to a maximum of 62 ft. The geophysical investigations were made for the purpose of determining depths to bedrock in the 245 proposed cuts and at the sites of various structures. The 'data also served as a basis for geological interpretations of the condition of bedrock, contact zones, rock types, water table, and other factors significant in highway construction. The geophysical method of investigation employed the use of the electrical resistivity principle using the Gish-Rooney type electrical resistivity meter and the Wenner electrode configuration.* Apparent resistiv- ities were determined for constant intervals to various depths and were correlated with surface geological observations and subsurface geological conditions revealed by key diamond drill holes situated within a given cut interval. From these correlations, depths to bedrock were postulated with notations on other geological features that might be pertinent to modern highway construction. Geology The bedrock underlying the areas of the extensions of the Turnpike afford an excellent academic study of the electrical resistivity depth method as well as a practical application to modern highway engineering. The rocks encountered on the Philadelphia Extension vary in age from pre-Cambrian to Triassic and Quaternary, whereas in the Western Extension, bedrock is confined to relatively flat-lying strata in the Allegheny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela formations of the Upper Paleozoic, Pennsylvanian. Glacial and Recent stream, valley, and terrace deposits are common. Philadelphia Extension The oldest bedrock encountered in this extension are igneous and metamorphic. These, encountered chiefly in Chester County, consist of the strongly

Jan 1, 1952

By G. F. Fix, R. E. Esarey

During 1939, Indiana experienced a grcat increase in prospecting and drilling for oil and gas. Major activity, as during the preceding year, was in the southwestern part of the state, the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Coal Basin. An increasing interest was evident during the year, however, in the entire state, chiefly in northern Indiana (on the south flanks of the Michigan Basin) and in the old Trenton field of east central Indiana. In the latter area several tests to deeper horizons in the Trenton and to the underlying St. Peter sandstone were completed. Results in this area have been discouraging, however, since these deeper horizons are very erratic. The regional structure in the Indiana portion of the Michigan Basin is generally favorable to oil accumulation, but the picture is complicated by a uniform mantle of glacial drift and a lack of subsurface information. Several wells were started during the last half of 1939 to test the Devonian and Trenton formations in this area. Production from these formations was found at several localities many years ago, hut, no sustained effort has been made to locate pools in this area, which covers perhaps 20 counties. There were 377 wells completed in Indiana during 1939, and 77 others were in various stages of drilling at the close of the year. Of the 377 completed, 255 were classed as field locations and 122 as wildcats. The field wells were divided as follows: 156 oil wells, 39 gas wells, and 60 dry holes; the wildcats: 98 dry holes, 19 oil wells and 5 gas wells (wildcat oil and gas wells include deeper production in oil fields and field extensions as well as new field discoveries). During the year 218 more wells were completed than during 1938. Outstanding developments for 1939 include the discovery of several new oil and gas fields. In the Griffin field, which was discovered during the closing days of the previous year, 103 wells were drilled, including field extensions. Of these, 97 were productive oil wells. This field now covers more than 2000 acres of productive area and has not as yet been defined. There are five producing horizons in the field, including the Waltersburg, Tar Springs, Elwren, and Aux Vases sandstones of Chester age and the McClosky horizon of the Ste. Genevieve limestone. Produe-

Jan 1, 1940

By Charles E. Lees

The Globe Mining District is in the southeast central part of Arizona, in Gila County. Globe, with a population of about 7000, is the terminus of the Arizona Eastern R.R., a branch line 130 miles long that connects with the Southern Pacific R.R. at Bowie. In 1874, prospectors crossing the Pinal Mountains from the west located what is generally known as the Old Dominion mine. For several years, it attracted little attention, because of the greater interest aroused by the discovery of high-grade silver ores in some of the foothills northeast of Globe. About six years later, the prospector turned his attention to the abundant copper ore revealed by surface workings along the Old Dominion vein, and, in 1884, the Old Dominion company erected two 30-ton furnaces. From 1888 to 1893, the Old Dominion company is said to have maintained an average annual production of about 8,000,000 Ib. of copper. Until Dec. 1, 1898, all supplies had to be freighted into Globe by wagons and the mines of the district operated intermittently because of high expenses, but with the advent of the railroad the Old Dominion company continued to be a large and steady producer. In the Globe district, the production of copper far exceeds in importance that of any other metal. There are four operating companies along the Old Dominion vein and the total annual product of these properties for 1923 was about 45,000,000 lb. of copper. The unit size of the mineral tracts in the district is the regulation mining claim, 600 ft. wide by 1500 ft. long, and all ownerships are held in fee. Globe is 3600 ft. above sea level, and lies between the Apache MOUntains to the east and the Pinal Mountains to the west. The principal drainage of the district is northward through Pinal creek into the Salt River. The general slope from the high point along the vein, where the Superior & Boston mine is, to Pinal creek, where the Old Dominion mines are, is about 250 ft. to the mile. Geology The oldest rocks in the district are pre-Cambrian crystalline schists known as the Pinal schist, which are the basement upon which all the later rocks were deposited. These latter rocks comprise shale, con-

Jan 1, 1925

HARRY B. BARREN Harry B. Barren, born in Cleveland, Ohio, May 31, 1888, died in Indiana Harbor, Ind., on Mar. 18, 1918. After graduating from the Case School of. Applied Science of Cleveland, class of 1910, he spent a year at the Youngstown, Ohio, plant of the Carnegie Steel Co. and the following two years with the National Tube Co. in Lorraine, Ohio. In 1913, he went to Indiana Harbor as assistant superintendent of the blast furnaces of the Inland Steel Co. Four months later, he was made superintendent. On Feb. 11, 1914, he was married to Miss Anna E. Jones in Cleveland and is survived by his widow and two sons, and by his parents Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Barren, of Cleveland, and a brother Kenneth, a lieutenant in the 309th Engineers, stationed at Camp Taylor, Louisville, Ky. CHAS. H. JOHNSON Charles Harmany Johnson died Dec. 10, 1918, at his home in New Castle, Pa., after an illness of more than four weeks brought about by a complete nervous collapse. He was born near Clinton, Lawrence Co. Pa., July 9, 1870, a son of George W. and Elizabeth A. Johnson. His parents moved to New Castle when he was two years old, where he attended the public schools of New Castle. He then attended Allegheny College, and later Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he graduated as a mining engineer. For a year and a half after completing his work at Boston he was connected with the Mesaba Ore Range in Minnesota, and then returned to New Castle and became associated with his father in the operation of the old sheet mill, which was converted into a tin mill and later sold to the American Sheet and Tin Plate Co. Since that time he has been actively engaged with his father in the limestone business and other industries. At the time of his death Mr. Johnson was general manager of the Pittsburg Limestone Co., the G. W. Johnson Limestone Co., the Lawrence Limestone Co., the Keystone Limestone Co., and the Mahoning Limestone Co., all of which have quarries in Lawrence, Butler, Blair and Armstrong counties and also in Maryland and West Virginia. He was president of the Johnson Bronze Co., the National Stone Co., and the

Jan 3, 1919

By Joseph D. Weeks

When I presented at the Chicago Meeting of the Institute, in May, 1884, a paper on Hadfield's manganese steel,* which had about that time been brought to the notice of steel manufacturers, I promised to furnish some physical tests of the steel for publication in the Transactions. The fulfilment of the promise then made has been delayed by various circumstances; but I have recently been put in possession of tests of this steel carefully made at the Woolwich, England, arsenal. Messrs. Hadfield & Co. prepared for the arsenal a series of twelve test-pieces, made from the same heat. An analysis of the steel gave the following results: Carbon,.........73 Silicon,.........37 Sulphur,.........06 Phosphorus,. .08 Manganese,...... 9.83 The test-pieces had been heated to a white heat and plunged into cold water prior to being put into the machine. This treatment

Jan 1, 1887

By John Gann

THE following investigation constitutes a brief resume of the more important binary magnesium alloys from the standpoint of metallographic technique, and the effect of heat treatment on structure and properties. The comparative newness of the subject justifies this procedure as a preface to a more detailed study of each individual series of alloys. The work was started with the idea of practical application in the industry rather than as a theoretical investigation. The alloy compositions studied were selected as those most likely to show whether heat treatment would produce beneficial results. Furthermore, it was considered satisfactory to use commercial 99.9 per cent. magnesium, the best commercial grade of alloying ingredients, and to limit the time of heat treatment at the expense of incomplete equilibrium. These facts must be kept in mind when examining the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn.

Jan 1, 1928

By Carl Benedicks

IT is well known by every one who has had to deal with boiler tubes that these are often seriously affected by a sort of corrosion, occurring as a local pitting, that frequently causes a perforation of the tube in a rather short time. The characteristic appearance of this corrosion is shown in Fig. 1. A very similar corrosion occurs in condenser tubes (Fig. 2).1 A study of the microstructure or local chemical composition of the metal (iron; 70 :30 brass) fails to reveal any cause for this pitting. Of course one might possibly assume the starting point-to be some oxide particle, causing an electrolytic local action, but this in no way explains the continued corrosion, progressing even when the assumed oxide particle must have disappeared. By the excellent work done by the Corrosion Research Committee of the Institute of Metals, and communicated, in October, 1923, to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Newcastle-on-tyne, stress was laid on the fact that a content of entangled air has a very obnoxious effect. In the following correspondence, Sir George Goodwin stated that "engineers have, for a long time past, regarded air as the big enemy to be fought against in all questions of corrosion"2 and Kenneth Fraser pointed out that the most vital point is "the avoidance or removal of possibly the chief cause of present day corrosion, i. e. entrapped air and gases brought out of solution."' In their reply, however, the authors state that they had "never for a moment believed that entangled air was responsible for the beginnings of corrosion, and express the opinion that the gradual liberation of air could not account for localized corrosion."4 On consulting the many textbooks on corrosion, as that

Jan 4, 1925

By Robert H. Richards

This truly remarkable machine was built on a preliminary scale in May, 1895. The first full-sized table was built by Mr. A. R. Wilfley, and was used in his own mill in Kokomo Colo., in May, 1896. The first table sold for installation was placed in the Puzzle mill, Breckinridge, Summit county, Colo., in August, 1896. The mill enthusiasts at first hailed it as the cure for all the ills that flesh is heir to in the milling line. A little later it was found to make losses which were serious, and on this account the table succeeded only to a limited extent in displacing the vanners of the gold-mills. Still later, mill-men in a number of districts throughout the country made special studies of the faults of the machine, and devised a number of ways of grouping supplementary machines to overcome as far as possible the losses, and at the same time retain the benefit of the extraordinarily large capacity accompanied by the production of clean concentrates for which the machine has become so justly famous. I hope to make an exhibit of some of these methods in an appendix to my book on ore-dressing which is now in preparation. These experimenters have not written up the subject, and if they possess all the facts they have not given them out for the benefit of the mining profession at large. The object of this paper is to obtain the facts and to present them so clearly that their bearing can be seen by all. To this end two complete series of tests have been planned. One (the present paper), to study concentration of galena in presence of quartz; the other (to follow shortly), to study concentration of chalcopyrite in presence of quartz. Some authorities claim that the table does its best work when treating natural products; by this phrase I mean products which have been crushed to pass through a limiting

Jan 1, 1908

By W. C. Hardy, B. W. McArthur

The purpose of this work is to show application of laboratory data in calculating solution gas-drive performance of the Cisco K-I reservoir. Included herein is a diagram showing the graphical relationship between six variables common to all solution gas-drive mechanisms. With an iterative process one may assume existence of any of these six variables at a particular pressure and calculate the production performance likely to occur in a reservoir produced by solution gas drive. Four unique pressure values are described at which the material balance equation alone is sufficient to predict the cumulative volumes of gas produced. Information derived from these pressure points establishes a criterion for determining compatibility of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of the produced crude with the gas production history. Two averaging procedures are used to arrive at a relative permeability-saturation relationship which describes the field-wide performance. INTRODUCTION The Cisco K-1 reservoir is a lenticular-type sand structure lying at approximately 6,300-ft subsurface. It is located in the H. and T. C. Railroad Co. Block 97, SW 1/4 S 392 and NW 1/4 S 385, Scurry County, Tex. Correlation of data from logs indicated that the Cisco K-1 reservoir occupied approximately 3,218 acre-ft of space with a closure of from 15 to 20 ft. Analysis of the production data indicates that the initial formation pressure and temperature were 2,450 psig and 121°F, respectively. The bubble point occurred at 1,715 psig after production of 12,256 STB oil and 11,520 Mcf gas. Only traces of water have been produced since initiation of production. Successive material balance calculations from June, 1952, to June, 1957, showed that no initial gas cap or water influx has contributed to production of oil and that the Cisco K-1 reservoir originally contained approximately 1.44 X 10" STB of oil. THEORY Methods for calculating solution gas-drive perform-

By H. A. Coy

THE Mascot mines of the American Zinc Co. of Tennessee are situated in the Holston River valley, in Knox County, Tennessee, about 13 miles (20.9 km.) east of the city of Knoxville, and form a property of three operating shafts and one open pit. A second open pit is located at Jefferson City about 16 miles (25.8 km.) east of the Mascot mines. Geology Topography.-The principal topographical features of the region within which the zinc deposits occur is a series of parallel northeast and. southwest ridges which reach altitudes of 200 to 400 ft. (61 to 122 m.) above the valley. These ridges are formed of resistant formation such as sandstone, quartzites, etc., while the valleys are occupied principally by limestone, including Knox dolomite, and by shale and other formations subject to quick erosion. The Holston River valley is wide and open with a rolling surface. Sink holes are common to the limestone portion, the general aspect of the valley being that of well-rounded hills with low intervening valleys superimposed upon which is a characteristic sink-hole topography. General Geology.-According to Keith, the rock formation of the area extends from the lower Cambrian into the Silurian. The region has undergone severe deformation with heavy faulting, the underlying Cambrian having been brought to the surface by a series of low angle thrust faults, the strike of the faults and formations paralleling the general northeast and southwest direction of the topography and clipping at varying angles to the southeast. In general the Cambrian quartzites, sandstone, etc., occupy the ridges while the Cambro-Silurian dolomites, limestone and shales occur principally in the valleys. Of the latter, the Knox dolomite is of particular interest to this paper in that it is the ore carrier in the Mascot area. The ore is associated with more or less irregular breccia zones, the degree of brecciation varying from-a fine crushing to a breaking that involves blocks of large size. The breccia zones

Jan 9, 1917

By H. A. Coy, H. B. Henegar

The Mascot mines of the American Zinc Co. of Tennessee are situated in the Holston River valley, in Knox County, Tennessee, about 13 miles (20.9 km.) east of the city of Knoxville, and form a property of three operating shafts and one open pit. A second open pit is located at Jefferson City about 16 miles (25.8 km.) east of the Mascot mines. Geology Topography.—The principal topographical features of the region within which the zinc deposits occur is a series of parallel northeast and southwest ridges which reach altitudes of 200 to 400 ft. (61 to 122 m.) above the valley. These ridges are formed of resistant formation such as sandstone, quartzites, etc., while the valleys are occupied principally by limestone, including Knox dolomite, and by shale and other formations subject to quick erosion. The Holston River valley is wide and open with a rolling surface. Sink holes are common to the limestone portion, the general aspect of the valley being that of well-rounded hills with low intervening valleys superimposed upon which is a characteristic sink-hole topography. General Geology.—According to Keith, the rock formation of the area extends from the lower Cambrian into the Silurian. The region has undergone severe deformation with hcavy faulting, the underlying Cambrian having been brought to the surface by a series of low angle thrust faults, the strike of the faults and formations paralleling the general northeast and southwest direction of the topography and dipping at varying angles to the southeast. In general, the Cambrian quartzites, sandstone, etc., occupy the ridges while the Cambro-Si urian dolomites, limestone and shales occur principally in the valleys. Of the latter, the Knox dolomite is of particular interest to this paper in that it is the ore carrier in the Mascot area. The ore is associated with more or less irregular breccia zones, the degree of brecciation varying from a fine crushing to a breaking that involves blocks of large size. The breccia zones

Jan 1, 1918

By S. F. Emmons

There is, in the southern part of the State of Illinois, a series of deposits of fluorspar and galena in which the former mineral occurs on a scale of magnitude unequalled, so far as I know, in any other part of the world. In June, 1891, 1 had an opportunity of visiting the region of their principal development, near Rosiclare, Hardin county, Ill., and examined such of the mines in the vicinity as were accessible at that time. A very large proportion of the mining shafts that had been sunk in this region were unfortunately abandoned for the time being, and full of water. Moreover, detailed maps of the region are unattainable, no surveys having been made there, apparently, since the original land-surveys' of the early part of the century. In spite of these disadvantages I was enabled, in the few days at my disposal, to ascertain with sufficient accuracy certain facts not hitherto published with regard to these deposits, which seem worthy the attention of the members of the Institute. Before proceeding to a description of the deposits in question, I will give a brief abstract of the little historical and geological information hearing directly or indirectly upon them, which I have been able to find in existing publications. Historical. That the mineral was known to the Indians, is proved by the discovery, in some of the pre-historic mounds of the region,* of fluorspar, shaped into ornaments. The earliest scientific mention of its occurrence is found in the first volume of the American Journal of Science (1818+), which describes specimens obtained in the vicinity of Shawneetown by Mr. Joseph Baldwin. Similar notices appear in the same journal in 1820 and 1821, but without mention of the exact locality. They remark on the fetid odor which characterizes the mineral and its association with galena. Schoolcraft, as early as 1819, note: the occurrence of fluate of

Jan 1, 1893

By W. H. Adams

Shortly after becoming one of the van-guard of mine-developers in the State of Virginia, during the year 1883, I called the attention of the Institute to certain deposits of pyrites, which have been largely worked since. In all cases these deposits are covered with iron-ore (limonite), extending 40, 50 or 60 feet from surface to water-level. The several classes of brown iron-ores are found almost continuously along a prominent ridge of mineral-bearing slates, which can be traced from the James river northeasterly to the North Anna, the Rappahannock and the Potomac rivers, crossing the counties of Louisa, Spottsylvania and Stafford. Outcrops are plainly discoverable from end to end of this belt, also, in places, to the right and left of it, and at intervals there are evidences of workings, some of them for known purposes and others of unknown age and meaning. These old workings have an interest aside from the minerals they may contain or may have yielded. I have been engaged during the past five years in the collection of facts concerning them, which might determine definitely the site of those iron-furnaces, placed by tradition within reach of " the towne called Germanna," which were the first ever built in this State or on this continent. The events which led to the establishment of this important industry are sufficiently narrated in a paper written by Mr. R. A. Brock, Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society, and printed in the Proceedings of the National Museum, 1885, page 77, from which I quote the following : " To Virginia, the first of the English settlements in America, belongs the honor of inaugurating within her limits, as a colony, that most important industry, iron manufacture. "The London Company contemplated a variety of manufacturing enterprises from the very beginning of its authority; prominent among them was that of iron. In 1610 Sir Thomas Gates testified before the council of the Company at London, that in Virginia ' there were divers minerals, especially iron-oare,' lying upon the

Jan 1, 1892

By A. S. Richardson

THE design of mine airways receives, in general, very little engineering treatment. To a large extent this is, of course, due to the fact that information upon which to base calculations is seldom available in definite form. In many mines the extent of the workable deposits may not be known at the time an air course is planned, and the length of service is indeterminable. Volume of air required for ventilation may also increase with extension of the life of a property, and natural obstacles, such as heavy ground, often place limitations upon the size of opening that can be maintained. Perhaps a majority of the shafts used in ventilation of metal mines were originally intended as hoisting shafts, and many of the tunnels and cross-cuts similarly used, were also designed as haulage ways or for other operating purposes. Even when a shaft is sunk solely for ventilation, custom usually dictates a size and shape consistent with the type commonly used for ordinary operations, because experience has demonstrated it can be excavated and maintained. In fact it may not be very far wrong to say most ventilation openings were never made with any consideration as to economic design for such use. When an air course is required to pass air between different parts of mine workings under a fixed pressure, the size of opening required for a given volume of flow, is, of course, determined by the resistance factor of the air course. It is then impossible to proportion the opening with reference to economics of power consumption, and this paper is limited to the design of openings where ventilation pressure or power consumption may be varied for economic advantage.

Jan 2, 1926

By J. Szekely

The paper discusses simultaneous heat conduction and diffusion. These problems may arise in slag-metal kinetics and in connection with rapid heating or cooling of specimens. A mathematical formulation is given and it is shown that the transients due to either the variability of the diffusion coefficient with temperature, or thermal diffusion, are unlikely to be important for molten or solid metals and slags. The negligibility of these effects is due to the large values of the ratio thermal diffu-sivity/molecular diffusivity. In many problems relating to transport-controlled metallurgical kinetics the diffusion process is accompanied by the transfer of heat; large-scale metal refining or metal reduction may be quoted as examples. It has been shown that due to turbulent mixing in these systems the relevant transport phe- nomena are best described in terms of "surface renewal models" which require the solution of the unsteady-state diffusion equation.1-1 Problems involving simultaneous diffusion and heat conduction are also encountered in the laboratory in connection with rapid heating or cooling of specimens. The effect of variable temperature on diffusion may be twofold: a) in the absence of "cross effects" the problem, due to variable temperature, is that of diffusion with a variable diffusion coefficient; b) if the Soret Effect is nonzero, thermal diffusion must also be taken into account in the formulation. Although information is available on thermal-diffusion transients in a steady-temperature gradient,4'5 little work has been done on the effect of unsteady temperatures on either the diffusion coefficient or on thermal diffusion.' In the following a formulation is given and solutions presented with a view of examining the areas where these effects may be important.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. V. Norris

IRving Ariel Stearns died at his home, 60 South River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Tuesday morning, Oct. 5, 1920, of pneumonia, after an illness of about a month. In his death, the Wyoming Valley loses one oflits most eminent and best loved citizens, and the loss of so strong a participant in the activities of the Valley will leave a gap most difficult to fill. Despite his more than three score and fifteen years, Mr. Stearns, at the time of his death, was president of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital, Wyoming National Bank, and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, chairman of the Board of the Vulcan Iron Works, and a director of the Spring Brook Water Supply Co., and of the Wilkes-Barre Lace Manufacturing Co. Mr. Stearns came of New England stock, a descendant in the eighth generation of Charles Stearns who was admitted freeman in Watertown in 1646. Irving Ariel Stearns was born Sept. 12, 1845, in Rushville, N. Y., a son of George W. and Miranda (Tufts) Stearns. He was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in the celebrated Class of 1868. After graduation, he was assistant professor of chemistry in charge of the analytical laboratory for a year, then went to Wilkes-Barre in 1869, as engineer in the office of R. P. Rothwell, at that time the leading mining engineer of the region. From 1871 to 1872, he was superintendent of the McNeal Coal & Iron Co. of Schuylkill County, Pa. and in 1872 succeeded to Mr. Rothwell's business when the latter became editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal of New York. From 1872 to 1885, Mr. stearns was in private practice as a mining engineer, handling a great amount of business in the anthracite region, including the building of the bridges at Shickshinny and Pittston, and the surveying and mapping of many of the individually operated mines. His practice extended throughout the country, with numerous examinations and reports upon mining properties in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Idaho and Utah; he was responsible for the design and execution of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.'s great Tifft Farm improvements at Buffalo, N. Y. including canals, docks, coal stocking plant, etc. He was commissioned Quartermaster of the Ninth Regiment, N. G. P., March 29, 1880, was promoted to Major on May 15, 1884, and resigned Apr. 1, 1885. He always retained his interest in the National Guard and was trustee and president of the Ninth Regiment Armory Association.

Jan 1, 1922

By T. E. Ockershauser

The Southwest Antioch Oil Field located in T2&3N - R2&3W, Garvin County, Okla., was discovered in February, 1946, by The Globe Oil & Refining Co. and The Vickers Petroleum Co. at their Melinda Gibson No. 1. Oil production was encountered at a depth of 6,525 ft in 14 ft of lower Pennsyl-vanian sandstone. The producing sand, locally called the ."Gibson" or "Third Deese," is a sand bar deposit strung along the west flank of the Pauls Valley uplift in a northwest-southeast direction. The oil reservoir is defined to the east by the edge of sand deposition along the uplift and to the west by the gradation of sand into shale. Within the Antioch Unit, the sand dips from 150 to 400 ft per mile southwesterly and has a pay thickness varying from 10 to 55 ft and averaging 28 ft. Several areas of Gibson production have been developed, including the Katie pool on the south, the Elmore Area of the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool. the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool proper, the Southwest Maysville pool and the New Hope pool on the north. Production extends over a belt 22 miles long by about two miles wide and is continuous except into the Katie and New Hope pools. It appears that drilling will soon prove these intervening areas productive. To March 1, 1950, approximately 18,000 acres have been developed with 450 Gibson wells. It is likely this count will ultimately reach 32.000 acres with 800 wells. RESERVOIR The natural production of oil from the Gibson reservoir is primarily due to solution gas expansion though gravity also plays a part. There is no indication of water drive or evidence that an initial gas cap existed. Gibson oil has a stock tank gravity of 43" API and was saturated at the original reservoir pressure of 2.925 psi. It contained 1,3440 cu ft of gas per bbl in solution and had a high shrinkage of 70 per cent. Connate water amounts to 15 per cent. Reservoir temperature is 130°F. Porosity averages 15.5 per cent and permeability ranges from less than one md to over 1.000. Based on meacurement of 400 core plugs from 15 wells, 78 per cent of the permeabilities fell within the 10 to 1,000 md bracket and averaged l67. Primary oil recovery is estimated at 140 bbl per acre-ft or 22 million bbl for the present 137-tract unit. Due to unitization

Jan 1, 1951

By T. E. Ockershauser

The Southwest Antioch Oil Field located in T2&3N - R2&3W, Garvin County, Okla., was discovered in February, 1946, by The Globe Oil & Refining Co. and The Vickers Petroleum Co. at their Melinda Gibson No. 1. Oil production was encountered at a depth of 6,525 ft in 14 ft of lower Pennsyl-vanian sandstone. The producing sand, locally called the ."Gibson" or "Third Deese," is a sand bar deposit strung along the west flank of the Pauls Valley uplift in a northwest-southeast direction. The oil reservoir is defined to the east by the edge of sand deposition along the uplift and to the west by the gradation of sand into shale. Within the Antioch Unit, the sand dips from 150 to 400 ft per mile southwesterly and has a pay thickness varying from 10 to 55 ft and averaging 28 ft. Several areas of Gibson production have been developed, including the Katie pool on the south, the Elmore Area of the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool. the Southwest Antioch Gibson Sand pool proper, the Southwest Maysville pool and the New Hope pool on the north. Production extends over a belt 22 miles long by about two miles wide and is continuous except into the Katie and New Hope pools. It appears that drilling will soon prove these intervening areas productive. To March 1, 1950, approximately 18,000 acres have been developed with 450 Gibson wells. It is likely this count will ultimately reach 32.000 acres with 800 wells. RESERVOIR The natural production of oil from the Gibson reservoir is primarily due to solution gas expansion though gravity also plays a part. There is no indication of water drive or evidence that an initial gas cap existed. Gibson oil has a stock tank gravity of 43" API and was saturated at the original reservoir pressure of 2.925 psi. It contained 1,3440 cu ft of gas per bbl in solution and had a high shrinkage of 70 per cent. Connate water amounts to 15 per cent. Reservoir temperature is 130°F. Porosity averages 15.5 per cent and permeability ranges from less than one md to over 1.000. Based on meacurement of 400 core plugs from 15 wells, 78 per cent of the permeabilities fell within the 10 to 1,000 md bracket and averaged l67. Primary oil recovery is estimated at 140 bbl per acre-ft or 22 million bbl for the present 137-tract unit. Due to unitization

Jan 1, 1951