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By Forbes K. Wilson

Dick Hunt is known for having said, "Ore bodies are found but mines are made." This was certainly true of the Ertsberg-it was stumbled upon, literally, by a group of mountain climbers, but to develop it into a mine took 12 years of concerted effort. For more than a century, explorers had attempted to penetrate the jungles of New Guinea and climb the snow-covered Mt. Carstensz, named for a Dutch navigator who first saw it in 1620. But the first to succeed was the Colijn expedition which reached the 5030-m (16,500-ft) pinnacle in December 1936 after starting out from the south coast57 days earlier. Members of that expedition were A. H. Colijn and Jean Jacques Dozy, employees of Shell Oil Co., and Lt. Wissel, a pilot in the Royal Dutch Navy.

Jan 6, 1977

For the year ending February, 1916 PRESIDENT WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS CHARLES F. RAND,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. BENJAMIN B. THAYER,3 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE,1 . . . ST. Louis, Mo. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1. NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 11, 1915

By A. L. Volley

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) THE existence of iron ore and anthracite coal in the neighborhood of Providence, R. I., has long been known, chiefly as a geological fact; that these materials, so near to each other and to tidewater, are of such a good quality and are present in such large quantity, as to have seriously raised the question of establishing blast furnaces there, was a surprising fact to me; and I have thought that the few notes I have lately gathered on the subject would be of interest at this partly New England meeting. The coal field referred to has an area of above 400 square miles, and is found throughout the belt of transition rocks extending from Newport Neck to Mansfield, Massachusetts. It underlies the cities of Providence and Newport, and the towns of Middletown, Portsmouth, Jamestown, Warwick, Barrington, Cranston, North Provi-

Jan 1, 1878

By C. Laird, C. E. Feltner

IN previous workif2 we have shown that the steady state cyclic stress response of pure copper tested in the low cycle fatigue range was determined only by the plastic strain amplitude and the test temperature. hus, copper, at any given temperature, has a unique cyclic stress-strain curve independent of prior history. Cu-7.5 wt pct Al, however, showed a stress response for a given plastic strain amplitude and temperature which depended sensitively on prior history. From this work we predicted that all wavy slip mode materials, typified by copper, would have a unique cyclic stress-strain curve; whereas all planar slip mode materials, typified by Cu-7.5 pct Al, would not. This prediction has now been tested for a number of materials of widely varying crystal structure and slip character. Wavy slip mode materials studied include: Fe. Al, Cd, disordered FeCo-V, and Cu-3 pct Co (quenched and aged). Planar slip mode materials investigated include: Fe-3 pct Si, ordered FeCo-V, disordered Ni3Mn, ordered Ni3Mn, and Zn. The treatment and properties of these materials are listed in Table I. Cyclic stress-strain curves were determined by controlled plastic strain tests (see Ref. 1 for details) at room temperature for all materials in both the initially annealed and cold worked conditions. The results obtained for iron and Fe-3 pct Si are typical of wavy and planar slip mode materials, respectively. The cyclic stress-strain curves for these materials are shown in Fig. 1 and it can be seen that iron has a unique cyclic stress strain curve while Fe-3 pct Si does not. Aluminum, Cu-3 pct Co, and disordered FeCo-V showed a behavior like that for iron, while Ni3Mn in both the disordered and ordered condition behaved in the same manner as Fe-3 pct Si. These results therefore support the general conclusion drawn in Refs. 1 and 2 that. for wavy slip mode materials, a cyclic mechanical equation of slate it =t.(hcp, i. T) is approximated in which the satura-

Jan 1, 1970

By R. N. Kust, J. C. Agarwal, H. E. Barner, N. Beecher, D. S. Davies

Kennecott Copper Corp. has developed a new hydro-metallurgical process for extracting nickel, copper, cobalt and molybdenum from manganese nodules. This process (KCC Cuprion Process) utilizes a reduction leach operating at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 45°C to 50°C and has been successfully demonstrated in a continuous Pilot plant processing 350 kg/d of nodule ore. The chemistry, basic flowsheet and operating characteristics are presented and discussed.

Jan 12, 1979

By R. Haynes

ON the basis of compositional changes of a phase observed in a eutectoid Cu-Al alloy1 it has been suggested that mechanisms for the decomposition of the ß phase proposed by earlier workers2-5 were incorrect. These data are reinterpreted in conjunction with lattice parameter data obtained on an alloy containing 12.2 pet Al, whose isothermal transformations have been reported elsewhere.5 The a Lattice Parameters of a 12.2 Pet A1-Cu Alloy—~iffraction patterns of completely transformed specimens were obtained in a back reflection camera using copper Ka radiation. Lattice parameters of

Jan 1, 1959

The following is am incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period May 10, 1918 to June 10, 1918. Arthur K. Adams, Potrerillos, Chile. J. M. Mahoney, Wilkinsburg, Pa. John Carter Anderson, Tucson, Ariz. Benjamin L. Miller, South Bethlehem, Pa. George S. Blair, Camp Cordon, Ga. Wilbur A. Nelson, Nashville, Tenn. W. A. Deane, Summitville, N. Y. Miles G. Nixon, Chicago, Ill. Charles H. Fulton, Cleveland, Ohio. Walter G. Perkins, San Francisco, Cal. Rudolf Gahl, Inspiration, Ariz. G. M. Ponton, Ottawa, Canada. C. C. Griggs, Eureka, Utah. D. A. Powell, Columbus, Ohio. J. F. Hanst, Potrerillos, Chile. H. W. Reed, Salt Lake City, Utah. Stanley C. Herold, Pittsburgh, Pa. J. C. L. J. Seelig, Padong, East. Indies. Floyd D. James, Boston, Mass. Oberlin Smith, Bridgeton, N. J. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. Harrison Souder, Cornwall, Pa. E. Horton Jones, Copper Cliff, Ont. Stanley A. Spellmeyer, Camp Meade, Md. William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich. Roger S. Sperry, Waterbury, Conn. Ichiro Kitsunezaki, Tokyo, Japan. D. R. Thomas, Toronto, Canada. P. K. Lucke, San Antonio, Tex. Thor Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. E. Francis McCrossin, Birmingham, Ala. L. Douglass Anderson, formerly superintendent of the United States Smelting Co., Midvale, Utah, is now manager of smelters, Intermountain District, United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 7, 1918

By A. Bar-Or, G. Hirsch, P. Wynblatt

The rates of nucleation and growth at various temperatures in U-0.45, 1.1, and 1.35 at. pet Cr alloys were determined, providing a qliantitative proo-f that the transformation under study is controlled by nucleation and diffusional growth. The linear relationship, log NV US 1/T2, suggests that the nucleation of the alloys is probably controlled by the classical law of nuclei formation. The established linear relationship, log G us 1/T, in the three alloys suggests that growth in each alloy is controlled by bidimensional nuclei formation. It was established that both the rate of growth and the rale of nucleation are retarded by chromium. Using classical formulae, sApN and sApG (the ß/a apparent interphase energies) were calculated from the nucleation and growth results, respectively. It was found that their values are of the same order of magnitude. However, why sApN is unaffected by the addition of chromium, while sApG increases with it, needs further clarification. In the last few years, an appreciable amount of research has been conducted into the mechanism of the ß —a transformation in uranium and uranium alloys. Recently, Burke1 reviewed the published work concerned with this transformation. He concluded that in dilute uranium alloys it is firmly established that, at high temperatures in the a range, ß decomposes by a diffusional process. However, he based his conclusion either on experiments dealing with the over-all transformation,2 or on qualitative results.3 It was felt that a better insight into the mechanism of transformation could be gained from the quantitative measurements of growth and nucleation rates, which we aimed to carry out in the present work. In a previous work,4 we have shown that a rim of a grains is formed during isothermal transformation at the high a range. The thickening of this rim with time was used for measuring the rate of growth in U-0.45 at. pet Cr.5 This method was also used in the present work for two more alloys. For meas- uring the rate of nucleation, a method of quenching and macroetching was developed to allow differentiation between a grains formed during isothermal transformation at the upper a range and those formed after quenching, Fig. 1. EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESULTS The Rate of Nucleation. The measurement of the rate of nucleation was effected by counting the num-

Jan 1, 1965

By Donald Barton

THE elastic, earthwaves produced naturally by earthquakes -have been used for a long time as evidence from which to draw conclusions in re-gard to the constitution of the interior and crust of the earth. The elastic earthwaves produced artificially by occasional explosions and recorded by seismological observatories were used to draw conclusions regarding the-geology of the intervening area. Intentionally pro-duced elastic earthwaves in the past five years have come to be used extensively in the investigation of very local geologic structure. The seismic method of work-ing geologic structure, which makes use of artificially controlled explosions and the resulting earthwaves, has developed almost `clairvoyant power in handling certain geologic situations, and in the discovery of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal: Plain region of Texas and Louisiana has 'scored the, most brilliant success. The. first, proposal for the use of artificial earth-quakes in the study-of velocity of elastic earthwaves in the surface formations of the earth's crust was made before 1888 by the English seismologists, Mallet and Abbot. Partly on the basis of their work, A. Schmidt in 1888 proposed- the use of the time-distance graphs of artificial earthquakes to study the variation of ve-locity with depth. Belar in 1902 proposed the practical application of such investigation in connection with boring tunnels. Galitzen repeatedly (1912, 1913) pro-posed the use of explosions to study the velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves in the uppermost formations and pointed out that the velocity depended in a high degree on the physical character of the beds and that from changes in the velocity, conclusions could be drawn in regard to the compositions of the beds. Somewhat the same thought: was proposed by von dem Borne (1908), by Benndorf, Udden, and others.

Jan 9, 1928

By H. M. Howe, W. E. C. Eustis

THE processes which form the Subject of this paper have been experimented on in the laboratory of W. E. C. Eustis, but have not passed beyond the experimental stage. The first is the invention of Mr. J. L. Thomson, of Capelton, Quebec, Canada, the others have been invented by the writers. THOMSON'S PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NICKEL This consists essentially in first rendering the nickel magnetic, and then separating it from the materials. with which it is mechanically

Jan 1, 1882

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

By D. M. Spratt, O. R. Bell

In Australia's remote northwest are located the operations of Cliffs Robe River, one of the world’s largest iron ore projects. initial project cost was $US300 million and required the construction of a deepwater port, two towns for 3000 people, a 105 MW power station, and 170 km of railroad, all in harsh, arid country over 1300 km from the nearest industrial center. The ore occurs as goethite cappings on scattered mesas and averages 57% iron. All aspects of the project are reviewed from pre-operational research, through project construction to current operation.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. S. Crump, H. L. Stone

Laboratory studies have indicated that displacement of oil from a reservoir by means of a condensing gas drive results in extremely high oil recovery, approaching 100 per cent under the most favorable circumstances. A condensing gas drive is defined as a gas drive in which the gas utilized is appreciably soluble in the oil it is displacing. The laboratory studies consisted of a number of gas drive displacement experiments, all using a horizontal, sand-packed, steel tube as the laboratory reservoir. The experimental results indicate that the more soluble a gas is in the oil to he displaced, the more efficient that gar is as a displacing fluid. Experiments were conducted utilizing both a light, volatile crude and a heavy, asphalt crude as the in-place oil. In both cases, oil recovery was appreciably enhanced by solubility of the displacing gas. It is believed that the use of condensing gas drives would result in increased oil recovery from many reservoirs during either primary or secondary phases of production. INTRODUCTION Since the early days of the oil industry there has been an increasing awareness of the problems of oil recovery. During the last few decades particularly a growing recognition of the problems has led to widespread attempts on the part of the industry to increase oil recovery by improved technology. One method which has been used to increase recovery is the maintenance of reservoir pressure by injection of gas. Part of the beneficial effect resulting from this gas injection was to prevent evolution of the gas dissolved in the reservoir oil, since such evolution would cause the oil to shrink and become more viscous, thereby adversely affecting oil recovery. In most instances, the gas injected was predomillantly methane, and so the possibility of oil recovery by retrograde vaporization existed. Laboratory investigations of displacement of reservoir oils by methane, carried out at high pressure, have indicated that considerable additional recovery of light oils could be effected by vaporization, but only at the cost of a severe volumetric shrinkage of the residual oil which would cause a decrease in relative permeability to oil in the reservoir. Consequently, recovery of oil by physical displacement would be impaired. The study suggested, therefore, that recovery of oil might be enhanced by injecting into the reservoir a gas known to be appreciably soluble in the oil at reservoir conditions. Swelling of the oil due to solution of gas should result and yield a consequent increase in the relative permeability to oil. The work described in the following sections was, therefore, undertaken to investigate the possibility of increased recovery by this mechanism. Research similar to that reported in this paper has been conducted by The Atlantic Refining Co.1,2,3 In these studies, Whorton, et al, and Slobod, et al, used methane-rich gas to displace oil from model reservoirs. Solubility of the gas was achieved by keeping the reservoir pressure greater than the saturation pressure of the original oil, and the degree of this solubility was varied by operating at different reservoir pressures. Thus the Atlantic project was primarily a study of the effect of reservoir pressure upon oil recovery by gas drive. The objective of the work reported in this paper was to study the effect of gas composition upon oil recovery while holding the reservoir pressure constant. DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS The discussion of the preceding section suggests that

Jan 1, 1957

By J. F. Wolff

The iron formation of the Iron River, Crystal Falls, and Florence districts probably is not of one geologic age only but of at least two ages. The ores, therefore, are of different characteristics. But in general the geologic conditions that occasioned the development of the orebodies have been essentially the same throughout the district and the types and structures of the orebodies are very similar in different parts of the area. In general, the iron formation of this area has been folded into a series of close pitching synclines and anticlines; minor folds of many orders are included in the major folds. The pitching synclines have been particularly favorable places for the circulation of ground waters, which in such troughs have developed orebodies through the familiar process of leaching out the silica in the iron formation, oxidizing and concentrating ferrous iron compounds in the rocks. The iron formation of this area is interbedded with and has interbedded in it certain slate or slaty layers that, in addition to the foot wall of the iron formation proper, act as impervious layers in the pitching troughs, to direct and control the flow of underground waters. In most places, the entire iron formation in a structural trough is not altered into iron ore; the orebody may be lens-shaped and exhibit no folding in its layers, outline, or shape, but almost without exception such bodies have been developed in folds and because of the influence of folds, and structurally they occupy only one limb of a fold. Many orebodies occupy the entire trough of a minor fold and the structure of the fold can be traced throughout the orebody. Many definitely recognizable horizon markers in or associated with the iron formation occur in this district and serve as valuable guides to the engineer or geologist in exploring an orebody whether by drilling or underground mining development. Among such markers are the talc schist (an altered dolomite) and the Traders slate at the base of old Menominee iron formation proper, and the interbedded Brier slates and overlying Hanbury dates; and certain graphitic slates and gray-wackel in the Iron River and Crystal Falls area.

Jan 1, 1925

By Roscoe Bell

An economic appraisal of the western phosphate industrial potentials made between 1945 and 1948 revealed possibilities for a considerable expansion in the production of high analysis phosphate fertilizer. The most significant facts are: (1) a rapidly increasing and a much larger potential market which might be reached from the western deposits, (2) the existence of large undeveloped deposits of phosphate rock, (3) potential energy from sulphuric acid, coal, or hydroelectric power in the general vicinity of the deposits. The challenge to the mining and metallurgical engineering profession is in the economical development of phosphate mines and in improving processes for utilization of the western ores and the recovery of byproducts to make the expanded western industry satisfactorily compete with the industry in the East and South in meeting the fertilizer needs of the Midwest and Far West.

Jan 4, 1950

By Fred T. Agthe, Fred C. Bond

When some materials are ground dry in a ball mill, a stage of comminution is reached at which the finely divided particles begin to adhere to the balls and to the mill lining. As grinding progresses, a coating accumulates upon the grinding media, which tends to cushion the impacts and thus retard reduction of the material. and finally becomes so thick that all grinding ceases. At this stage, the characteristic noise produced by the grinding media during normal mill operation changes to a dull, muffled sound. In most instances, the formation of the coating marks the practical limit of size reduction. Industrial requirements for fine grinding frequently meet with this obstacle, and the tendency in many commercial operations to grind materials to a higher degree of fineness than formerly makes the solution of this problem an important one. The phenomenon is of far greater importance, therefore, than the limited amount of research and technical discussion devoted to it implies. In order to learn more about the coating of different materials when ground dry to a high degree of fineness, certain laboratory tests were made from which it was found that different materials form coatings at widely different size distributions. It is probable that most materials will coat if they are ground fine enough; the exceptions have inherent lubricating qualities, like coal and graphite. In general, the softer materials tend to coat at coarser sizes than the harder or more brittle materials. Limestone, as an example, will coat more readily than quartz, even though limestones of different- texture and composition exhibit great differences in coating potentialities. Various materials were tested in the laboratory to show the variation in coating qualities. It was found that in most tests quartz must be ground to a fineness that would permit it to pass through 325 mesh before coating became markedly detrimental to the grinding operation. Siliceous rocks, however, tend to coat more readily than quartz. Granite, which is composed essentially of feldspar, quartz and mica, has been found to start coating at about 92 per cent through 200 mesh, and feld-spathic minerals alone usually show a tendency to coat at the same fineness. Barite has been ground in the laboratory to a fineness of 99 per cent through 325 mesh without showing serious coating of the grinding media. Gypsum coats readily. Apatite and phosphate rock usually tend to coat. Hematite usually coats, although when mixed with charcoal it does not do so. In testing the carbonate rocks and minerals, it has been found that burned magnesite, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone coat, whereas calcite and calcined calcite do not coat so readily. It has been found that commercial glass, slate, talc, steatite and coke have little tendency to coat. The relative tendencies toward coating during grinding operations, exemplified by

Jan 1, 1943

By Fred C. Bond, Fred T. Agthe

When some materials are ground dry in a ball mill, a stage of comminution is reached at which the finely divided particles begin to adhere to the balls and to the mill lining. As grinding progresses, a coating accumulates upon the grinding media, which tends to cushion the impacts and thus retard reduction of the material. and finally becomes so thick that all grinding ceases. At this stage, the characteristic noise produced by the grinding media during normal mill operation changes to a dull, muffled sound. In most instances, the formation of the coating marks the practical limit of size reduction. Industrial requirements for fine grinding frequently meet with this obstacle, and the tendency in many commercial operations to grind materials to a higher degree of fineness than formerly makes the solution of this problem an important one. The phenomenon is of far greater importance, therefore, than the limited amount of research and technical discussion devoted to it implies. In order to learn more about the coating of different materials when ground dry to a high degree of fineness, certain laboratory tests were made from which it was found that different materials form coatings at widely different size distributions. It is probable that most materials will coat if they are ground fine enough; the exceptions have inherent lubricating qualities, like coal and graphite. In general, the softer materials tend to coat at coarser sizes than the harder or more brittle materials. Limestone, as an example, will coat more readily than quartz, even though limestones of different- texture and composition exhibit great differences in coating potentialities. Various materials were tested in the laboratory to show the variation in coating qualities. It was found that in most tests quartz must be ground to a fineness that would permit it to pass through 325 mesh before coating became markedly detrimental to the grinding operation. Siliceous rocks, however, tend to coat more readily than quartz. Granite, which is composed essentially of feldspar, quartz and mica, has been found to start coating at about 92 per cent through 200 mesh, and feld-spathic minerals alone usually show a tendency to coat at the same fineness. Barite has been ground in the laboratory to a fineness of 99 per cent through 325 mesh without showing serious coating of the grinding media. Gypsum coats readily. Apatite and phosphate rock usually tend to coat. Hematite usually coats, although when mixed with charcoal it does not do so. In testing the carbonate rocks and minerals, it has been found that burned magnesite, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone coat, whereas calcite and calcined calcite do not coat so readily. It has been found that commercial glass, slate, talc, steatite and coke have little tendency to coat. The relative tendencies toward coating during grinding operations, exemplified by

Jan 1, 1943

By George F. Sowers

THE geophysical methods of exploration employed so extensively in mining and petroleum investigations are now being used in civil engineering. Requirements differ from those of mineral ex- ploration and therefore modified techniques have been developed. The civil engineer is primarily interested in the uppermost soil and rock strata. In highway engineering the materials affecting design and construction may be found within 15 or 20 ft of ground surface, and data on soils and rocks is seldom needed for more than a depth of 100 ft even for the heaviest structures.

Jan 1, 1954

By N. S. Keith

It seems proper, before describing the plant which has been erected in Rome, N. Y., for the purpose of demonstrating the practicability of my process of refining and desilverizing lead by electrolysis, to state in a few words the principles that govern the process. They are well known to those who have studied electrical science, and to the practical electro-platers of the country, and are briefly these: If we take a plate, or other form, of metal (impure lead in this case), and immerse it in a bath consisting of a solution of the main metal (that which contains the impurities), and also immerse another plate, which shall be a conductor of electricity, in the bath, but separated from the first by the solution, and connect the former plate with the positive pole of the source of electricity, and the other plate with the negative pole, an action will go on in this bath which is called electrolysis. There is first a decomposition of the solution constituting the bath ; then a solution of the metal at the positive pole (called the anode), and a deposition upon the other plate connected with the negative pole. which plate is technically called the cathode. If the bath is properly constituted, and the current of electricity which is passed through the bath is of the proper strength and electro-motive force, the dissolution of the anode and the deposition of the metal upon the cathode will be exactly equivalent. The analysis and synthesis are opposite and equal. If, on the other hand, this solution (called an electrolyte) be not properly constituted, decomposition will go on, but there will be these effects: a superoxidation at the anode and a liberation of free hydrogen at the cathode, which free hydrogen escapes finally in bubbles through the liquid to the surface, and into the atmosphere. In the electrolytic treatment of metals simply for their purification and recovery, it is

Jan 1, 1885