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By Robert Poole

On June 20, 1974, delegations representing the governments of 150 nations convened in Caracas, Venezuela. The occasion: the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. (As this article goes to press, the conference is still in session-Ed). Of all the many issues to come before the conference, none is of greater long-term consequence than the issue of jurisdiction over the seabed-the "land" at the bottom of the world's oceans. On the agenda, with widespread support from a majority of UN members, is a proposal to declare seabed resources "the common heritage of mankind," under the sole jurisdiction of the United Nations. Any would-be miner of seabed minerals would have to apply to a UN seabed authority for a permit, and would be forced to pay the bulk of his profits to a UN fund to aid the underdeveloped countries.

Jan 9, 1974

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Jan 1, 1938

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of June, 1913: Members. ANGERER, VICTOR, Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr., Wm. Wharton, Jr. & Co., Inc., 25th St. and Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BULLOCK, ALLYN, Min. Engr Hazleton, Pa. CUNNINGHAM, NOEL, Met. Engr., Hollinger Gold Mines, Ltd., Timmins, Ont., Canada. ESTABROOK, EDWARD L., Supt. of Colliery 436 Center St., Ashland, Pa. GATES, A. 0., Instructor Purdue Univ., La Fayette, Ind. LUDLUM, ALBERT C., Prest., New York Engrg. Co., 2 Rector St., New York, N. Y. MILLER, HERBERT F., Met. Engr P. 0. Box 142, Verona, Pa MORTON, ELMER T., Min. Engr Clifton, Ariz. MURFIT, RICHARD H.. Fdv. Asst Hess Steel Castings Co., Bridgeton, N. J. QUAYLE, THEODORE W., Chief Sampler, Metcalf Mines, Arizona Copper Co., Metcalf, Ariz.

Jan 7, 1913

Henry Carlisle: This is June, 1961, and my friend Arthur Bunker is on the other side of the tape recorder. I, Henry Carlisle, am pursuing the hobby of chronicling the interesting parts of the mining careers and the lives of well-known mining engineers. Now, Arthur, supposing we skip, for the time being, where you were born and brought up, and start right in with where you went to school. Arthur Bunker: I graduated from Taft School and then went to Yale, Sheffield Scientific School, and took a course in electrical engineering. I was quite fascinated by higher mathematics and physics, and this offered more in mathematics and physics than any other one of the engineering courses at that time. The school was only a three-year course, and so I graduated from there in 1916.

Jan 8, 1963

By Audley H. Snow

The general drift of the discussion as to the relative merits of pressure- and exhaust-fans has resulted, if we may judge from the prevailing practice, largely in favor of the latter. The subject has been hitherto treated, however, with special reference to highly gaseous mines, the effect of the form of ventilation upon dust-explosions having been too little considered. Even in mines containing practically no gas, dust-explosions may occur; and if, as I believe, pressure-fans are to be preferred for their effect upon dust, it may be worth while to reopen the debate, and to challenge the advisability of exhaust-ventilation under certain conditions. There are several forms of colliery-ventilation, which may be described as follows: Plain or simple pressure-ventilation, in which the fan acts as a pressure-fan, and the movement of coal is unobstructed at the surface by doors or equivalent devices in drifts or shafts, the traveling and haulage. thus being in the return-current. Plain exhaust-ventilation, in which the fan acts as an exhaust-fan, the movement of coal being likewise unobstructed at the surface, and the traveling and haulage being in the intake.

Jan 1, 1910

[ ] John M. Davis has left Western Machinery Co. to take a job as project engineer with Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., and is now located at Houston, Texas. C. W. Allen, general manager of the mining dept. of the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., visited the firm's iron mines on the Mesabi iron range of Minnesota recently. Thomas P. Anderson, mining engineer and geologist, has resigned from the Raw Materials Div. of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission where he was assistant chief of the Denver Exploration Branch. He will enter private practice in Golden, Colo. James E. Atkinson, consulting mining engineer and geologist, left New York for Colombia, S. A., as general manager for Cia Minera Choco-Pacifico, S. A., operating five dredges in gold and platinum on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Russell H. Bennett has been elected a director of Placer Development, Ltd. with head office in Vancouver, B. C., and is also a director of its subsidiary, Canadian Exploration, Ltd., which mines and mills lead, zinc, and tungsten ores at a property near Salmo, B. C.

Jan 1, 1952

The income of the Institute is derived mainly from dues, advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources fortunately are supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for special purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Charles Hayden Memorial Fund, designated to further the education of Student Associates, the Rocky Mountain Fund, and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing, committee, of which H. T. Hamilton is chairman, and of which the other members are: W. H. Aldridge, George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, Henry Krumb and J. V. W. Reynders. This committee feels that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of ever-growing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light by the committee.

Jan 1, 1940

By R. P. O’Shea

AS part of a program to investigate phase relationships in ternary systems containing semiconducting elements and compounds, an X-ray survey of alloys in the system Pb-Te-Bi was carried out which revealed that the pair PbTe-Bi probably formed a quasibinary system. This portion of the ternary was examined fully by thermal analysis, X-ray, and microscopic procedures. More than twenty-five alloys were made by melting together the proper combinations of the elements in quartz tubes at a temperature of 1000o C. The compositions which were high in PbTe content were prepared in evacuated, sealed, quartz tubes, allowed to freeze in vacuum, and then transferred to Crucibles for thermal analysis. The bismuth-rich alloys were made directly in the crucibles under a protective gas cover. The starting elements were obtained from the American Smelting and Refining Co. and had a purity greater than 99.99 pct. Cooling curves were made with about 50 g of alloy in graphite crucibles which were placed in a covered quartz container in which a protective atmosphere of helium or nitrogen was maintained. The thermocouple protection tube was made of mul-lite and served as a stirring rod when connected to a reciprocating stirring motor. Temperatures were

Jan 1, 1962

By F. H. McDowell

For more than two hundred years Mexico has been enriching the world from her inexhaustible wealth of precious metals. From this source alone, over three thousand five hundred millions of dollars have been poured into the coffers of Europe and America. During these centuries the wants of the country in manufactured goods have been supplied from the mills and machine-shop of the Old World. English, French and German merchants in Mexico have vied with each other in their efforts to control the importing of these goods from their respective countries. The overthrow of Maximilian, the departure of the French and the restoration of the Republic, largely influenced by the strong stand taken by the United States Government during our own civil war, established a new order of things. Americans were encouraged to visit the sister republic, examine into the needs of the country, as well as its resources, and interest themselves in the work of development. More recently, under Presidents Diaz and Gonzales, liberal inducements have been extended to American capitalists to build railroads, open mines, erect reduction-works, raise cattle and improve the crude systems of agriculture. The Mexican Central Railway has been pushed south from the Rio Grande to the Capital, and, by its branches and connections, makes the whole mineral belt of the country accessible.

Jan 1, 1885

By G. P. Pilling

The use of magnetic ore in the blast furnace is a subject of increasing importance. The end of the deposits of lake ore is in sight, although not imminent, and unless some new field is discovered, the use of magnetites will be an increasing factor in the iron production of the country. Enormous deposits of magnetic ore in the country that have been practically untouched contain ore of sufficient richness and purity to prolong materially our ore supply without extensive importation of foreign ores. Magnetic ores can be divided into three general classes: Fine un-sintered, or raw ore; raw lumpy ore; fine ore that has been sintered. Fine Unsintered Ore Typical analysis and screen test of this class of ore from the Adirondack region is as follows: Per Cent. SCREEN TeST pER Cent. Fe.................... 58.00 Remaining on 4 mesh........... 7.50 SiOz.................. 7.50 Through 4 on 8 mesh........ 13.75 Al,O,................. 1.60 8 on 10 meah........ 3.75 Baseg................. 2.77 10 on 20 mesh........ 22.50 P.................... 1.00 20 on 40 mesh........ 27.50 Mn................... 0.13 40 on 60 mesh........ 2.50 S..................... Trace 60 on 80 mesh........ 10.00 80 on 100 mesh........ 2.50 100 mesh........ 10.00 100.00

Jan 1, 1923

By J. G. McCullough

The paper is a general description of the U.S. lead and zinc industries as they are now compared to ten years ago and the effect of recent world-wide developments. Topics of interest concerning lead are the present and potential growth of the lead-acid battery business, the potential hazards of having one outlet for a major proportion of production, the expanding U.S. secondary lead production, the hardships of stringent hygiene and environmental regulations and the future supply and demand outlook. The present poor condition of the U.S. zinc industry caused by an oversupply of zinc metal - mostly in Europe - is discussed and also the shifting markets influenced by the automotive programs to reduce the weight of cars and the continuing high mine production due to the mixture of metals contained in the massive sulphide deposits which contain a major portion of the zinc metal reserves. This is all tempered by technical advances in die casting and the emphasis on the protecting of steel with zinc to prolong its useful life. New U.S. mine and smelter production facilities will be restrained due to lower cost foreign zinc from better grade ore deposits and the insistence by Governments for refining capacity to be constructed in the country that the ore is mined.

Jan 1, 1977

By H. F. Seifert

THE classification and preparation of non-ferrous scrap metals is a subject of interest to every individual and corporation that employs in its processes of manufacture non-ferrous metals and alloys and accumulates in such manufacture scrap from these materials for disposition in the form of turnings, borings, short ends, punchings, clippings, grindings, washings, etc. All too frequently the disposition of such scrap is left to individuals who have no knowledge of the subject either from a metallurgical or a commercial standpoint, or both. Much money is thus lost which with a little more intelligent effort might be saved, and in this day of fierce competition and small profits such an opportunity cannot be ignored. The Mineral Resources of the United States for the year 1925, the latest issue available (Part 1, page 221), gives the secondary non-ferrous TABLE 1.-Some Secondary Non-ferrous Metals Recovered in the United States for the Year 1924-25 Material Short Tons Value Copper, including that in alloys other than brass.... 250,600 $ 71,170,400 Brass, scrap remelted 242,300 56,270,800 Lead as metal 112,4201 39,477,100 Lead as alloys 112,460 Zinc as metal 61,430 11,359,000 Zinc -in alloys other than brass 13,300 Tin as metal 1 7,950 35,165,400 Tin in alloys 23,000 Antimony as metal 1 } 3;794,000 Antimony in alloys 10,839 Aluminum as metal 17,700 24 Aluminum in alloys 26,300 ,816,000 Nickel as metal 19 1 1,518,000 Nickel in non-ferrous alloys 2,109 Total 882,600 $243,570,700

Jan 1, 1928

By E. S. Leaver

THE presence of soluble base metals in precious-metal ores usually precludes cyanidation as the best method of treatment. The laboratory experiments described in this paper show the possibility of cyanidation of gold-silver ores containing less than 0.5 per cent. of cyanide-soluble copper and the effect of zinc in the cyanide solution. PART 1.-COPPER IN CYANIDATION The proposed process of cyanidation of precious-metal ores containing copper is based on the regeneration of about 80 per cent. of the cyanide used in the dissolution of the copper. The method of regeneration involves a combination of the sulfide and the acid precipitation of the copper and silver. The resultant solution is made alkaline with lime, and the gold is precipitated with zinc dust.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. F. Seifert

THE classification and preparation of non-ferrous scrap metals is a subject of interest to every individual and corporation that employs in its processes of manufacture non-ferrous metals and alloys and accumulates in such manufacture scrap from these materials for disposition in the form .of turnings, borings, short ends, punchings, clippings, grindings, washings, etc. All too frequently the disposition-of such scrap is left to individuals who have no knowledge of the subject either from a metallurgical or a commercial standpoint, or both. Much money is thus lost which with a little more intelligent effort might be saved, and in this day of fierce competition and small profits such an opportunity cannot be ignored. The Mineral Resources of the United States for the year 1925, the latest issue available (Part 1, page 221), gives the secondary non-ferrous TABLE 1.-Some. Secondary Non-ferrous Metals Recovered in the United States for the -Year 1924-25 Material Short Tons Value Copper, including that in alloys other than brass.... 250,600 8 71,170,400 Brass, scrap remelted : 242,300 56,270,800 Lead as metal : 112,420 39,477,100 Lead as alloys 112,460 Zinc as metal 61,430 11,359,000 Zinc in alloys other than brass 13,300 Tin as metal 7,950 Tin in alloys 23,000, 35,165,400 Antimony as metal 1 3,794,000 Antimony in alloys : 10,839 Aluminum as metal 17,700 24,816,000 Aluminum in alloys 26,300 Nickel as metal 191 1,518,000 Nickel in non-ferrous alloys 2,109 Total l 882,600 $243,570,700

Jan 1, 1928

By L. Dudley Stamp

On April 1, 1937, Burma, formerly a province of the Indian Empire, was formally separated from India and became an independent unit of the British Commonwealth. In future, therefore, statistics of oil production in India will exclude Burma and those for Burma will be separately published. The last few years have been marked by noteworthy, almost spectacular, developments in the oil fields of Burma and the Punjab. In Burma these developments have been the proving of unexpected extensions of the existing fields and not the discovery of entirely new fields. The new extensions are important not only to Burma in giving a new lease of life to her fields, but also in general as stressing some interesting geological aspects hitherto neglected. Production The production of crude oil in Imperial gallons has been: Burma India 1934 254,760,070 67,265,210 1935 251,338,974 . 71,323,362 1936 265,656,393 69,241,504 1937 (eat.) 270,000,000 70,000,000 The Chindwin Fields.—The small field at Indaw continues to produce steadily about 3,000,000 gal. a year, but no really deep test has yet been successfully carried out and resources are thus not yet fully known. The remote location of the field, inaccessible except by river and situated 22 miles from the Chindwin 270 miles up that river from its junction with the Irrawaddy, has not encouraged active exploitation. The field is worked exclusively by the Indo-Burma Petroleum Co., Ltd. (I.B.P.), using now an automatic gas-lift system, and the company formerly refined the oil at a small refinery at Pantha on the river near by. The chief market was for kerosene in upper Burma. The refinery has now been closed. The oil is stored on the field during the low-water season

Jan 1, 1938

By C. L. Colburn

Discovery is the first step in the location of the claim. The provision of the Revised Statutes (2320) is, " No location of a mining claim shall be made until the discovery of the vein or lode within the limits of the claim located." Strictly speaking, discovery may be defined as the finding of ore or metalliferous rock in place in a well-defined vein. This definition was too strict, so discovery extended later to cover such indications of the pregence of ore, within rock in place, as would justify an experienced miner in spending his time and money with a reasonable expectation of finding ore in paying quantities. According to Colorado statutes a discovery must show a well-defined crevice; in Arizona, a lode, deposit, or mineral in place; in Montana, a well-defined crevice or valuable depositi; in Nevada, a lode or deposit of mineral in place. It is wrong to require a discovery. An honest prospector, wishing to obey the law, finds himself compelled, in most cases, to evade this point. In Clear Creek district, Colorado, a quartz seam will constitute a discovery; in Butte, a red capping; in Leadville or Ely, it is any place where a man can find a piece of vacant ground big enough upon which to sink a . 10-ft. hole. If the vein or deposit outcrops a man can show a discovery, but if it does not outcrop it is foolish to compel him to show one; and this point has been gently side-stepped. Any hole 10 ft. deep now constitutes a discovery. It is no use having laws that the people cannot consistently ob_ey. No sane man will dig unless he expects to find mineral, and he should be protected while digging. He should be required to show that he has mineral ground only when he comes to patent.

Jan 1, 1915

By J. H. Wiggins

This paper first pictures the economic phase of evaporation losses and the actual evaporative conditions in handling and storing crude and gasoline in the United States; then follows a discussion of some of the theories of physics involved in evaporation loss and lastly an application of these theories to handling oil and gas on producing properties. GRANTING that about 600,000,000 bbl. of light oil will be produced in the United States this year and taking the Bureau of Mines' statement that 7 1/2 per cent. of the total crude production will be lost before the finished gasoline is shipped from the refinery, the volumetric evaporation will be 45,000,000 bbl. of the cream of the gasoline. This is a conservative figure and is equivalent to 1,890,000,000 gal. The real value of this liquid is at least 150 per cent. of the value of an equal volume of motor fuel. At only 10 c. per gal., the value lost is $189,000,000; at 15 c. per gal. the loss is $283,000,000. If 750,000,000 bbl. of light and heavy oil are produced here this year and the average price per barrel is $1.333, the gross return to producers will be $1,000,000,000 and the net returns about $200,000,000, if the cost of production is only $1 per barrel. Thus, the evaporation bill is about 20 per cent. of the gross income and is equal to the net income of the crude-oil producers. Two other comparisons with popular phases of the petroleum industry will help give an adequate conception of the evaporation problem. These are: cost of preventing evaporation compared to cost of cracked gasoline and volume of gasoline evaporated compared to volume of gasoline manufactured from natural gas.

Jan 7, 1924

By D. Krammer, E. S. Machlin

The effect of a brior high-temperature creep strain on the low-temperature ductility of commercially pure nickel has been evaluated. The low-temperature (-196°C) ductility decreases linearly with an increase in prior high-temperature (920°C) creep strain. The effect is experimentally correlated to the formation of inter crystalline cracks and voids during the prior high-temperature creep strain. The magnitude of the effect is also believed to be a function of the notch sensitivity of the material. SEVERAL mechanisms have been presented to explain the process of inter crystalline cracking in metals undergoing high-temperature creep. zenerl has suggested that grain boundary relaxation of shear stresses could build up high stresses at ob- stacles to grain boundary shear and thereby nucleate a crack. Chang and rant' have experimentally demonstrated that cracks do form at obstacles to grain boundary shear such as lines where three grains meet. The role of vacancies in the mechanism of high-temperature inter crystalline cracking has been explored by Machlt with the conclusion that the nu-cleation of voids by vacancy condensation is almost

Jan 1, 1960

By Breaux B. Castleman

The ultimate test of a business strategy is whether it achieves the owner's objectives. Most shareholders are interested in growth and profits, and share values on stock exchanges are very often closely correlated with profit growth and profitability measured as return on equity (ROE). Strategic management, then, involves managing investments or resource allocations to optimize long-term growth and real return on equity, within reasonable limits of risk. Figure 1 shows a plot of the five year, weighted average ROE of a number of communications companies against their stock market valuations in 1983, measured as a ratio of market value to book value. The principal explanation of the differences in the relative valuations of the individual stocks is historical ROE, weighted toward the most recent years. Further analysis demonstrates the added importance of growth in explaining the differences in stock market to book ratios. [ ] Research conducted by Booz Allen and others in recent years suggests that the relationships between ROE and market to book multiples hold true in industry after industry. Furthermore, we have found that in assessing business strategies for companies in these industries, the analyses should focus on whether proposed strategies are likely to lead to consistent long-term growth in real ROE, without excessive leverage. Our research also reveals, however, that these approaches to strategy assessment are not consistently applicable in the natural resource extractive industries. Figure 2 shows a similar comparison of market to book values against five year average ROE for a group of nine mining companies in 1983. Market value of the shares shows little correlation with ROE. [ ] Analysis of the data for other extractive industries indicates a similar pattern; that is, low correlation between share values and

Jan 1, 1985

By Earl H. Miller, Henry H. Bruhn

COMMERCIAL beds of sylvite ore were discovered by the Snowden & McSweeney Co. while drilling a wildcat oil well some 25 miles northeast of Carlsbad, N. NI., in 1925. After a preliminary core drilling program the U. S. Potash Co. sank a 1060-ft shaft within 4 miles of the original discovery. This shaft was in an isolated location in a sand desert area with only the roughest of dirt roads connecting it with the neigh- boring town of Carlsbad some 21 ½ miles west.

Jan 6, 1954