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By Harvey N. Davis

MUCH has been written and said during the last twenty years about the place of the engineer in modern life, about the fundamental role that he plays both in developing and in maintaining the material foundations of modern civilization, about the advantages, and also the dangers, of the machine age that he has inaugurated, about the Frankenstein problems that he has unconcernedly foisted upon a generation utterly unable to cope with them, and about the obligation that rests upon him to stop inventing machines and turn his almost legendary energy and skill to inventing institutions that will constitute a solution of the problems he has raised, and contrariwise about his utter inability to offer wise or useful counsel in fields outside the narrow boundaries of his technical training.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. B. Plank

I HAVE been asked by the Chairman of the Engineering Education Committee to outline what the engineering colleges would like the mining companies to do with the young engineer just, out of college. It has been suggested that, because my own personal experience has been almost entirely within the coal industry, I handle this subject from that view- point. Many thoughtful engineering educators are today wondering what effect the present employment policies of many industrial companies are going to have on the young man just starting out in his profession. Since before the World War large industrial concerns, such as those in the electrical and mechanical industries, have gone to the colleges to interview 'likely graduates until today there has developed in most of our engineering colleges, especially in the eastern part of the country, what appears to be a lively competition on the part of these companies in bidding for the young graduate engineer. The employers of mining engineers, with one or two exceptions, have not yet begun to enter this competition. It remains to be seen how serious this situation will become, how it will affect the training of other engineers, and what effect, if any, it will have on the mind of the young man about to enter college who may be inclined to take up mining engineering, but who gains the impression from this well advertised employment service just mentioned that there is no opportunity for him in the mineral industry as com- pared with the opportunities offered in say civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. Hogg

INTRODUCTION The principal applications of the flocculation process in the coal industry lie in the area of waste water treatment. Consequently, the concern is more with the behavior of the associated minerals, clays for example, than with the coal itself. At the same time, however, the presence of even small amounts of fine coal can significantly influence the performance of the flocculation operation. Coal preparation waste water treatment is a substantial problem involving over 200 billion gallons of water annually. There can be no doubt that these quantities will continue to increase as coal production increases and environmental considerations dictate the increased use of closed circuit systems and tighter control of effluent quality. Furthermore, we can expect to find a continued increase in the amount of fines generated in the coal mining and processing operations. Modern mining techniques tend to yield a finer raw coal with a higher ash content. The greater emphasis on fine coal cleaning for improved sulfur and ash removal and increased coal recovery will also lead to greater demands being placed upon the wastewater treatment system. The costs of "blackwater" treatment have been shown to vary widely from plant to plant (1). Part of this variation can be attributed to differences in the coal being mined and the plant flowsheet but there are no doubt significant contributions from the improper design and operation of treatment facilities.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. E. Collom

VARIOUS chapters already written in the history of development of the North Dome of Kettleman Hills are monotonously identical in the one underlying theme of conservation of oil and gas. Discovered on Oct. 4, 1928, by Milham Exploration Co. with its wildcat Elliot No. 1, the field has been subjected to practically every modern form of produc-tion restraint in the name of conservation. The record thus far developed shows that conservation was had for a time, at a price; and that unitiza-tion must he blessed by single ownership or 100 per cent participation to be effective. In fact, incomplete unitization places a heavy handicap upon its participants in the competitive development that follows.

Jan 1, 1937

On Feb. 16, 1948, the Board of Directors of AIME authorized the publishing of "Technical Notes" in METALS TECHNOLOGY. The purpose is to provide prompt publication of wry short items of the following general types: 1. Results of short investigations which do not warrant a paper. 2. The conclusions of extensive investigations of insufficient general interest to justify a regular paper. 3. Conclusions arising in the course of an investigation, which, because of interest to others in the field, the author wishes to present prior to completion of the investigation. 4. Pertinent factual comment (not mere argument) on the subject matter of previous "Notes." Such Notes will be subject to the approval of the Auxiliary and AIME Publications Committees, but can be handled more promptly than regular papers because they need not be referred to readers. The recommended maxi- mum length is 500 words; notes in excess of 1,000 words will not be considered for this type of publication. A graph or photograph may be included as part of the note when particularly illustrative. As with regular papers, contributions to the new section should be submitted to the Secretary of the AIME.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. A. Hinckfuss

The large and compact but simple Bougainville Copper Limited flotation circuit has been in operation for 3-1/2 years. Discussion of problem areas encountered since start-up and remedies that have been implemented or proposed, form the main basis of this paper. Full current operational data is also provided.

Jan 1, 1976

By F. R. Hensel

THE alloy under discussion is a nickel-silicon bronze and is one of many age-hardening or precipitation-hardening FIG. I.-EFFECT OF QUENCHING AND AGING TEMPERATURES ON HARDNESS OF TWO TYPICAL NICKEL-SILICON BRONZES, NO. 2351 AND No. 2362. copper-base alloys. The hardening con-stituent is a nickel-silicon compound.1 The quenching temperature necessary to pro-duce hardening by a subsequent aging treatment is a function of the composition and extends from about 700'C. to ()50'C.; the aging temperature range extends from 400° to 600°C. The work carried out by the authors of this paper was confined to cast alloys having compositions within the ranges of 1.5 to 3.00 per cent Ni; 0.4 to 0.75 per cent Si; balance, copper.

Jan 1, 1940

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN: Submitted herewith are the report of the Treasurer for the year 1945 and reports for the same year of the following standing committees: Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, Mining and ' Metallurgy (Magazine), and Library. To these reports you are referred for additional details. Membership Membership, counting all categories other than Student Associateship, continues the upward trend of the last 10 years, reaching a total, as shown in Table 1, of 12,081. The net gain of 406 would

Jan 1, 1944

E. T. DUMBLE, Houston, Tex.-This paper is a continuation of one that was published by Mr. Garfias, I believe, in the Journal of Geology, 1912, in which he gave the results of his investigations in Mexico, showing that the basalt extrusions frequently did not come up as cones. but reached the surface as a small neck and then mushroomed out into a sill, penetrating the beds both in limestones and in shales. He has continued his investigations to show that as these basalt protrusions came up they forced the strata into a funnel shape at the top instead of throwing them out altogether. While this may be true concerning these particular beds, there are other places at which the basalt does appear clearly as cones and dories, and there the funnel structure does not exist. We know that the sills are there, because we find them in the wells. In one well that I know of. we found a 2-ft. sill of basalt at about 1600 ft. and oil below it at about 2100 ft.; others have gone through similar beds. We also know that there. are cones, because north of the Ranuco River one well struck basalt at about 800 ft. and continued in it for several hundred feet-did not pass through it at all. This paper of Mr. Garfias will give us considerable help in that oil field. W. E. WRATHER, Wichita Falls, Tex.-I would like to ask for information as to the temperatures of Mexican oils. I have heard a number of conflicting reports about the high temperatures of the water and oil, and the relationship between them.

Jan 1, 1918

By Walter M. Small

Austria produced approximately 800 cisterns of 10,000 kg. each (56,000 bbls.) of crude oil of a 0.9428 sp. gr. during 1935. Of this Gosting II well near Zistersdorf, owned by the Erdolproduktions-Gesellschaft m.b.H., produced 86 per cent of the total, averaging a little over 1.8 cisterns, or about 125 bbl., per day. Gosting IVa of the same company was put in production early in December and produced a total of about 70 cisterns (4900 bbl.). Gosting IV was a failure, but a directional hole drilled from the same derrick produced Gosting IVa. Gosting I, a well owned jointly by the company above mentioned and the Raky-Danubia, was deepened late in the year and made about 2800 bbl. of oil at the rate of 70 bbl. per day. Completions during the year were as follows: In the Gosting pool, Gosting IV and IVa, drilled with rotary tools, the latter producing from Sarmat at a depth of 934 meters (3065 ft.); Kronberg I, of European Gas & Electric Co. with cable tools in Flysch at a depth of 566 m. as a dry hole; in the Oberlaa gas pool, one cable-tool well of the same company at a depth of 266 m. as a dry hole and one Fauck-Haiek system well of the Vacuum Oil Co. at a depth of 483 m. as a dry hole; one rotary hole of the European Gas & Electric Co. at Enzersdorf a/d. Fischa plugged and abandoned in Sarmat after a blow out and gas eruption at a depth of 699.5 meters. The status of drilling wells at close of the year is as follows: In the Gosting pool, Erdol Bohr- und Verwertungs G.m.b.H., north of the producing area, was drilling with rotary at 990 m., Raky-Danubia is rigged up to deepen the old Windisch-Baumgarten hole, Rohoel-Gewin-nungs A.G. (Vacuum-Shell combination) rigging up rotary south of the production, and Steinberg-Naphta G.m.b.H. (Musil) was deepened with light rotary to 830 m.; at Enzersdorf a/d. Fischa, the European Gas & Electric Co. E-2 rotary-drilled hole stood at 1533 m. in Miocene waiting

Jan 1, 1936

By Walter M. Small

Austria produced approximately 800 cisterns of 10,000 kg. each (56,000 bbls.) of crude oil of a 0.9428 sp. gr. during 1935. Of this Gosting II well near Zistersdorf, owned by the Erdolproduktions-Gesellschaft m.b.H., produced 86 per cent of the total, averaging a little over 1.8 cisterns, or about 125 bbl., per day. Gosting IVa of the same company was put in production early in December and produced a total of about 70 cisterns (4900 bbl.). Gosting IV was a failure, but a directional hole drilled from the same derrick produced Gosting IVa. Gosting I, a well owned jointly by the company above mentioned and the Raky-Danubia, was deepened late in the year and made about 2800 bbl. of oil at the rate of 70 bbl. per day. Completions during the year were as follows: In the Gosting pool, Gosting IV and IVa, drilled with rotary tools, the latter producing from Sarmat at a depth of 934 meters (3065 ft.); Kronberg I, of European Gas & Electric Co. with cable tools in Flysch at a depth of 566 m. as a dry hole; in the Oberlaa gas pool, one cable-tool well of the same company at a depth of 266 m. as a dry hole and one Fauck-Haiek system well of the Vacuum Oil Co. at a depth of 483 m. as a dry hole; one rotary hole of the European Gas & Electric Co. at Enzersdorf a/d. Fischa plugged and abandoned in Sarmat after a blow out and gas eruption at a depth of 699.5 meters. The status of drilling wells at close of the year is as follows: In the Gosting pool, Erdol Bohr- und Verwertungs G.m.b.H., north of the producing area, was drilling with rotary at 990 m., Raky-Danubia is rigged up to deepen the old Windisch-Baumgarten hole, Rohoel-Gewin-nungs A.G. (Vacuum-Shell combination) rigging up rotary south of the production, and Steinberg-Naphta G.m.b.H. (Musil) was deepened with light rotary to 830 m.; at Enzersdorf a/d. Fischa, the European Gas & Electric Co. E-2 rotary-drilled hole stood at 1533 m. in Miocene waiting

Jan 1, 1936

By Robert W. Bartlett

A computer model for predicting the rate of oxidative leaching of copper from fragmented low grade sulfide ores is presented. The model involves the kinetics of the dissolution of chalcopyrite grains and solution diffusion of oxygen within rock pores. Adjustable curve fitting parameters are not used. The model was tested by comparing computed extraction curves with experimental results for a -11 inch ore obtained by block caving and leached at 90°C and 400 psi oxygen for one year at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories.

Jan 1, 1973

Jan 1, 1910

By H. Landsberg

MANY of the sedimentary rocks contain small amounts of radioactive constituents. These vary in quantity in different layers. Some recent deposits show rather high activity as; for example, the deep sea oozes and some lake deposits.1,2. Measurements made in boreholes have also shown considerable changes in activity from horizon to horizon. The first to publish data on this fact was Ambronn,3 and recently Russian geophysicists have shown remarkable variations of activity from one layer to the next in various wells. Spak4 felt even that he was able to line up horizons from data measured in two neighboring wells. ? The measuring of radioactive radiation is fairly difficult. Large errors are possible by the circulation of gaseous emanations in the well and porous strata. It is, therefore, never certain whether the activity of the layer where the instrumental device or collector is located will be measured, or that of some adjacent layer, For this reason it seemed to be advantageous to take samples of rocks into the laboratory and test them therefor their contents of radioactive material, Such a method has been followed in the past to distinguish radioactive ore from other rocks. Radioactivity of rocks, especially of the igneous type, was also deter-mined in the laboratory by numerous authors for absolute age investi-gations.6 Corresponding data from studies of sedimentary formations are scarce. Specimens taken from a core of the Bradford oil sandstone were tested by Landsberg and Ingham,7 with the results illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows that within relatively small vertical distances the differences of relative activity were considerable. If one assumes that the distribution of radioactive material is fairly uniform throughout a layer, measurements of radioactive radiation in various horizons would offer additional information for stratigraphic

Jan 1, 1939

AMONG the features that make Inspiration of outstanding A interest, particularly to the engineer, is the fact that at various times it has used, as a major method of production, three more or less distinct methods of mining and three distinct methods of treating its ores. The following chronology is of interest : Major Mining Methods: 1915-194 7 Underground block-caving, exclusively 1948-1952 Underground block-caving and opencut mining 1953-1954 Underground block-caving, opencut mining, and "glory-hole caved-block transfer" mining 1955 on Opencut mining and "glory-hole caved-block transfer" mining. Major Ore Treatment Methods: 1915-1925 Flotation concentration exclusively 1926-1930 Flotation concentration and ferric sulphate leaching 1931-1955 Ferric sulphate leaching (the so-called "Dual Process" was used for eleven months in 1937 when demand for copper was phenomenal; and the "leach-float" process was used for 24 months in 1942-44 as an expedient to help meet war demands for copper). 1956 on "Dual Process" combining a sulphuric acid leach followed by fine grinding and flotation of the residue from the leaching vats.

Jan 1, 1957

By Guy W. Jordan, David P. Hale

High-iRon cements have a number of advantages over cements carrying little or no iron. The presence of iron in Portland cement aids in the manufacture of the cement and also imparts certain advantageous physical properties to the finished product. In manufacture, the presence of iron lowers the fuel consumption, increases the ease of proper"burning, and lessens the destructive action of the charge on the kiln refractories. In the finished cement the presence of iron reduces the expansion and contraction, adds strength, adds increased resistance to"freezing and thawing, and increases the resistance of the cement to sea "or sulphate waters. [" During the past few years the construction of numerous dams through- "out the Southeast by the Tennessee Valley Authority has stimulated the "production of high-iron cements. At present a great number of specifica- "tions call for an iron cement, and the industry is supplying this demand "with a Portland cement carrying approximately 5 per cent iron oxide. "Several manufacturers are now making practically all of their cement "of this type and a number of others manufacture it as a special cement "over short periods to meet demands from the Tennessee Valley Authority "and other buyers. " The recent increase in the use of iron in Portland cement has created "a market for iron products that previously was nonexistent. The chief "sources of supply for the cement manufacturers at present are iron sand, "iron sinter and slag, and ocher. The Copperhill mining district, Ten- "nessee, supplies both iron sinter and slag for use in cement. The Carters- "ville district supplies iron sand, ocher, and some iron resulting from the "magnetic separation of iron from barite. The advantages of these "products vary according to the chemical properties of the raw materials "and the methods of handling used by the different manufacturers. Where "the iron is to be handled by conveying belts and in hopper cars, the iron"sand and sinter and slag are preferable. Where the silica content must "be raised, the iron sand is doubly advantageous because it supplies both

Jan 1, 1942

By David K. Hylbert

This study investigated roof falls in room-and-pillar drift coal mines in eastern Kentucky and utilized geologic methods for Predicting roof conditions in advance of mining. In the Highsplint mine, the roof was classified in four categories or conditions: Condition A and B (Laminated Shale); Condition C (Rolling Sandstone with Shale in Pockets); and Condition D (Zone of Major Sandstone Roll(s)). Structure contour and isopach maps of the Darby coal bed and associated immediate roof rocks were used to project axial trends of the sandstone roof. Trend mapping in the mine and on outcrop provided more detailed control for roof projections.

Jan 1, 1979

By David P. Hale, Guy W. Jordan

High-iRon cements have a number of advantages over cements carrying little or no iron. The presence of iron in Portland cement aids in the manufacture of the cement and also imparts certain advantageous physical properties to the finished product. In manufacture, the presence of iron lowers the fuel consumption, increases the ease of proper"burning, and lessens the destructive action of the charge on the kiln refractories. In the finished cement the presence of iron reduces the expansion and contraction, adds strength, adds increased resistance to"freezing and thawing, and increases the resistance of the cement to sea "or sulphate waters. [" During the past few years the construction of numerous dams through- "out the Southeast by the Tennessee Valley Authority has stimulated the "production of high-iron cements. At present a great number of specifica- "tions call for an iron cement, and the industry is supplying this demand "with a Portland cement carrying approximately 5 per cent iron oxide. "Several manufacturers are now making practically all of their cement "of this type and a number of others manufacture it as a special cement "over short periods to meet demands from the Tennessee Valley Authority "and other buyers. " The recent increase in the use of iron in Portland cement has created "a market for iron products that previously was nonexistent. The chief "sources of supply for the cement manufacturers at present are iron sand, "iron sinter and slag, and ocher. The Copperhill mining district, Ten- "nessee, supplies both iron sinter and slag for use in cement. The Carters- "ville district supplies iron sand, ocher, and some iron resulting from the "magnetic separation of iron from barite. The advantages of these "products vary according to the chemical properties of the raw materials "and the methods of handling used by the different manufacturers. Where "the iron is to be handled by conveying belts and in hopper cars, the iron"sand and sinter and slag are preferable. Where the silica content must "be raised, the iron sand is doubly advantageous because it supplies both

Jan 1, 1942

By E. T. Dumble

PROF. EDWARD ORTON, in his Report on the Occurrence of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Asphalt Rock in Western Kentucky, thus clearly states his ideas of the universal dissemination and rare accumulations of the bitumens:1 " We need to bear in mind that the various members of the bituminous series are abundantly and almost universally distributed among the unaltered sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust. The valuable accumulations of these substances are rare, it is true, but one can scarcely go amiss of petroleum, asphalt or gas, at least in small quantities, among the stratified rocks that retain their original structure." Speaking of the Ohio valley, he adds: "A fifth of one per cent. of petroleum, if distributed through a, thousand feet of rock, would make a total to the acre, or square mile far , beyond any production that has ever been realized from the richest oil field, and percentages of this amount are not only not rare to find, but are even hard to miss." Dr. F. W. Clarke in his Data of Geochemistry (Bulletin No. 491, U. S. Geological Survey, 1911), discussing these views of Orton with similar views of T. Sterry Hunt and Szajnocha, says that they "lead to the conviction that the formation of bitumens is a general process and by no means exceptional. Wherever sediments are laid down, inclosing either animal or vegetable matter, there bitumens may be produced."2 The organic origin of the bitumens, including petroleum, has long been an accepted fact with nearly all geologists, but the method, place, and time of the transformation into petroleum or other bitumen is still under discussion.

Jan 3, 1914

A development drilling and bulk sampling program should furnish the following information: (1) geology of the mineralized zone, (2) quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cutoff limits, (3) physical size and shape of the deposit and areas underlain by waste as well as ore, (4) mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore, (5) physical characteristics of the ore, (6) bulk samples for metallurgical testing and grade, (7) data on factors that affect mining operations, such as ground water and ground conditions. The method and equipment best suited for a particular drilling job depend upon the geologic features of the mineral deposit to be tested.

Jan 10, 1967