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By A. Blake Caldwell

Northwest frontier is here defined as Alaska, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and northern British Columbia. The mineral potential of this area is great and will unfold in the decade ahead but now the largest single producer is the Pine Point lead-zinc mine in the NWT about 1200 km north of Edmonton, Alta., close to the south shore of Great Slave Lake. The mill, initially designed for 4540 mtpd, was expanded to 7250 mtpd in 1969. This operation is described in detail in Mining and Concentrating of Lead and Zinc, Vol.1, Chapt. 17, SME/AIME in the article by W. H. R. Gibney.

Jan 1, 1971

By P. Barnes

SEVERAL interesting and important considerations may be based upon an analysis of the cost of producing Bessemer rails, and the facts thus set forth may be much more clearly emphasized by reducing each item of cost to its own fractional proportion of the sum total in each branch of the manufacture. The estimate given below is not absolutely complete in minuteness of detail, but it may be fairly taken as a basis for the suggestions to be noted : Perhaps the most striking comments that can be made upon this statement are those arising from a consideration of some of the smaller items, and even the least of these quite loses its insignifi¬cance when its proportion of the whole is expressed in actual money, as for the work of a year, or even for a single day. Thus, if the item A 5 be considered, the importance can be clearly

Jan 1, 1877

By E. C. Simmons

Uranium is an incompatible element with respect to the major rock-forming minerals crystallizing from granitic magma, entering instead trace minerals such as zircon. The relationship between the saturation limit (SL) for such a mineral and the bulk distribution coefficient (Do) for U is central to understanding the distribution of U and its availability to late-stage fluids that can form ore deposits directly, or labile U that can be remobilized later. Low SL values imply early crystallization of zircon, but in very small proportions, minimizing Do and maximizing the degree of enrichment of U in late-stage fluids. Thus, granitic rocks with low Zr contents (due to a low saturation limit for zircon) are most likely to evolve U-enriched differentiates; this will be reflected in a high U content of the zircons (but not necessarily high U abundances in whole-rocks). Thus, the ratio of the U content of zircon to the Zr content of the corresponding whole-rock is potentially a very useful parameter in identifying granitic rocks most likely to have U-enriched solutions associated with them. The granitic rocks associated with the U deposits of the Midnite mine area, Washington, have geochemical characteristics that fit the model presented very well. The rocks are very low in Zr (100 ppm) and contain zircons with extremely high U contents (3,000-4,000 ppm).

Jan 1, 1984

By Chester Washburne

AT present it is impossible to estimate closely the amount of oil obtainable from a given area of land. However, after the completion of a few properly distributed prospect wells, one can calculate the approximate yield of the sands penetrated, with a probable error of say 50 per cent. Even rough predictions of this kind are of value in, large operations. Without wells upon it, one can never be absolutely certain that an area will produce any oil whatever, and one can only indulge in wild guesses of the probable productive area, before the geological structure has been carefully contoured and the top of the basal water plotted on a map. This requires wells. At times it is desirable to form an idea of the possible yield of oil in advance of drilling, as in cases where the price asked for undeveloped land seems too high, but where the probability of finding oil is furnished by neighboring development, supported by the geology. In such cases the most one can do is to make an estimate of possible maximum yield, which may of course far exceed results, and which is of use mainly in the prevention of excessive initial investment. The method is very significant in a general way, as in regions like the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, where the productive sands in the Cretaceous shale are so few and so thin and fine that they cannot develop very great production, although the high quality of the oil probably will counterbalance this defect sufficiently to give local profit in favorable areas. Reservoir Capacity of Sands.-The porosity of a stratum is the measure of its maximum reservoir capacity for liquids and gases. The porosity may be determined experimentally and must be used in connection with the total volume of the sand.

Jan 2, 1915

By Hans Rausch, Kurt J. E. Meyer

A PELLETIZING plant in Germany must be able to process ores of different origins, having quite different characteristics. This requirement was of great importance for the development of the Lurgi process. For the production of green pellets a ma- chine would, therefore, have to be capable of dealing with all kinds of raw materials, and hardening must be done in a furnace, the temperature of which is adjustable to the different temperatures of the ores. Making Green Pellets To produce green pellets, experiments were made on a number of machines, such as drums, vacuum extrusion presses, and compacting machines. In 1949, Lurgi was the first to use pelletizing discs to produce iron ore pellets; until then this type of machine had been used exclusively in the cement industry.

Jan 3, 1958

The State Mining Bureau of California under the direction of Fletcher Hamilton, State Mineralogist, is starting a field campaign to report on the economic minerals of California, which have an important industrial and military bearing on the present war situation. Particular interest and value attaches at the present moment to our available supplies of chrome, coal, iron, magnesite, manganese, molybdenum, quicksilver and tungsten. Trained geologists and engineers of the Bureau's staff are being sent, out to obtain information with relation to the latest developments. Advance notices will be sent to the local newspapers, from time to time, of the arrival of the engineers in the various districts. All persons interested in the minerals mentioned are earnestly urged to cooperate with the State Mining Bureau by meeting the field men while in their districts or by communicating direct with the State Mineralogist at his office in the Ferry Building, San Francisco. The State Mining Bureau has just issued Bulletin No. 72 on The Geologic Formations of California. It was written by Prof. James Perrin Smith of Stanford University, and contains a complete bibliography and resume of all of our present knowledge relative to the geological formations occurring in California. It also contains much previously unpublished data, and six tables showing geologic columns. It covers 41 pages.

Jan 6, 1917

By E. M. Cox, T. Rosenqvist

IN a recent investigation, carried out at the Institute for the Study of Metals, the affinity of sul-phur for iron, copper, and manganese was studied over the temperature range 700" to 1300°C.' It was found that copper exhibits a rather high affinity for sulphur, especially at higher temperatures; and attention was called to the possibility that copper when present together with sulphur in liquid steel would tend to lower the chemical activity of sulphur and thus interfere with the desulphurization process. It was clear, however, that the data for the equilibrium between pure copper and pure copper sulphide (Cu2S) could not give any quantitative information about the effect of copper when dissolved in liquid steel. The present work is concerned with the activity of sulphur in the diluted range of the binary iron-sulphur system, and with the influence of small amounts of copper on this sulphur activity. This investigation is in principle based on the same method previously described for the binary metal-sulphur studies;1,2 namely, reaction with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulphide. The equilibrium ratio PH2s/Ph2 in the equilibrium gas mixture is, for a given temperature, directly proportional to the sulphur activity. The activity of sulphur in liquid iron has previously been studied by Chipman and Ta Li,3 White and Skelly,4 and recently by Sherman, Elvander, and Chipman.5 Morris and Williams6 have studied the effect of added silicon, and Kitchener, Bockris and Liberman,7 and recently Morris and Buehl,8 the effect of added carbon on the sulphur activity. In present day steelmaking processes the steel bath contains between 0.01 and 0.1 pct sulphur, and the copper content may be as high as 0.5 pct. The equi-librium gas ratio (H2S/H2) would, for such a low-sulphur content, be too low to be measured with the experimental technique we use. It has been shown by previous investigators that the H2S/H2 ratio is closely proportional to the sulphur content up to about 1 pct sulphur. The sulphur activity at very low-sulphur content can therefore be calculated by linear interpolation between 0 and 1 pct sulphur. In order to show the general trend with increasing sulphur content, the present work has been carried out to about 3.5 pct sulphur. As the effect of copper was assumed to be more a function of the Cu/S ratio than of the absolute copper content, the runs with copper were made for certain constant values for this ratio.

Jan 1, 1951

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Mar. 1 to 15, 1914: Members ADAMS, JOHN H., Cons. Engr First National Bank Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. ALEXANDER, WILLIAM H., Miner 80 Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. AUSTIN, EDGAR TAYLOR, Asst. Smelter Supt., Mond Nickel Co., Ltd., Coniston, Ont., Can. BAKER, DANIEL, JR., Asst. Treas., Standard Lime & Stone Co. 524 Equitable Bldg., Baltimore, Md. BALL, MAX WAITE, Geologist U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. BARREN, HARRY B., Supt. Blast Furnaces, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. BAUMANN, HENRY N., JR., Amalgamator 365 Lynn St., Seattle, Wash. BLACK,, THOMAS B., Min. Engr Care Vulture Mines Co., Wickenburg, Ariz. BRADT, HARLAN H 429 West 111th_ St, New York, N. Y.

Jan 4, 1914

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Sept. 10, 1916, to Oct. 10, 1916. BLOOMFIELD, EDWIN CHARLES, Min. Engr., 1012 Standard Bank Bldg., Vancouver, B. C., Canada. BRINGS, HENRY, Min. and Met. Engr., Chief Engr., and Geol., Mollet-Mesrine, 1212 Mills Bldg., El Paso, Texas. CHASE, MARCH F., Vice-Pres., Commercial Acid Co., 1906 Boatmens Bank Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. CUMMINGS, ALVIN M., Asst. Mine Supt., Witherbee, Sherman & Co., Inc., Mineville, Essex Co., N. Y. DOUGLASS, GEORGE M., Genl. Safety Inspector, Amer. Smelt. & Ref. Co. 120 Broadway, New Fork, N. Y. EMRICH, CLARENCE T., Chief Chemist, Old Dominion Copper Min. & Smelt. Co., Box 1163, Globe, Ariz. GARDANIER, SUTTER ALBERT, Assayer, Mgr., Douglas Assay Co., Douglas, Cochise Co., Ariz.

Jan 10, 1916

By O. C. Wheeler

The reports for the years 1942 and 1943 were written in 1943 and 1944, respectively, and were summarized at the meetings of the Institute in February of those two years, but the manuscripts were held until released for publication in 1945. 1942 Lack of transportation facilities during 1942 resulted in a sharp curtailment of producing operations in Colombia at the middle of the year, and production of crude for export was thus greatly affected. Total production in 1942 amounted to only 10,617,008 bbl. Of this amount the Tropical Oil Co. produced 9,453,995 bbl., which includes 126,607 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Colombian Petroleum Co. produced 1,163,013 bbl, from its Barco property. The following summary, showing a comparison of the number of barrels of crude produced during the years 1941 . and 1942, reflects the extent to which producing operations were reduced during 1942: These above figures do not include any production recovered from Condor's (Shell's) Casabe wells during testing operations. An active exploratory drilling Program was carried out by several of the major companies, and the year 1942 established a record for wildcatting activity in Colombia. Excluding development operations on the Shell's Casabe wells on the Yondo concession, 13 wildcats were completed. Eight of these were in the Magdalena Valley, and all were abandoned; five were on the Barco Concession, and of these four were completed as producers. Particularly notable among the petroleum developments during 1942 was the continued success of drilling operations on the Shell's Yondo Concession of Compania Colombiana de Petroleos El Condor opposite Barranca-Bermeja. In 1941 the discovery well, Casabe No. I, was drilled and completed with an estimated initial production of approximately 480 bbl. of 19 1/2 A.P.I. gr. oil per day. In 1942, seven stepouts from the discovery well were successfully completed with initial production ratings ranging from 150 to 1230 bbl. per day. An extensive wildcat program on the Barco Concession of the Colombian Petroleum Co. yielded favorable results with the completion of four producers in the Socuavo and Tres Bocas areas; a fifth test, Sardinata Norte No. I, was abandoned at 500;" feet. Wildcatting operations in the lower Magdalena Valley area were initiated in 1942 With the drilling of a deep test, El Dote No. I, by Compania de petroleo Shell de Colombia. The well was a failure and was abandoned at a depth of 10,046 (?) feet. Wildcats on which drilling operations were being conducted at the end of the

Jan 1, 1945

By David C. Russell

The Department of the Interior used to be a quiet, noncontroversial, almost boring agency. It, after all is the fifth oldest of the Departments, and as an old line Federal agency it has studiously performed its preservation and resource management functions in a caretaker mode--though some would say more "undertaker" than "caretaker"--locking up the body and soul of America piece-by-piece. Yes, quiet, serene. That is until Jim Watt showed up. And we have all seen that version of Mt. Vesuvius which resulted--only it was the environmentalists who blew their tops. Ronald Reagan chose Jim Watt as Secretary of this fine old agency to prove that one-third of our Nation's land and over a billion acres on the Outer Continental Shelf can work for this Nation. At the foundation of President Reagan's charge to Secretary Watt is a belief in the tenets of the free enterprise system, and in the individual freedoms upon which this country was founded. There are those who don't share this belief in democracy and free enterprise, and those who believe this 205 year experiment called the United States of America will fail. Nikita Krushchev said "we will bury you"--obviously he didn't agree with our system. An Italian sociologist, Franco Ferrorotti, said bureaucratic stagnation will kill capitalism. Certainly we have all felt the ravages of bloated bureaucracies. Perhaps one indicator in the United States is the Federal Register, that daily compilation of Government's largesse. In 1970, 20,000 pages of the Federal Register were published. A decade later, in 1980, that volume had quadrupled to 80,000 pages. The Federal bureaucracy can stagnate from excessive budgets as well. The Interior Department spent $60 million on administering Federal coal leasing in 1981. That's nearly two bits a ton for every ton of coal leased in 1981. You wouldn't stay in business very long if your administrative overhead on inventory was that outrageous. But the pessimism of our critics is apparent from more than red tape and bloated budgets. For decades America has been fasting--consuming too little of America's wealth of minerals, subsisting instead on a diet heavily reliant upon mid-east oil, with little emphasis or concern for inventorying and developing domestic energy and mineral resources. Economics--yes. But short-term, short-sighted economics. Excessively dependent upon foreign imports, of oil, cobalt, chrome and other strategic minerals, the U.S. measures its time before another embargo--or fallen Shah, or Soviet manipulation, or Saudi shift, or, as we witnessed in Egypt, assassination--an untimely loss to mankind and efforts to bring peace to the troubled mid-east. These disruptions, in addition to their tragic human tolls, impair the free world's security. Huge chunks of the United States have been locked away in dozens of single land use categories in the name of conservation, with only the foggiest idea of what resources might be denied the American people-and this at a time of unacceptable levels of energy and strategic mineral imports. More than half and perhaps two-thirds of all Government-owned lands are totally withdrawn from or severely restricted to development under the mining and leasing laws. We must continue to rid Government of the overly zealous restraints which have been keeping us from drawing upon that which can help restore our economy and national security. When we assumed responsibility, the United States was dependent on foreign sources for about 40 percent of its oil. In 1981, our oil import bill was approximately $83 billion--nearly 17 times what it was in 1972. Our reliance on foreign sources for essential minerals is even more disturbing. We must look to other countries--some unfriendly, some unstable--for 22 of 36 strategically critical minerals. Yet the energy resources on federal lands which are owned by the American people could meet our needs for centuries if properly managed. Eighty-five percent of the crude oil yet to be discovered in America is likely to come from public lands, as will 40 percent of the natural gas, 35 percent of the coal, 80 percent of the oil shale, nearly all of the tar sands, and substantial portions of uranium and geothermal energy. Our vast hardrock-mineral wealth includes untapped deposits of essential elements we now import, such as chromium, copper, platinum, and cobalt. The obvious question is, if these abundant resources can help to revitalize our economic strength and to preserve our national security, why aren't we using them to better advantage? To a large extent, the answer can be found in past decisions to restrict public access to the federal estate, thus deferring to us or our successors the tough decisions that flow from Congress' mandate to provide for environmentally responsible development of America's energy and mineral treasures. Here is the legacy this Administration inherited: In January 1981, 7 years after the onset of the Mideast oil embargo: ---Less than 15 percent of federal onshore lands were under lease for oil and gas development; ---No oil and gas leases had been issued in Alaska for 15 years;

Jan 1, 1982

By Young C. Kim

The use of computer models to design the ultimate open pit limits during feasibility studies as well as during long-range mine planning is becoming an enforced practice in all types of mining, e.g., ferrous, non-ferrous, and coal. As a result, the state of the art in computerized ultimate pit limit design methodologies and associated computing and optimizing techniques has advanced considerably in recent years. Unfortunately, very little has been published to date regarding the preferred ultimate pit limit design philosophy, i.e., optimizing us satisfying, or regarding the modeling approaches being used for different types of orebodies. This paper reviews the current state of the art in various modeling approaches and optimizing techniques that are in use for different types of deposits, through available literatures and personal communications.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. R. Campbell

You have just heard several papers on the classification of coal as this subject appears to the chemist; I shall approach it from the point of view of the geologist who, perforce, has to deal with coal as it occurs in the ground and with the miner of coal who knows certain phases of the physical characteristics of coal better than the scientist can possibly know them. The chemist is familiar with coal as it reaches him in the laboratory, but he seldom has an opportunity to see it in its native condition and to study its physical characteristics and its behavior under varying conditions of weather, transportation and use. He naturally regards the chemical composition of coal as the all-important feature upon which to base a system of classification and he is sometimes inclined to ignore as unscientific any scheme of classification that is based on characteristics other than chemical. The geologist, on the other hand, although he is glad to use the data furnished by the chemist, must depend largely upon the differences that he can see and feel. Classification Understandable to the Layman In the very comprehensive program of examination of the coal fields of the West which the U. S. Geological Survey undertook in 1906, it fell to my lot, as the responsible head of the work, to classify the coals in advance of much knowledge of their chemical composition and in regions where mining had not begun. In this work I was forced to devise some sort of classification that would work practically and that would be understandable to the layman in the field. Much of the classification was based on the work of those who had gone before me, but in the low rank coals of the West the field was unoccupied and I was forced to devise a scheme embracing both chemical and physical characteristics. This scheme has stood the test of actual practical application for several years but it needs revision and the sharpening of the limits between the different ranks. I feel that my experience warrants my saying that physical characteristics must be considered and I have faith to believe that some scheme embodying both can be devised.

Jan 1, 1930

By Thomas Egleston

The process of lixiviating silver ores, which do or do not contain gold, by means of hyposnlphite of soda is likely to assume a very great importance in the West, the conditions being such that while it is applicable to very rich ores which do not contain lead enough to smelt, it is also equally applicable to many ores that are either too poor or too impure to be treated by any other process. Western ores are generally divided into four classes: those which contain copper enough to be smelted for copper, from which the gold and silver is extracted in the wet way, as is the practice of the Boston and Colorado works; those in which there is a large quantity of lead, which can be smelted for lead, and the gold and silver extracted from it; ores in which there is neither copper nor lead enough to allow of a process of smelting, but which can be treated in pans, these ores being " free milling " if they require no metallurgical treatment, or '(rebellious" if they have to be roasted with or without the addition of salt; and ores which do not contain enough either of lead or copper for smelting, which are poor both in silver and gold, contain large amounts of sulphur, arsenic, and antimony, and cannot be treated in many places in the West by any of these processes. Roasting with salt would convert the base metals as well as the silver into chlorides, and would give in the amalgamation a very base bullion, and the expense of the process would be SO great that the margin of profit would be very small, the reason being that for the ordinary process of pan-amalgamation, which is the only one suitable for ores containing small amounts of the base metals, and poor in silver and gold, the cost of a plant for milling is so large as not to justify the expense of treating such ores. The electrolytic processes which have been partially successful in Europe have not been tried 'here. While in the near future they will undoubtedly be used, it is hardly possible to consider them now.

Jan 1, 1884

By J. E. Papin

Morenci ores contain as an average about 0.015 pct molybdenite, MoS2. Incidental to the concentrating operations applied for the recovery of copper minerals, approximately two-thirds of the molybdenite is floated and appears in the final copper concentrate. The economic importance of molybdenum and the success achieved in its recovery in milling operations elsewhere encouraged research directed toward its recovery in marketable form. Several procedures are utilized to effect separation of molybdenite from copper and iron sulphides, but only two have wide application. In the better known of these two methods the molybdenite in the copper concentrate is depressed in a flotation operation using soluble starch as the depressant. The tailing from this treatment thus becomes a low-grade molybdenite concentrate which after thickening, filtering, and low temperature roasting is repulped with water and subjected to additional flotation steps for recovery of the molybdenite. A thio-phosphate collecting agent is employed in flotation of the copper minerals. Presumably the stability and lasting effects of that collector type necessitated the practice of depressing molybdenite followed by subsequent roasting to insure elimination of copper and iron sulphides from final molybdenite concentrate.

Jan 2, 1955

By H. M. Howe

It is a grave objection to the present system (or rather lack of system) of mineralogical nomenclature that, in the very great majority of cases, the name of a mineral gives no hint of its chemical composition, one might almost say no suggestion, however faint, of anything connected with it or characteristic of it, chemical, physical, historical, geographical, geological, or lithological. In becoming acquainted with a mineral, in addition to learning its composition and important characteristics, one must also learn a name wholly unconnected with any of them. It has occurred to me that a system might be devised in which the name of each mineral should express at least an approximation to its ultimate composition. It is far easier to learn the names of most minerals than their compositions. Most of us are familiar with the names and appearance of many minerals, especially among the silicates, of whose compositions we have but a rough notion. It would be the aim of such a system to enable us, in making the one slight effort of learning the name of a mineral, by that same effort and involuntarily to learn its composition, which now requires an additional and a much greater effort. I have worked out a system designed to meet this requirement, and its description occupies the remainder of this article. Doubtless there are many devices on which could be based other systems fulfilling the requirement above set forth better than that about to be described does, and at the same time furnishing names

Jan 1, 1884

By Fred W. Gordon

The heading of this paper was prompted by the knowledge that experience, up to this time, seemed to indicate that smaller furnaces were preferable for smelting the material of this section. Since the reasonable success thus far achieved by the first furnace of this plant tends to change the above opinion, and unsettle the generally-accepted views of furnace-men as to "weak " coke, a few words as to the design of the plant and the mode of operation adopted may prove interesting.

Jan 1, 1889

By Eugene McAuliffe

TWO years ago the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers made a memorable contribution toward a better understanding of the problems that have for many years confronted the coal industry. Specific suggestions toward betterment were then advanced, certain of which were taken up, amplified and endorsed by men who were conscien-tiously interested in the work of lifting this great industry out of the morass it has lain in for years. Two certain suggestions then made-provision for seasonal variations in railroad freight rates that would tend to encourage the purchase and movement of coal during the low summer production period, and provi-sion for the collection by the United States Government of all the facts surrounding the industry-were intro-duced in the form of legislation in the United States Senate by a member of that body, a man whose personal character, antecedents and business training put him above and beyond all suspicion of demagoguery; however, as the result of the insistent, vindictive opposition of the industry itself, these two bills, con-structive in their nature, were buried under an ava-lanche of misrepresentation. Today, with all mines that employ union labor at a stand still, the work of stabilizing the industry is yet before us. As aptly stated by Herbert Hoover, in March, 1920, when he was president of the Institute; An engineering organization is particularly the body to under-take this work. It is an economic problem, an engineering pro-blem within the ken of our experience; it is a problem that requires not only constructive thought but quantitative thought and wise social thought. The engineers of the United States occupy a position midway between capital and labor. They enter upon problems of this kind without prejudice either way, and they have that faculty of mind for quantitative thought, as distinguished from qualitative thought, that takes such problems as this out of the region of politics into the region of matter-of-fact solution.

Jan 5, 1922

By J. S. Osoba, J. G. Richardson, F. M. Perkins

Laboratory experiments have shown profound diffcrences in the behavior of so-called "fresh cores" from the East Texes field and of the same cores after ex~ractio~l with organic solvents. The residual oil satura/ion remaining after waterflooding fresh cores was appreciably lower than the corresponding saturations after flooding extracted cores. This behavior was also reflected in the water-oil relative permeability-saturatiorl relations, which were more favorable for high oil recovery from the fresh cores. These differences were evident not only in the amount of residual oil left after wafer flooding, but also in the saturation water remaining in the core after displacernent by oil. Residual water saturation after displacernetzt of water by oil was higher in the fresh cores than in the extracved core,. Capillary pressure-saturation relations were also different for the fresh crnd extracted cores. Imbibition experiments indicated that both fresh and extracted Bast Texas cores imbibed water spontarteOLISIY, but- the rate of imbibition of water was higher for samp1es after. extraction than it was for fresh core. material. INTRODUCTION Several years ago a series of waterflooding tests was made in the laboratory on a number of Woodbine core samples from the East Texas field. These samples had been stored in containers open to the air and were extracted with organic solvents before they were subjected to the laboratory tests. After water flooding, the residual saturation of kerosene, which was the oil used in the tests, was found to average about 30 per cent. This saturation was higher than expected. In investigating the circumstances which might have been responsible for such a high residual oil saturation, attention was given to possible changes in wetting properties of the rock brought about by the procedure employed in extracting the cores. Preliminary results indicated that the explanation for the high residual oil saturation lay in the wetting behavior of the cores, though what effect extraction had on this behavior was not clear. In consequence, the work described in this report was undertaken in an attempt to investigate the mechanism responsible, and to ascertain the actual residual oil saturation to be expected in the reservoir after water flooding. It was soon found that there were profound differcnces in the behavior of so-called "fresh cores" from the East Texas field and of the same cores after extraction with organic solvents. These differences were evident not only in the amount of residual oil left after water flooding, but also in the saturation of watet remaining in the core after displacement by oil. The complete explanation of this behavior is not yet apparent. The description of work and results described in following sections, therefore, must be considered as an interim report presenting facts which must await additional information before they can be fully interpreted.

Jan 1, 1956

[59H1-Water Law and Its Significance to the Mining Industry by Wells A Hutchins 59H2-Relation of Land Subsidence to Groundwater Withdrawals in the Upper Gulf Coast Region, Texas by Leonard A Wood and A G Winslow 59F3-Hydraulic Mining of Gilsonite and Its Application to Coal Mining by J H Baker 59H4-Recovery of Phosphates by In Situ Fluid Mining by Sylvain J Pirson 59F5-Coal Cleaning Plant Design for Minimum Operating Labor by Wm M Bertholf and John D Price 59F6-Coke Combustibility A Neglected Characteristic by J D Price 59B7-Union Carbide's Uranium Operation at Maybell, Colorado by K W Lentz and F T Temple 59H8-A Rapid Method for Estimating Alumina in Feldspathic Sands by Hugh H Bein 59H9-Water Laws as Related to Dredging in Idaho by Robert A Lothrop, Richard B Porter, and Robert P Porter 58B19-Separation and Washing of Alumina Process Residue by Morton Handelman 59B11-Feed Preparation and Froth Modification for Fatty Acid Flotation by Carl C Martin and Burt C Mariacher 59B12-Design Requirements for Tailing Disposal in the Southwest by E Vern Given 59B13-Semi-Dome Shaped Buildings for Bulk Storage by Edward E Ives and William L Payne]

Jan 1, 1961