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O. S. GARRETSON, Buffalo, N. Y.: If I may judge from the half-tone illustration engraved from a photograph of this medal and accompanying Dr. Prazer's paper, I do not think the cast ing is exceptionally fine. I have often made castings of simi lar character which I think were equally good. For instance, I have taken a coin, moulded it directly in fine sand, and cast from it in Scotch (or the equally good, if not better, Ameri can Scotch ") foundry-iron a copy quite as sharp and smooth as the original. The secret is in using very fine sifted sand. In fact, I have used for this purpose the dust which had accumulated on the beams overhead in my foundry, riddling it with a very fine sieve before using it. ['NOTE BY THE SECRETARY.—After the session at which these remarks were made by him, Mr. Garretson cast at his Buffalo foundry, in the presence of a number of members of the Institute, copies of the bronze pin furnished to visiting members by the Local Committee of the Buffalo meeting. The accom panying illustration, Fig. I, has been reproduced from a photograph of such a casting, made in green sand, under the conditions of ordinary foundry-practice, and not subsequently polished in any .way. I can also certify that the photo graphic negative was not touched, to improve its clearness of definition, before the production of the " half-tone" plate from which Fig. 1 has been printed. As, in the case of the Kytchtym medal, it was the thin, ribbon-like sprue, rather than the low-relief features of the medal itself, which indicated the fluidity of the metal and the sharpness of the casting, so in this work of Mr. Garretson it is the long and slender pin which offers the strongest evidence of these qualities. It is scarcely neccssary to point out that the filling in the mould of a long and nar row opening, such as this pin presents, is the severest test that could be imposed upon the casting, and that the sharpness of the point of the pin in the casting is striking evidence of the success with which this test has been met. The Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory .has made for the American Manufacturer measurements of this casting and an analysis of the sprue. The thickness of the main casting is from 0.049 to 0.068 inch. That of the tag bearing the stamped number is 0.024 inch. The analysis, which represents the iron ordinarily employed by Mr. Garretson for thin castings, is as follows :

Jan 1, 1899

AARONS, J. BOYD; Major. AGNEW, FRANK VANS. ALLEN, HERMAN H., Private, D Co., 8th Reserve Engineers. AMBLER, HARRY A., Second Training Camp,, Ft. Sheridan, Ill. BAINS, THOMAS M., JR., Major, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BANKS, H. R., Lieutenant, Canadian Engineers, B. E. F. BARBOUR, PERCY E., Deputy' Supt. (Captain), New York State Troopers; Captain, 22d Regiment, N. Y. N. G. BARLING, H. B., 1st Lieutenant, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BARRETT, LESLIE P., Lieutenant, A. E. F., France. (Unattached.) BENSEL, J. A., Major, Engineers' Reserve Corps. BIGELOW, BRAXTON, Royal Engineers, B. E. F. BLOOMFIELD, E. C., Lieutenant. BORROW, F. K. BOWLES, MARTIN F., 2d Lieutenant of Infantry, Camp Funston, Kans.

Jan 11, 1917

By D. J. Dunn, J. L. Huiatt, T. E. Norman

Corrosion studies in laboratory ball mills and grinding environment simulations produce corrision rates and total metal removal rates much lower than those recorded in operating production ball mills. The corrosion component of ball metal loss in many mills probably represents less than 10% of the total loss, judging from AMAX experience and recent US Bureau of Mines (USBM) tests. Such small absolute losses are consistent with ball metal loss measured in production ball mill marked ball wear tests to determine effects of corrosion and abrasion resisting properties of alloys in operating mills. These indicate that metal hardness and microstructure determine relative metal loss rates of a given situation. The combination of ore characteristics and grinding process dynamics determine metal loss severity. Alloying for corrosion resistance and modification of the milling corrosion environment yield relatively small metal loss reductions. Alloying and heat treatment to produce high hardness and microstructures of high carbon martensite and, for cast irons M7C3 carbides, produces the lowest metal losses in typical wet grinding applications.

Jan 1, 1986

G. A. ROUSH,* South Bethlehem, Pa. (written discussion?).-Mr. Frey is correct in his impression that ice floats, but "frazil" ice happens to be the exception to the rule. The requirements for the formation of

Jan 12, 1919

By S. W. Miller

Most of the steel welding done at the present time is in material containing not over 0.3 per cent. carbon, and the tests here described were in similar material. These tests are not as yet completed but it is hoped that more results and more reasons for the conclusions may be presented at the meeting in February. From the time the author found the peculiar structure in electric welds referred to in a previous paper,' that is, needles or plates in the grains and similar material, in larger spots, at the grain boundaries, he has felt that these plates which may be iron nitride and probably contain some carbon, were at least partly responsible for the brittleness of electric welds. He has found but few traces of similar lines in oxyacetylene welds until the last 2 mo., he has since found large numbers under certain conditions. In the top of these welds, they are quite numerous. In the body of heavy oxyacetylene welds, they appear at times, but not nearly to the extent that they do in electric welds; the author has never seen them in the body of welds in material less than % in. (19 mm.) thick. They are shown in Fig. 82. The reason they were not noticed before is undoubtedly due to the fact that in making tests of welded pieces the weld was always ground off level with the plate, and as this structure only appears in the top 1/16 in (1-5 mm.) of the weld, they were removed by the grinding or machining; also, welds 3/4 in. thick had not been examined. It did not appear, in making bending tests, that this structure had much influence on the strength of oxyacetylene welds; while electric welds are noticeably brittle. Further, oxyacetylene welds made with certain special materials were exceedingly brittle even after the tops of the welds were removed; this was true in cases where there was no sign of the plates whatever and where the welds were remarkably free from oxide and the other usual defects. It appeared, therefore, that this brittleness did not depend on any variable that had been noticed so far, and it was decided to find where the rupture occurred in various kinds of welds made

Jan 1, 1920

By C. H. Chou, Albert Sauveur

The following experiments were conducted in order to study the influence of the rate of cooling through and below solidification on the dendritic structure (macrostructure) and microstructure of some hypo-eutectoid steel. The steel selected was of commercial grade and had the following composition: C, 0.40 per cent.; Mn, 0.85; Si, 0.70; P, 0.099; S, 0.043. After melting in vacuum in an Arsem furnace, the various samples were allowed to solidify and to cool to room temperature as indicated in Fig. I. Samples were thus obtained representing all possible combinations of slow and fast cooling through the various ranges of temperatures indicated, namely: (I) zone of solidification or primary crystallization, (2) zone of granulation, and (3) zone of secondary crystallization. The location of the different temperature zones in the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram is shown in Fig. 2. The authors adopted Belaiew's notations. The designations of the various samples readily indicate their treatment, as will be apparent from Table 1. Sample SSS.—This sample was slowly solidified and cooled to room temperature in the crucible in which it was melted. The dendritic (macro) structure is shown in Fig. 3. The dendrites an: sharp and dis-

Jan 1, 1930

On the following pages are abstracts of papers published by the Institute during the year 1934 as TECHNICAL PWLICATIONB, CONTRIBUTIONS, m bound volumes and in MINING AND METALLURGY. For abstracts of papers that appear In bound volumes in 1934 but that were published as TECHNICAL PWLICATIONS m 1932 or 1933, see the TRANSACTIONS for 1932 and the YEAR BOOK dated January, 1934. Many of the TECHNICAL PWLICATIONS have been reprinted In bound volumes Information regarding this disposition, and number of pages in each paper, may be found m the list beginning on page 92 Volume numbers are given as listed at the beginning of the index, page 99 The abstracts are grouped as follows:

Jan 1, 1935

By AIME AIME

AMONG the members of the Institute there are thirty-three who have been members for a half- century or-more Some time ago a professor of psychology made a careful study of a group of unusually brilliant children to determine whether there was any truth in the general belief that a brilliant mind is usually to be found in a physically sub-normal body. He definitely proved the exact opposite and it is now known that children who are above the average in mental capacity are also above the average in physical health and strength.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. M. Rose, K. A. Jones

Resistive measurements ulere made on superconducting niobium single crystals in transverse magnetic fields. Crystals were grouln in both high and ulfrahigh vacua, doped with stnall quantities of oxygen, and annealed in ultrahigh vacua at temperatures from 900' to 1350°C. Maxima in the fluxoid pinr~ir~g force were observedfor the [100] and [210] directions. The increase of the critical current density with dissoved oxygen was seen to saturate at relatively low concentration. This behavior, and the variation of J, and residual resistivity (as a function of oxygen content and annealing) of both clean and dirty gassy) crystals, is seen as a consequence of the formation of clusters with (210)~b habit planes and (200)ffo common boundaries. These suboxide clusters are apparenlly stable at high temperatures and very low oxygen concentrations. It is generally known that dissolved oxygen at concentrations well below the solubility limit sharply increases the critical current density of superconducting niobium.' Such a result would not be expected if Nb-0 solutions were random, not even as the result of segregation on the scale usually encountered in solid solutions. According to the Kim-Anderson theory of flux creep,' the critical transport current density is determined by the pinning force Fp associated with some feature of the microstructure. As the Lorentz force. a or (J X R), of the transport current in the magnetic field approaches Fp, flux creep and then flux flow occur. The pinning force is expected to be quite small if the heterogeneity involved is significantly smaller than tte range of coherency which for niobium is circa 250~.~ Although the strain field of an individual oxygen atom in the niobium lattice is relatively large, it does not seem plausible that individual atoms could be so effective as to account for the data. Also, ~ramer~ found that straining and strain aging specimens containing small amounts of oxygen on occasion decreased the residual resistivity. A possible explanation for the above behavior may be found in the work of van Ooijen and van der Goot,= who found that annealing changed J, for niobium foils containing oxygen, and they attributed the changes to ordering of the oxygen atoms. This phenomenon has been observed by other investigators using X-ray and PROCEDURE Cylindrical 4-in.-diam niobium single crystals with axial orientations [ill], [110], [112], and [oo~] were grown from pure niobium, see Table I for analysis, in an ion-pumped ultrahigh-vacuum system using the electron beam floating zone technique. Total pressure during growth was lo-'9 torr: the oxygen partial pressure was less than lo-" torr, as determined by a mass spectrometer. These crystals will be referred to as the "clean" crystals. Similar crystals were also grown in another system at a pressure of 5 X 10"6 torr. These crystals will be referred to as the "dirty" crystals. Specimens 14 in. long were cut from the as-grown crystals and one end was polished down to no. 600 carbide paper smoothness. A back-reflection Laue photograph was then taken in order to fix the crystallo-graphic directions transverse to the crystal. The critical current density J,, the current density necessary to produce a voltage drop of 1.0 pv between voltage leads placed a in. apart, was determined as a function of the magnitude and direction of the transverse magnetic field and of the oxygen concentration. The technique and experimental arrangement was essentially similar to that of Tedmon et al.' In the remainder of this paper, the azjmuthal angle $ for the field H is referenced to the [ I101 direction in all four crystals, and oxygen was added in small equal increments by anodization and annealing.7 The resistivity ratio, RR, of the resistance at room ternperature to that at 4.2"K (H =7.00 kG) was determined as well.

Jan 1, 1970

MODERN mining is based on drilling--everything else stems from that. U. S. and Canadian mining companies and suppliers of mining equipment are constantly seeking new techniques and tools for increased drilling efficiency. Ultimate goal is increased bit-against-rock time. Just how important their efforts are can be seen through a legitimate extension of available statistics. In Canada some 70 million ft of drilling per year is required. While the number of feet actually drilled in the U. S. is unknown, it is possible to compare U. S. and Canadian mineral production, excluding oil and coal. In the U. S. mineral value was $4200 million and across the border $836 million. Taking into account the number of drilled feet required to produce Canada's total, the U. S. total would be 365 million ft in 1953. A saving of 14 per ft would reduce over- all metal and nonmetal mining costs some $3.65 million per year. This does not take into account other indirect savings. Methods have changed and there have been structural and metallurgical advances in blasthole practice in the last ten years. The Editors of MINING ENGINEERING in the articles on the following pages present the most significant innovations coupled with results in the field. Environment plays an important role in selection of materials and equipment -but while unanimity does not exist throughout the industry in reference to drilling problems, a definite trend is evident. For the story of that trend read the articles on the following pages.

Jan 9, 1954

By Alfred Boyles

"Heredity"1 in cast iron has been a subject of much discussion. Numerous experimenters have found that the properties of gray iron may vary greatly without corresponding variations in composition or thermal treatment. The main structural difference in such cases is in the size and distribution of the graphite flakes and the explanations given usually attribute this difference to some chemical element not shown by ordinary analysis or to some physical factor, such as inclusions in the melt. It cannot be said that any of these theories is completely satisfactory. Much remains to be learned about cast iron and for this reason a study of the material was undertaken as a part of the program of fundamental research at Battelle Memorial Institute. A review of the literature indicated that very little systematic work had been done on the mechanism of freezing in cast iron. The experiments described below are largely concerned with that problem. Normal and "Dendritic" Cast Iron As examples of variation in type of structure, photomicrographs of two test bars of cast iron are shown (Figs. 1 and 2) and the composition and properties are given in Table 1. Both are common, unalloyed gray iron. Test bar No. 13 has normal graphite flakes while No. 49 has very fine, lacy graphite arranged in a dendritic pattern, the matrix in both being pearlite. These two types of cast iron are well known to foundry-men and need no detailed description.

Jan 1, 1937

By Alfred R. Powell

FOR the purposes of this discussion, the direct gasification of coal means the of hydrogen and carbon monoxide by the well-known water-gas reaction. Chemicals or other synthetic products may be made from these constituents of the gas and under such circumstances the gas is called synthesis gas. Or, if the same gas is used as a fuel, it is called blue gas or water gas. This type of gas has usually been made from coke, especially in this country, and has been used both for fuel purposes and for manufacture of chemicals. Recently, natural gas has gained the ascendancy as a source of synthesis gas for manufacture of chemicals because of its relative cheapness. As natural gas becomes less readily available and more expensive, coal will take its place as a raw material for the preparation of synthesis gas. This substitution will probably take the form of direct gasification of the coal rather than the present two-step procedure of carbonization of the coal followed by gasification of the coke. The chief reason for this probability is the intensive research now being carried on by several organizations to develop successful and economical processes for the direct gasification of coal, which is a considerably cheaper fuel than coke. In the following pages an attempt has been made to predict the chemicals that will result from this future production of synthesis gas by the direct gasification of coal. CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SYNTHESIS GAS Given the proper conditions, there are many chemical reactions leading to production of useful products that can be carried out with this mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These many reactions may be grouped into three classes: (1) interaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, possibly with addition of other reactants; (2) reaction of hydrogen with various substances; (3) reaction of carbon monoxide with various substances. Thus sometimes hydrogen and carbon monoxide are utilized together in the same chemical reaction while in other instances only the hydrogen or only the carbon monoxide is required as a reactant. Fortunately, practical methods are available for securing either hydrogen or carbon monoxide from synthesis gas, some of which are also applicable for changing the ratio of these two constituents in the gas when that is desirable.

Jan 1, 1953

By Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover

QUESTIONS as to the methods of smelting ores and of obtaining metals I discussed in Book IX. Following this, I should explain in what manner the precious metals are parted from the base metals, or on the other hand the base metals from the precious'. Frequently two metals, occasionally more than two, are melted out of one ore, because in nature generally there is some amount of gold in silver and in copper, and some silver in gold, copper, lead, and iron ; likewise some copper in gold, silver, lead, id iron, and some lead in silver ; and lastly, some iron in copper2. But I will begin with gold. Gold is parted from silver, or likewise the latter from the former, whether it be mixed by nature or by art, by means of aqua valens3, and by powders which consist of almost the same things as this aqua. In order to preserve the sequence, I will first speak of the ingredients of which this aqua is made, then of the method of making it, then of the manner in which gold is parted from silver or silver from gold. Almost all these ingredients contain vitriol or alum, which, by themselves, but much more when joined with saltpetre, are powerful to part silver from gold. As to the other things that are added to them, they cannot individually by their own strength and nature separate those metals, but joined they are very powerful. Since there are many combinations, I will set out a few. In the first, the use of which is common and general, there is one libra of vitriol and as much salt, added to a third of a libra of spring water. The second contains two librae of vitriol, one of salt-petre, and as much spring or river water by weight as will pass away whilst the vitriol is being reduced to powder by the fire. The third consists of four librae of vitriol, two and a half librae of saltpetre, half a libra of alum, and one and a half librae of spring water. The fourth consists of two librae of vitriol, as many librae of saltpetre, one quarter of a libra of alum, and three-quarters of a Mbra of spring water. The fifth is composed of one libra of saltpetre,

Jan 1, 1950

By Emmanuel Detournay, Charles Fairhurst

A method is proposed for computing (a possible solution of) the ground reaction curve, for use in tunnel support analysis, in cases where the initial stress field is not hydrostatic. Rock around a circular tunnel is assumed to behave as an elasto-plastic material with a Mohr-Coulomb yield envelope.

Jan 1, 1982

By E. M. Tory, P. T. Shannon

An analysis of batch and continuous thickening in terms of the movement of planes of constant concentration (i.e. continuity waves) is presented. Use of solids flux as a primary variable greatly facilitates the analysis and clarifies the relationship between batch and continuous thickening. An "ideal" slurry is defined as one whose settling rate is a function only of the local solids concentration. An analysis of continuous thickening of this ideal slurry in an ideal thickener explains many aspects of the steady — and unsteady — state behavior of real slurries, such as the main features of a thickener's "solids profile" (including the break attributed to rake action), the sudden appearance at abnormally high feed rates of a zone of constant concentration and the velocity with which it rises, and the effect of detention time at constant weight of sludge per unit area. Where deviations exist, they are explained in terms of the batch settling behavior of real slurries. The purpose of this paper is to interpret continuous thickening phenomena in terms of batch settling behavior. Both types of thickening may be considered as the process of propagating concentration changes, due to the downward movement of the solids, from the bottom of the settling vessel upward through the slurry.' These concentration changes may be either finite or infinitesimal as in the case of the propagation of a continuous concentration gradient. The slurry itself may be moving downward as in the case of continuous thickening. The downward velocity of the slurry may be such that the concentration changes being propagated up from below remain stationary relative to the thickener walls. This is the case for steady-state thickening. It seems appropriate to analyze continuous thickening in terms of the movement of planes of constant concentration. This has already been done for batch settling."3 Although our main interest is in real slurries, there are certain aspects of both types of settling which can be deduced from a theoretical analysis of highly idealized systems. To this end, an "ideal slurry" is defined as one for which the dimensionless settling rate at any point is a function only of the local solids concentration.1,2 An "ideal thickener" is one in which there is no radial variation in either the solids concentration or in the downward component of slurry velocity. The underflow outlet is a point sink. It is to be expected that the behavior of non-ideal systems will deviate in some measure from theoretical results. However, the same characteristics which cause deviations in continuous thickening should be evident in batch settling, permitting a rational explanation of the former in terms of the latter. PREDICTED RESULTS FOR AN IDEAL SLURRY IN AN IDEAL CONTINUOUS THICKENER General Theory: In continuous thickening, the downward solids flux (mass/area-time) relative to the thickener, G, results from two different

Jan 1, 1967

By B. L. Seegmiller

Horizontally stratified lithologies of certain open pit or strip mines create unique stability problems for mine operations. Such problems may result when specific lithologies, such as sandstone and shale, exist in final or long-term slopes. Slope instabilities may occur when a sandstone unit directly overlies a shale unit and ground water drains into the mine along the lithologic contact. In essence, the ground water erodes the underlying shales and undercuts the sandstone. Large sandstone blocks fail in a toppling mode and cause safety and cleanup problems. Use of rock reinforcement including chain link fencing, roof bolt mats, rock bolts, rock anchors, and shotcrete offers a possible solution to the problem.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. G. Y. Chow, S. B. McRickard

The tensi1e properties of Ferrovac iron have been studied from 4° to 300°K. The stress required for macroscopic yielding was found to he constant below approximately 50°K. The effect of mechanical twinning on this low -temperature stress plateau was investigated. The onset of twinning occurs in this iron between 130° and 150°K and depending on its previous thermal history the twinning-stress curue may drop below or remain above the vield-stress curves as the temperature is lowered. Twinning has been shown to initiate slip in quenclzed iron at low temperatures. In no instances, however, did the onset of twinning alter the continuity of the yield stress -tempwature curve. Our data shows that carbon inhibits twinning and slip at low tem-peratures. This observation nay be used to explain the ductile-to-brittle transition in iron. The effect of fast neutron irradiation on yielding and embrittlement in iron and Fe-C alloys is offered as supporting evidence for this viewpoint. THE mode of yielding in iron at low temperatures was studied in an attempt to find an expression based on a single mechanism to describe the thermal dependence of the yield stress of iron. There are two types of inflections observed in the variation of the yield stress with temperature in iron and Fe-C alloys. The first is associated with ductile behavior and consists of a region extending 50" to 100°K above absolute zero in which the yield stress is independent of temperature. The second is observed in more brittle materials such as Fe-C alloys and irradiated iron and consists of an abrupt discontinuity in the yield curve as the temperature is lowered through a ductile-to-brittle transition point. The temperature dependence of the yield stress for iron with four grain diameters as found in this study is shown in Fig. 1. To varying degrees all the curves appear to flatten or approach an asymptotic value as the temperature is lowered below 50°K. Several other investigators1,2 have observed a plateau in the yield stress of iron and steel at low temperatures and in 1956 Louat3 presented a theory which contained an explanation for this behavior. In a subsequent exchange with Erickson and Low4'5 who attributed the plateau to the onset of mechanical twinning Louat8 showed that twinning first occurs in iron and steel tested in tension at temperatures as high as 140°K which is well above the observed plateau in yield stress. Furthermore he pointed out that both twinning and slip are basically dislocation processes and that with modified parameters his original theory still applied when deformation is initiated by twinning. Variables which affect the ductile-to-brittle transition in iron are test temperature, strain rate, composition and grain size.7 LOW,8 Hahn et al.,9 and Hull10 have provided evidence which links brittle fracture at a given temperature with the specimen grain size and the onset of twinning. In fact, Hull equates the brittle fracture stress to the twinning stress. On the other hand brittle fracture has been observed in the absence of twinning and priestnerl1 has given a fracture criterion which is valid whether or not fracture is preceded by extensive twinning. The data presented here clarify the role of twinning in the low-temperature deformation of iron. Strong evidence is given that the amount and distribution of interstitial impurities such as carbon are of

Jan 1, 1965

By Marcel Daly

THE writer has devoted a number of years to practical operations and to the study of geology in the oil fields. In consequence, he has been brought to investigate the theories advanced to account for the accumulation of oil and gas in commercial deposits. It is the result of these investigations and his personal conclusions that he wishes to sum up in this paper. The writer is an advocate of the organic origin of petroleum found in pools. He has been led to believe that the present theories of oil and gas accumulations are incomplete and, in certain respects, incorrect, although they may embody certain elements of truth; that the forces that are called upon to explain the movement are only secondary forces in the process, and insufficient, by themselves, to cause this movement; and that the phenomenon of accumulation is of much larger order than heretofore admitted and bears an intimate relation with the general as well as with the local deformations of the crust and is a direct consequence and a mechanical effect of these deformations to which the term "diastrophic" has been applied. As a complement to this theory, the writer offers a new interpretation of the "rock pressure" and of the mechanism of the "sealing up" of this pressure in oil and gas pools.

Jan 7, 1916

By W. C. Smith, P. J. Hickey

After a short historical background of the process evolution, this article descvibes present-day plant facilities and operating techniques utilized for high-purity bismuth production. The plant is one of the world's largest, with an annual output of some one million pounds of refined bismutlz. PREVIOUS papers1 written by staff members of Cerro de Pasco Corp. have referred briefly to the production of refined bismuth. Since the Corporation is one of the world's foremost producers of high-purity bismuth, a detailed description of the process for extracting the metal may be of general interest. Following a short historical background of the development of the actual process, this presentation will trace the progress of bismuth from its entry into the primary smelting circuits to its concentration in electrolytic lead cell slimes. Our facilities for the treatment of anode muds will be described and the extractive methods given in some detail, with particular emphasis on the techniques which result in the production of refined metal. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Shortly after Cerro de Pasco began smelting operations at Oroya, Peru in 1922, it became apparent that the dust carried by copper converter gas contained appreciable amounts of bismuth. Although dust collection efficiency was poor prior to building of the 550-ft stack and installation of the central cottrells in 1938, a large stock of dust was accumulated during the intervening years, having the following approximate composition: Oz. per ton Ag - 11.0 Pct Sn — 0.5 Pct Pb - 49.0 Pct Zn - 6.5 Pct Bi - 2.0 Pct Insol. - 1.5 Pct Cu - 0.7 Pct Fe - 2.3 Pct Sb - 3.0 Pct S - 10.0 Pct As - 7.5 In the mid-1920's, experimental crucible melts of this dust with carbon indicated that most of the bismuth and silver, and some of the lead, could be reduced to a fairly clean bullion. Other products were a small amount of leady copper matte and a slag high in zinc, arsenic, antimony, and lead; this slag contained some tin but only small quantities of silver, bismuth, and copper. After the laboratory results had been confirmed by operation of a small reverberatory, a dust reduction furnace was constructed. The ±10 pct Bi-Pb bullion produced from this operation was stocked until 1930, when an Oroya-designed converter type furnace3 was installed for the elimination of arsenic, antimony, and some lead from the bullion. This process concentrated the bismuth from 10 to about 60 pct. By means of the bismuth process developed4 by W. C. Smith at East Chicago (1909-1914) and the discovery of a method5 for separation of lead from bismuth with chlorine gas in 1929, it became possible to begin production of refined bismuth. Unfortunately, bismuth deleaded with chlorine always contained residual chlorides, and the removal of the chlorides by caustic soda left a lead content of 0.02 to 0.04 pct. This final problem was solved6 by substitution of air-blowing for the caustic treatment, which effectively removed all excess chlorine and gave bismuth which was practically lead-free. In 1934, a pilot electrolytic lead refinery began operations at Oroya. Lead smelting was resumed in 1935 and two years later a 100-ton-per-day lead refinery was put into service. In conjunction with the latter, the present-day Anode Residue Plant was constructed. Until 1940, the plant treated both lead anode slimes and dust reduction bullion. The dust reduction furnace was shut down in that year, and all cottrell dusts (with the exception of the product from the arsenic cottrell) were mixed with pyrite and treated in a Wedge roaster to eliminate all possible arsenic. Calcine from this operation joined the sinter plant feed; hence the bismuth from the copper and lead circuits was collected in the lead bullion and subsequently in lead anode slimes from the electrolytic lead refinery. The latter source has been the only bismuth-bearing material of any consequence entering the Anode Residue Plant from late 1940 to the present. A copper refinery began operating in 1948, and the cell mud from this plant is mixed with lead slimes and processed through the same circuit, though only a small quantity of bismuth is present in electrolytic copper cell residues. BISMUTH INTAKE Present-day routes which are followed by the new bismuth feed from its entry into the primary smelting circuits to its arrival at the Anode Residue Plant are traced schematically in Fig. 1. As illus-

Jan 1, 1962

By A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position in 1938 as the sixth largest oil-producing state, with a total production of 35,510,176 bbl. This was 2,875,598 bbl. less than the 1937 production of 38,485,774 bbl., or a decrease of 0.077 per cent, which was caused by the lack of pipe-line facilities and storage at the pipe-line terminals. The production for Lea County (excluding Maljamar) was 32,926,788 bbl.; for Eddy County (including Maljamar) was 2,225,411 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 357,977 bbl. The average daily nonmarginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1938, was 65 bbl. At the close of the year it was 49 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs for domestic consumption were less than the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. There was a demand for Artesia crude for foreign export, which if included in the daily production for New Mexico would be slightly in excess of the daily production recommended for New Mexico by the Bureau of Mines. The daily average production for the year was 97,329 barrels. There were 622 completions in the state, of which 520 were oil wells; 16 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells, and 81 dry holes. Of the dry holes 38 were in or near-by proven fields and the remainder, 43, were wildcats. Five new fields were discovered in New Mexico during 1938, three in Lea County and two in Eddy County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monumcnt field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 9,440,334 bbl., and was closely followed by the Eunice field with 8,872,335 bbl. The Hobbs field was third with 5,010,414 bbl. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Vacuum pool, with 129 completions, of which 126 were oil wells and three were dry holes. The Texas Company completed its Corbin NO. 1 in the KW 1/4 SW1/4 sec. 10, T. 18 S., R. 33 E. in August. This well was drilled to a depth of 5118 ft. in a white sand, encountering salt water. It was plugged back to 4315 ft, and pumped 43 bbl. of 36" gravity oil in 12 hr. It was approximately 6 miles southwest of the closest production in the Vacuum

Jan 1, 1939