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By Ernest N. Patty, Sherwin F. Kelly

The present case history deals with the examination of an almost forgotten nickel prospect, near Winesap, Chelan County, Washington. Although the final results yielded no ore body of commercial importance, the integration of surface and underground exploration, geophysical survey and diamond drilling endow the story with interest. The program is significant because it is illustrative of how the most disappointing expenditures in mining exploration, the "not-finding" costs, could have been reduced had geophysical methods been applied at an appropriate stage in the prospecting work. The Chelan nickel deposit was discovered about 1900, on a sage-brush-covered hillside with a southerly slope, adjacent to Winesap Canyon; the paved highway now extending from Wenatchee northward, up the Columbia River and into Okanogan Valley, is only a mile away. After the deposit was found, three short prospect tunnels were driven into it, and the prospect then remained dormant for 40 years. No. x tunnel was 80 ft. long, running north into the hillside. For the first 35 ft. this adit exposed a typical, iron-stained gossan with streaks and stains of malachite, and small seams of water-soluble nickel sulphate. Beyond this, it encountered a relatively fresh peridotite, well mineralized with blebs of pentlandite. Systematic sampling yielded an average assay of 1.5 per cent nickel and 0.3 per cent copper. Down the hillside to the south and 35 ft. lower in elevation, No. 2 tunnel was driven under No. I and in the same direction, traversing 50 ft. of gneiss before it reached the peridotite. At this point the latter formation showed only scattered blebs of sulphides, not of commercial grade. To the west, on the same contour line as No. I tunnel, and 800 ft. around the hillside from it, No. 3 tunnel was driven 50 ft. into the hill to explore a strong gossan outcrop that assayed 0.5 per cent nickel (Fig. I). From the geological exposures on the hillside and in the tunnels, it appears that the main mass of the hill is formed of an ancient and altered gneiss complex. Into this, a sill-like injection of amphibolite (altered peridotite) was intruded, which, at least in some places, contains commercial quantities of nickel sulphide. Its structure is obscure, but it appears to dip into the hill at an angle of about 15°. In the vicinity of No. 3 tunnel a large dike of quartz diorite cuts the peridotite or amphibolite; about 140 ft. north of the portal of the tunnel, a dike of andesite 00 ft. wide cuts boldly up the hillside to break the continuity of the peridotite in that direction. The geological evidence available was not adequate to decide whether the peridotite forms a continuous sill, or occurs as isolated bodies in the gneiss. Not all of this peridotite carries commercial amounts of pentlandite, but if the mineral-

Jan 1, 1946

By Ernest N. Patty, Sherwin F. Kelly

The present case history deals with the examination of an almost forgotten nickel prospect, near Winesap, Chelan County, Washington. Although the final results yielded no ore body of commercial importance, the integration of surface and underground exploration, geophysical survey and diamond drilling endow the story with interest. The program is significant because it is illustrative of how the most disappointing expenditures in mining exploration, the "not-finding" costs, could have been reduced had geophysical methods been applied at an appropriate stage in the prospecting work. The Chelan nickel deposit was discovered about 1900, on a sage-brush-covered hillside with a southerly slope, adjacent to Winesap Canyon; the paved highway now extending from Wenatchee northward, up the Columbia River and into Okanogan Valley, is only a mile away. After the deposit was found, three short prospect tunnels were driven into it, and the prospect then remained dormant for 40 years. No. x tunnel was 80 ft. long, running north into the hillside. For the first 35 ft. this adit exposed a typical, iron-stained gossan with streaks and stains of malachite, and small seams of water-soluble nickel sulphate. Beyond this, it encountered a relatively fresh peridotite, well mineralized with blebs of pentlandite. Systematic sampling yielded an average assay of 1.5 per cent nickel and 0.3 per cent copper. Down the hillside to the south and 35 ft. lower in elevation, No. 2 tunnel was driven under No. I and in the same direction, traversing 50 ft. of gneiss before it reached the peridotite. At this point the latter formation showed only scattered blebs of sulphides, not of commercial grade. To the west, on the same contour line as No. I tunnel, and 800 ft. around the hillside from it, No. 3 tunnel was driven 50 ft. into the hill to explore a strong gossan outcrop that assayed 0.5 per cent nickel (Fig. I). From the geological exposures on the hillside and in the tunnels, it appears that the main mass of the hill is formed of an ancient and altered gneiss complex. Into this, a sill-like injection of amphibolite (altered peridotite) was intruded, which, at least in some places, contains commercial quantities of nickel sulphide. Its structure is obscure, but it appears to dip into the hill at an angle of about 15°. In the vicinity of No. 3 tunnel a large dike of quartz diorite cuts the peridotite or amphibolite; about 140 ft. north of the portal of the tunnel, a dike of andesite 00 ft. wide cuts boldly up the hillside to break the continuity of the peridotite in that direction. The geological evidence available was not adequate to decide whether the peridotite forms a continuous sill, or occurs as isolated bodies in the gneiss. Not all of this peridotite carries commercial amounts of pentlandite, but if the mineral-

Jan 1, 1946

By G. R. Leverant, C. P. Sullivan

Re crystallized TD-nickel mi-2Th0,) in both coated und uncoated conditions was fatigued at 1800°F at total strain ranges varying .from 0.2 to 0.75 pct. The fatigue life of uncoated inaferal, Nf, was related to the total strain range, ?eT, by (2Nf/021AeT = 0.014. A duplex Al-Cr pack coating increased the fatigue life by about a factor of two. The cracks that led to failure in both coated and uncoated material were initiated at the outer surface, indicating that the mechanical properties of the surface layers were important in determining fatigue life. Crack propagation and subsurface crack initiation in the TD-nickel occurred preferentially at grain boundaries with cavitation at thoria particle-matrix interfaces an integral part of the grain boundary fracture process. The importance of both the grain morphology developed during thermome chanical processing of TD-nickel and the distribution of thoria particle sizes to fatigue resistance are discussed. THE fatigue properties of only a few dispersion-strengthened metals have been studied at temperatures 0.5 Tm;1,2 among these have been lead and aluminum containing oxide dispersions. TD-nickel is a material of interest for application in aircraft gas turbine engines, but little fundamental information is available on its behavior under cyclic loading conditions. In this study, the low-cycle fatigue properties of TD-nickel were determined at 1800°F with emphasis on the 101-lowing; 1) the relation of the grain morphology produced during thermomechanical processing to crack initiation and propagation; 2) the role of thoria parti-cles in the fracture process; and 3) the effect of an oxidation resistant coating on fatigue life. I) MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The TD-nickel was supplied by DuPont as a 5/8-in. thick plate which had been subjected to a proprietary series of thermomechanical treatments with a final anneal at 2000°F for 1 hr in hydrogen. The composition of the material is given in Table I. At the test temperature of 1800°F, the 0.2 pct offset yield stress was 15,000 psi, and the elongation and reduction in area were 4.6 and 3.0 pct, respectively. The microstructure of this material has been previously described.&apos; Briefly, it consists of an array of lath-shaped grains, about 0.15 mm in thickness, with the long dimension of each grain parallel to the primary working direction, Fig. 1(a). The presence of very small annealing twirls, Fig. l(b ), together with the absence of extensive dislocation networks, Fig. L/C), indicated that the material was in the recrystal- Table I. Composition of TD-Nickel ThO2 2.3 vol pct C 0.0073 wt pct lex 0.01 wt pct Cr 0.01 wt pct Cu 0.004 wt pct S 0.001 wt pct Ti <0.001 wt pct Co <0.01 wt pct Ni bal lized condition. Commercial TD-nickel sheet has a similar grain size and shape, but unlike the present material is not recrystallized as evidenced by the absence of annealing twins and the presence of a well-developed dislocation substructure.4 The plate material had Young&apos;s moduli in the rolling direction of 22 x 106 psi and 13 x 106 psi at room temperature and 1800°F, respectively, indicating a texture with a strong {100}<001> component in agreement with previous observations on recrystallized TD-nickel sheet.596 The 2.3 vol pct of thoria particles were uniformly distributed although some clustering and stringering of larger particles was occasionally seen. The average diameter of the particles was 450 and the calculated mean planar center-to-center spacing was 2100Å. Two specimens were coated with a duplex A1-Cr pack coating. The coating was somewhat nonuniform from one position to another along the gage length. An area of the coating after testing is shown in Fig. 2. Electron microprobe analysis revealed the following zones in the various lettered regions indicated in Fig. 2: A) a bcc matrix of B-NiA1 with some chromium in solid solution along with a fine dispersion of a chromium-rich second phase which was probably precipitated during cooling from the test temperature to room temperature; B) fcc y&apos;-Ni,Al with some chromium in solid solution; C) porosity; D) a two-phase mixture of a chromium-rich solid solution containing nickel and aluminum and a small volume fraction of a nickel-rich solid solution having approximately the same composition as the immediately adjacent portion of region E, E) the TD-nickel substrate containing chromium in solid solution to a depth of 5 to 10 mils. As expected from the nature of the diffusion processes involved,7 the thoria particles were present only up to the layer of porosity, region C, Fig. 2. The measured thickness of the coating proper, zones A to D, after testing was 1 to 2 mils. The specimen design and testing techniques have been previously discussed.&apos; Stressing was axial and parallel to the lath-shaped grains (i.e., parallel to the rolling direction). The total strain range was controlled between zero and a maximum tensile strain varying from 0.2 to 0.75 pct. (The test at 0.2 pct total strain range was switched to load control at 1030 cycles at which point the peak tensile and compres-

Jan 1, 1970

By Max Boehmer

After 30 rears of development and after an output of $350,000,000 in value of gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper, there has not been published a satisfactory explanation of the origin of the immense deposits of the Leadville district. The original examination and survey of Leadville by members of the U. S. Geological Survey was a &apos;most magnificent piece of work, but their attempt to explain the origin of the ores was based upon the then-accepted theory of lateral secretion, originated by Sandberger, which theory was afterwards disproved in many cases by further development in numerous districts. This theory contended that the ore in the veins had been leached by surface-waters from the eruptive rocks in the immediate vicinity, and it had its origin in the fact that the neighboring eruptive rocks all contained, to an appreciable degree, the several metals found in the ore-deposits. But the practical miner, reasoning in a simple manner from the condition of things as he found them underground, soon discovered the fallacy of this proposition. He reasoned that, in the case of the Leadville deposits, this theory could not be true, because, if the ores were leached from the overlying eruptive rocks by surface-waters, they would as a matter of necessity be controlled by the action of gravity, and the main bodies

Jan 1, 1911

By Edward Wisser

The environment of an ore body is taken to mean not only its physical surroundings but every factor, passive or active, that conditioned the ore shoot, saving only the original composition of the solutions that formed the shoot. Collection of data related to the shape and characteristics of veins should be followed by correlation of the data and the formulation of generalizations regarding ore formation. The nature of the criteria used in arriving at these generalizations is discussed. Certain of the criteria, when used with an understanding of their underlying causes, become "ore- guides." In the course of his study the geologist must not confine himself to the immediate surroundings of the veins, but should attempt to work out the geologic history of events culminating in the crucial epoch for any mining district, the period of mineralization. The work may involve study of features far removed from the veins and related to them only indirectly. It commonly means thorough study of the geology of the entire region surrounding the ore deposits. THE following question has been suggested for discussion: [t] "Are there any criteria by which one can determine when mining operations have reached the roots of an ore deposit?" The question deals less with the roots of a particular ore body than with the lower limit of the vertical range within which ore bodies may be expected. It concerns a critical line upon the longitudinal vertical projection of a vein.[t] Below this line it is useless to look for ore shoots; above the line exploration below the bottoms of individual ore shoots may be justified. Can we learn to determine the position of such a line? In some multivein districts the line for any given vein may be approximated by simple interpolation or extrapolation. Where this is possible the bottoms of the lowest ore shoots in the various veins are points on an imaginary, gently rolling surface. The trace of this surface upon the vein is our critical line for that vein. The imaginary surface rolls so gently that it may be projected from two or more known veins to an unexplored vein near by. Here is a criterion for the bottoming of ore that has nothing to do with changes in the appearance of the vein in question; it rests solely on the depth at which the ore bottomed in adjacent veins. The method is not applicable in districts only slightly explored in depth, nor where the lower limit of the ore-bearing horizons

Jan 1, 1939

By J. F. Nester, J. B. Schroeder

COMPOUNDS of rare-earth and iron-group elements are of technical interest because of their unusual magnetic properties. To date, however, all magnetic measurements1-4 have been made with polycrystalline, often polyphase, samples. For the measurement of anisotropic properties, single-crystal samples are necessary to avoid the averaging effect of randomly oriented grains. The purpose of this note is to describe a technique with which we have grown relatively large single crystals of YCo5, NdCo5, DyCo5, and "YFe9". Crystal growth of these materials is complicated because: 1) the binary equilibrium diagrams are, in general, not well-established; 2) in those cases where phase-equilibrium data are available, the compounds of interest are generally formed by peritectic reaction; 3) the molten component metals are chemically very reactive, making contaminaticn of the melts by the crucible material a serious problem. Techniques such as arc or levitation melting followed by strain annealing have been tried5)&apos; in the past with these materials, but with little success because of the peritectic reactions and the inherently poor process control. For this reason we chose to use the zone-melting technique of Mason and cook7 for our work, since past workers8 have had some success in preparing single crystals of peritectic compounds by this method.

Jan 1, 1965

By C. L. Meyers, J. L. Lytton, T. E. Tietz

The recovery of tensile flow stress of 99.995 pct A1 under conditions of elastic strain and plastic creep straining was investigated using a fractional recovery parameter. Tensile straining was conducted at room temperature to a true strain of 0.10, and recovery treatments were made under stress in the temperature range from 80° to 198°C. Whereas elastic strains had no appreciable influence on flow-stress recovery, plastic creep straining was found to accelerate the recovery process. Although higher creep stresses gave greater recovery for a given time and temperature, it was found that lower stresses produced greater recovevy at equal ALTHOUGH many studies have been made to date on the recovery of metals from the cold-worked creep strains above about 0.005. This effect was attributed to the coarser, and therefore weaker, substructure developed during creep at the lower stresses. The activation energy for recovery during creep straining at 2075 psi between 160" and 198°C was found to be 25,000 cal per mole. This value was not significantly greater than the value previously obtained for no-load recovery. The activation energy for creep at 2075 psi between 160" and 198°C was 34,000 cal per mole, a value significantly greater than that for recovery under the same conditions. state, little is known concerning some important aspects of recovery behavior. One such area is the effect concurrent strain has on the recovery process. Since metals in structural applications at high temperatures are under stress, the possible effects of the resulting elastic and plastic strain on recovery may be of significant importance.

Jan 1, 1962

By William H. Kobbé

THE CHAIRMAN (M. L. REQUA, San Francisco, Cal.).-We have had in California a great deal of trouble from the breaking. off and collapsing of well casings from shifting sand, and it is quite true with us as indicated in the paper, that no casing has been found sufficiently strong to withstand that. I know of wells in which casing that has not been in the hole over 2 or 3 days has collapsed and when that casing has, been pulled out it has been just as flat as your hand. I am also familiar with swelling bed rock in the gold drift mining ground of California. It does swell and keeps on swelling and never seems to stop. Just as long as tunnels are kept open in that kind of material there has to be a gang going through the tunnel constantly cutting out and easing up. They have put in timbers 24 in. in diameter in an effort to hold that kind of ground and it has always filled. The only way to succeed is to keep a gang of men busy all the time cutting out and easing down as it squeezes in. C. NARAMORE, Washington, D. C.-My experience has been very similar to yours in, the same field in the matter of breaking off of casing. I had charge of one well, in which I put in reënforced casing, anchored it in place and got 1 day&apos;s production, 150 bbl., out of it. The following morning my lease foreman telephoned that it had broken off. I thought at that time we would have more evidence, so I drove out to the well without ordering a new shoe joint. It had been customary to merely start from town with a new shoe joint, pull the pipe, take off the crooked bottom joint, start the casing back and sometimes never touch any iron (lost casing)- when redrilling the well. Where the flattened joints went

Jan 4, 1917

By M. Mathieu

The Rove tunnel is the means by which the canal from Marseilles to the Rhone Riverl penetrates the hills of Nerthe, lying between Mar- seilles harbor and Lake Berre, Fig. 1. The canal will communicate at sea level with both terminals. The original project planned a lock near the village of Marignane; but observations, pursued for more than three years, showed that the water surface gradient would average only 0.015

Jan 1, 1923

By M. Mathieu

The Rove tunnel is the means by which the canal from Marseilles to the Rhone Riverl penetrates the hills of Nerthe, lying between Mar- seilles harbor and Lake Berre, Fig. 1. The canal will communicate at sea level with both terminals. The original project planned a lock near the village of Marignane; but observations, pursued for more than three years, showed that the water surface gradient would average only 0.015

Jan 1, 1923

By E. W. Wagy

The year 1927 witnessed numerous developments of significance in California. The State&apos;s shut-in production increased from an average of 58,000 bbl. daily in January to a maximum of 93,000 bbl. daily in August, and a total of about 25,000,000 bbl. was withheld from the market during the year. This not only lessened the effect of large production at Hunt-ington Beach, Seal Beach and Alamitos Heights, but also was a most effective conservation move. Since 1922, it is estimated that approximately 100,000,000 bbl. of oil that would otherwise have been produced have been held in the ground. I. Outstanding Field Developments of 19271 1. Long Beach Deep Sand. 2. Rincon (Seac1iff)Discovery. 3. Alamitos Heights Discovery. 4. Ventura Avenue Extension. 5. Round Mountain Discovery. 6. Mt. Poso Extension. 7. Potrero (Cypress) Discovery. 8. Buttonwillow Gas Development. 9. Goleta Discovery. 10. Union Avenue, Edison and Fruitvale Areas. (See Fig. 1.) II. Crude Production The most important factor in new crude production in 1927 was the Seal Reach field with its adjacent Alamitos Heights townlot area. Production increased from about 10,000 bbl. daily in January, to a peak of 66,000 bbl. in June. Huntington Beach finished the year 1926 with a production of 102,000 bbl. daily, which declined to 60,000 bbl. by the end of 1927. Due to production in these three areas and the tempering effect of shutting in numerous wells, the California production curve for 1927 was held at a fairly even level. Fig. 2, shows the State&apos;s production in 1927 and 1926 as compared with 1923, which was the year of excessive

Jan 1, 1928

By Sylvia Whitehead, G. M. Schwartz, J. N. Gundersen

Sylvia Whitehead (Petrologist, The Broken Hill Propriety Co. Ltd., Melbourne, Australia) — Examination of thin sections of jaspilites from numerous banded iron formations in Australia has revealed no evidence to suggest that silicate minerals have formed by reaction between magnetite and silica. Textural relations indicate that part of the magnetite crystallized very early in the history of the rocks, probably during diagenesis, and remained stable under conditions of metamorphism altering only to hematite or limonite under conditions of oxidation and weathering. Many jaspilites also contain later magnetite which is almost certainly of metamorphic origin. Wherever magnetite is present in quartz rich bands containing little or no silicate or carbonate, it is very fine grained and occurs generally as isolated, well formed octahedral crystals or as small crystalline aggregates. These show no evidence of corrosion or reaction with the quartz even in rocks where adjacent bands contain silicate minerals of moderate to high metamorphic grade. Concerning the silicate minerals, it is reasonably certain that bands of very fine grained stilpnomelane

Jan 1, 1963

Thomas T. Read, New york, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *):—At the meetings of English technical societies it not infrequently happens that, during the discussion of a paper, someone will arise to say that although he highly appreciated the material presented, nevertheless he believed it would have been better if some other phase of the question had been more highly emphasized. Assuming that this form of discussion is permissible in the Institute, I should like to reiterate the point made by Prof. A. J. Moses that conclusive proof of the identity of the minerals in question is an essential feature of the study of ores in this way. This is also expressed by Paul Krusch in his recent valuable paper on the sulphide ores (in which he arrives at conclusions diametrically opposed to those of Mr. Graton), as follows: "The diagnostic properties of the various ore minerals are known to but a limited circle of investigators." Many earlier investigators began the study of ores beneath the microscope by reflected light, but discontinued their work, in most cases, because they were unwilling to undertake the great amount of preliminary work necessary to securely establish a basis for their inferences. It is evident that Messrs. Graton and Murdoch realize that the promised later paper on diagnostic characters will be the more important of the two, but the point should be emphasized to forestall a flood of literature from other investigators who may gain the impression that the brief survey of polished specimens is a vade mecum to incontrovertible conclusions as to any given ore deposit.

Jan 1, 1914

By John Dasher

Chemical processing is descended from alchemy, which developed our major lixivants. The profession might have done more if it had been less preoccupied with turning base metals into gold-a process that still hasn&apos;t been developed. Georg Agricola, over 400 years ago, gave us ten recipes for "aqua valens" to part gold and silver, and described cementation of gold and silver on base metals. His text stood for 200 years, by which time heap roasting, leaching and cementation were winning copper from pyrites at Rio Tinto and the Barba furnace was distilling mercury from the ores of Almaden.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. H. Hoffman

During the autumn of 1891, several heavy blasts (each throwing down some 3000 tons of ore) were made on what is known as the Theall side of these mines. Immediately after one of these blasts, the writer found that at least one-third of the ore was largely impregnated with pyrites, and besides this, fully 15 per cent. of the entire blast was composed of irregular lumps of magnetic pyrites. This was a revelation wholly unexpected, as previous examinations by many experts had failed to disclose any such quantity of sulphury ore. Over the center of the Theall tunnel there suddenly appeared a perfect keystone, as it were, of pyrites, 3 feet wide at the arch of the tunnel, 13 feet ride at the top, and 20 feet high. This keystone pinched out in February, 1892; but in that month large blocks of pyrites were more plentiful on or near the western wall, and these deposits extended the entire height of the workings, some 43 feet. The second blast in November, in the face and over, and on each side of the tunnel, was far more surprising. The whole cross-section it exposed was thickly interspersed with layers of magnetic pyrites, ranging in thickness from 10 to 24 inches, and quite irregular in form, while all of the ore carried much more than the usual amount of sulphur in the non-magnetic pyrite. One hundred and fifty-five tons from a portion of this breast (western side), showed the following composition upon sampling and analysis: Per cent. Metallic iron,...45.080 Phosphorus,..........304 Sulphur,...........23.510 And the balance of the blast showed: Per cent. Metallic iron,.....• 33.210 Phosphorus,...........349 Sulphur,.......... 6.680 vol. xxI.-33

Jan 1, 1893

By Edward Halse

The occasional occurrence in metalliferous veins of rounded fragments of rock, matrix or ore, lying loose, embedded in clay, or enclosed in some kind of cement, may be attributed to four causes:— I. They have been washed in from the surface, or from an upper portion of the vein.. II. They are of concretionary origin. III. They have been produced by movements in the country-rock or in the walls of the vein. TV. They have been formed in situ, by the upward, downward or lateral flow of water in the vein itself. In this paper the word " conglomerate " is confined to a rock composed of rounded fragments or pebbles cemented together, as distinguished from a " breccia," in which the rock-fragments are angular. * I. Boulders and Pebbles which have been Washed in from the Surface, or from an Upper Portion of the Vein. In this type it is presupposed that the vein at one time communicated by a fissure or open space with the surface, or with the upper portion from whence the fragments have been washed. One well-authenticated occurrence was described long ago by Fournet. Owing, no doubt, to later dislocations in the lode, pebbles from an old alluvium and sands containing titaniferous iron, as well as fragments of wood, were found in a vein at Huelgoet, in France. " Toutes les parties tendres du filon de Pranal ou ces phenome&apos;nes sont les plus prononces ont 6th excaves jusqu&apos;a d&apos;aasez grandes profondeurs par I&apos; impetuosite des torrents, qui out depose la matiere alluviale.&apos;"

Jan 1, 1906

By F. H. Rhines, A. H. Grobe

The constitution of the indium-zinc alloy series has been investigated by Wilson and Peretti,1 who determined the liquidus and eutectic temperatures by the conven-tional method of cooling curves and the eutectic composition by analyzing eutectic exudations. Recent developments affecting the availability of indium and consequent increased interest in its applications make a more complete knowledge of the constitu- tion of its alloys desirable. As a part of a program far the reexamination of the constitution of indium alloys by precision methods, the indium-zinc phase diagram (Figs. I and 2) has been redetermined in its entirety. The eutectic temperature (I43. 5°C.) reported by Wilson and Peretti has been confirmed exactly, but their value of the zinc concentration at the eutectic, 4 per cent, was found to be high; the new value is 2.8 per cent of zinc. There is also a rather large difference between the forms of the liquidus curves of Wilson and Peretti and those found in the present studies. The solidus curves herein have been located for the first time and the limits of solid solubility have been tenta-

Jan 1, 1944

By A. H. Grobe, F. H. Rhines

The constitution of the indium-zinc alloy series has been investigated by Wilson and Peretti,1 who determined the liquidus and eutectic temperatures by the conven-tional method of cooling curves and the eutectic composition by analyzing eutectic exudations. Recent developments affecting the availability of indium and consequent increased interest in its applications make a more complete knowledge of the constitu- tion of its alloys desirable. As a part of a program far the reexamination of the constitution of indium alloys by precision methods, the indium-zinc phase diagram (Figs. I and 2) has been redetermined in its entirety. The eutectic temperature (I43. 5°C.) reported by Wilson and Peretti has been confirmed exactly, but their value of the zinc concentration at the eutectic, 4 per cent, was found to be high; the new value is 2.8 per cent of zinc. There is also a rather large difference between the forms of the liquidus curves of Wilson and Peretti and those found in the present studies. The solidus curves herein have been located for the first time and the limits of solid solubility have been tenta-

Jan 1, 1944

By C. G. Dunn, F. Lionetti

W. G. BURGERS*—It seems almost certain that this investigation shows the way which finally, when more analogous data have been obtained, must lead to the understanding of many features of preferential growth-directions of crystals and of the occurrence of recrystallization textures. In this connection I should like to mention that Mr. Tiedema in my laboratory succeeded in developing an analogous method for preparing crystals in aluminum plates with a chosen crystal-lographic plane and direction parallel to the surface of the plate (to be published in Cryst. Ada). If such crystals were grown in high purity aluminum and test-pieces containing a few crystals such as the authors describe were prepared for this metal, it might be possible that due to the absence of growth obstructing particles, even in this low-melting point metal boundary displacements approaching equilibrium positions might be realized. With regard to the apparently marked drop in surface energy for orientation differences approaching zero degree, and orientation differences approaching those existing between twins, it seems of interest to remark that in aluminum a crystal growing at the expense of fine grained material cannot (or can only very reluctantly) absorb grains in either ap- proximately (within 5—10°) parallel or spinel twin orientation (May, Tiedema and Burgers, Nature (1948) 162, 740 and Cryst. Ada in press). Consequently with aluminum the method of preparing a crystal with a definite orientation does not succeed when the new crystal has to absorb its own texture; for example it is not possible to grow in a polycrystalline wire with a [lll]-texture a crystal with a [11 Indirection parallel to the wire axis (Tiedema: Cryst. Ada, in press). Finally I should like to mention the well-known fact (Burgers: Proc. Acad. Amsterdam (1947) 50, 723) that prolonged annealing of recrystallized nickel-iron sheet with cube-texture never succeeds in transforming this into one single crystal of the same orientation; if, by "secondary re-crystallization," large crystals are formed

Jan 1, 1950

By John Birkinbine

The following data concerning the general dimensions and district-location of the blast-furnaces of the United States are intended to supplement a paper of similar title, which appears in volume xiv., pages 561 to 577, of the Transactions, and bring the record to the end of the calendar year 1886. The reasons for presenting the figures at so short an interval since the former paper are that the American Iron and Steel Association has lately issued a new directory of iron and steel works (edition of 1886) from which many of the plants which have been inactive are omitted and new industries added, to such an extent as to materially affect the figures presented in the first paper; and also that the improvement in business has encouraged a production of pig-iron in 1886 in excess of any previous outputs, and the results obtained in the industry at large as well as at individual plants form a better index of what the American furnaces can accomplish than those heretofore presented. The statement will not be extended beyond the production of pigiron, although it could well be made to include the manufactured iron and steel; and while the data given have been verified as far as possible up to the close of the year 1886, no attempt, except in special cases, has been made to note the changes which have taken place since that time—changes which within the next twelvemouth will affect some of the figures here presented. At the close of the year 1886 there were 579 blast-furnaces reported on the active list—an apparent decrease, as compared with my former paper, of 97 stacks; but this was not an actual decrease, since most of the furnaces dropped from the Directory were those which, owing to location, inefficient equipment, or fake of ore-supplies, etc., were considered likely to remain inactive, although a number of them will possibly be temporarily put into blast with iron advancing in price. On the other hand the new plants added

Jan 1, 1887