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By M. Semchyshen, G. A. Timmons

The predominant orientation in both straight-rolled and cross-rolled molybdenum is the {100} [110] texture. Upon complete recrystallization, this same texture predominates, but there is less spread about the ideal orientation. A secondary orientation about the [111] direction as the axis develops in cross-rolled sheet. Compression-rolled sheet exhibits random orientation in the plane of the sheet. Some mechanical properties were measured at varying angles to the rolling direction to determine the effect of preferred orientation on anisotropy in molybdenum sheet which had been straight, cross, or compression rolled. THE development of the arc-cast process has made available large ingots of molybdenum from which it is possible to roll sheet of considerable size. It is anticipated that such sheet will be further fabricated by spinning, drawing, stamping, or forming. Anisotropy of physical properties caused by the preferred orientation developed in the sheet during rolling may be expected to affect the behavior of the metal when subjected to these fabricating operations. To produce a sheet which will be most amenable to the fabrication of a given shape by a particular operation, consideration should be given to the directions and magnitudes of plastic deformations produced in the operation. When possible, the rolling schedule should be controlled to develop a texture which favors the required deformation. The existence of preferred orientations in rolled molybdenum sheet has been reported by Jeffries,' Konobejewsky,' Fujiwara," Goss,' and Ransley and Rooksby." None of these investigators obtained sufficient X-ray data to permit the construction of pole figures; instead, they based their conclusions upon Debye-Scherrer patterns of a limited number of positions. Ransley and Rooksby devoted some attention to transcrystalline cleavage at 45" to the rolling direction, indicating that it is appreciable in polycrystalline material only when the crystals are in the ideally preferred condition, and that this condition is only approached if the metal has been rolled successively in two perpendicular directions. In a recent paper, Custers and Riemersmao introduced the first pole figures to describe the textures of straight-rolled and cross-rolled molybdenum sheet. To increase the knowledge concerning the generation and effects of preferred orientations in molybdenum sheet, an investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of variations in rolling schedule and annealing treatments on preferred orientation, and to correlate preferred orientations with some mechanical properties. The orientations of straight-rolled, cross-rolled, and compression-rolled sheet have been determined by X-ray analysis, both as-rolled and after recrystallization. Pole figures have been constructed to describe the textures produced by these various rolling procedures. Texture of Cast Molybdenum Ingots In the arc-cast process, molybdenum powder is pressed into a vertical column which is sintered to increase its strength as it proceeds downward into a water-cooled mold, where the metal is melted in an alternating-current arc established between the end of the formed powder electrode and the metal bath at the top of the growing ingot. Since the solid-liquid interface moves continuously upward in the mold, the crystal axes are not normal to the cold surface of the mold but have the curvature shown in Fig. la. X-ray analysis reveals that the cube axis is the fiber axis and that it is normal to the cold surface of the mold; that is, the [loo] direction is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ingot. This substantiates recent work by

Jan 1, 1953

By Joseph William Pinder

Every millman engaged in the operations incident to the handling of crushing-rolls knows that in ordinary practice, when fine product is desired, the ore-materials delivered to the machine, divided into four sizes, may be estimated, approximately, as follows : Per cent. Papsing a 4-mesh screen,..40 2- " " ........30 " 3/4-inch-mesh screen,.. 20 Larger,...........10 This estimate refers more particularly to the requirements of medium-sized rolls and fine crushing. But, depending largely on the character of work to be performed, the coarser material is often larger and of a greater percentage, while the bulk is always more or less fine.

Jan 1, 1899

By W. P. Dyrenforth, W. E. Horst

Although, separating or concentrating minerals, based on differences in. their magnetic properties has been practiced for years1 the early industrial applications of magnetic separators were involved with the most highly magnetic materials. These early separators were used to concentrate magnetite, separate metallic iron from furnace products, and separate iron and brass turnings. Next, the addition of a pretreatment operation, such as roasting or calcining, to transform certain iron-bearing minerals into a highly magnetic compound that could readily be separated from the altered mineral mixture using existing magnetic separation machines was added to the flowscheme. As the number of magnetic-separator installations grew, steady development of better equipment evolved including the design and implementation of induced magnets having high-intensity fields, These developments of course greatly expanded the field of magnetic separation and made it possible to commercially separate or concentrate very weakly magnetic minerals which previously had been considered as nonmagnetic minerals. A number of different designs of magnetic separators were well developed and the unit operation of magnetic separation was gaining wide acceptance in mineral processing operations when two events occurred that dampened these developments. First, the Mesabi iron range with its direct-shipping iron ore was discovered and placed into operation. This of course significantly reduced the need for magnetic separation to meet the raw material requirements of the iron and steel industry. Second, the advent of selective froth flotation, was so successful in solving many mineral process problems that electrical concentration techniques being developed at that time, including magnetic-separation methods, were either terminated or received low priority ratings. During the past two decades interest has been renewed in the use of electrical concentration methods to solve mineral separation problems. As the direct-shipping iron ore reserves are depleted more emphasis has been placed on magnetic upgrading of lower value iron ore available throughout the world. In addition, magnetic separation techniques have found numerous applications in the non-metallic and industrial minerals industry to supplement froth flotation and thus add to the variety of beneficiation methods available.

Jan 1, 1971

By Arthur F. L. Bell

Discussion of the paper of ARTHUR F. L. BELL, presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 105, September, 1915, pp. 1769 to 1799. WILLIAM A. WILLIAMS, San Francisco, Cal.-Is the Union Avila plant run as a topping plant or as a dehydrating plant? A. F. L. BELL, San Francisco, Cal.-Both. It takes off an average of 20 per cent. water besides topping the oil. Part of the crude oil is run through an electrical separator before running to the topping plant, but the entire crude averages about 20 per cent. when it enters the topping plant. DAVID T. DAY, Washington, D. C.-I suppose most of the work contemplated in these large topping plants is simply to deal with topping the oils with only a small percentage of water in them. A. F. L. BELL.-Not more than 2 per cent. of water can be handled in ordinary stills without causing trouble. At our Gavotte refinery, where the oil runs from 15 to 30 per cent. water, we carry 20 lb., pressure oil our stills to hold the framing down, we can do that with small stills, with large one's it would not be safe; but with a retort, the quantity of water contained in the oil does not affect its working. It simply means additional fuel to evaporate the water.

Jan 12, 1915

By J. F. Kemp

The death, on the 30th of May, 1896, at Paris, of the venerable Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, an honorary member of the Institute, recalls with emphasis the great value of his varied contributions to geology, mineralogy and hydrology. In fact, more and more as the years pass, and as attention is given to the obscure problems of metamorphism, of the development of joints, of slaty cleavage, of schistosity, of fault-systems, of the subterranean circulations of water, and of many other agencies which are often closely involved in the production of ore-bodies, the appreciation of his work increases, and quotations from his papers are made. Daubrde was born June 25, 1814, at Metz. After receiving

Jan 1, 1897

By P Shenon

THE Elk City district is in north-central Idaho about 60 miles east of Grangeville and near the headwaters of the South Fork of the Clearwater River (Fig. 1). At the height of its boom in the early sixties, Elk City had a population of more than 2000 people.1 Published estimates of the placer production from the district range from $10,000,000 to $18,500,000. Although the first quartz-vein location was made as early as 1870, very little gold was extracted from quartz ores until after the completion of the American Eagle mill in 1902. Between 1902 and 1932 a total of from $750,000 to $1,000,000 was taken from about six properties.

Jan 1, 1934

By A. Eilers

In a former paper on Western Smelting Works, I mentioned the great difficulty of obtaining accurate information in regard to the economy of the processes in practice; and to-day, although nearly two years have elapsed since my former paper was written, I am sorry to say that very little improvement has taken place in the keeping of accounts, and in the direction of a more systematic management in the majority of these works. But I am quite certain that by this time even the most sanguine furnace managers must have become convinced, from the experience of the last year, that somewhere in their processes there are enormous losses. Rates for the purchase of ores in 1873 were not as high as they were in former years in certain parts of the country ; labor was no 'higher than formerly; the demand for unparted lead was good throughout the year, with the only exception of the time of the panic, in the fall of 1873; yet there are, of between 40 and 50 works, not more than two or three in Utah and Nevada to-day, that have paid a reasonable interest on the capital invested.

By A. Filers

IN a former paper on Western Smelting Works, I mentioned the great difficulty of obtaining accurate information in regard to the economy of the processes in practice ; and to-day, although nearly two years have elapsed since my former paper was written, I am sorry to say that very little improvement has taken place in the keeping of accounts, and in the direction of a more systematic management in the majority of these works. But I am quite certain that by this time even the most sanguine furnace managers must have become convinced, from the experience of the last year, that somewhere in their processes there are enormous losses. Rates for the purchase of ores in 1873 were not as high as they were in former years in certain parts of the country ; labor was no higher than formerly ; the demand for unparted lead was good throughout the year, with the only exception of the time of the panic, in the fall of 1873; yet there are, of between 40 and 50 works, not more than two or three in Utah and Nevada to-day, that have paid a reasonable interest on the capital invested.

Jan 1, 1875

By T. N. McVay, E. E. Creitz

INTRODUCTION Object RATHER large amounts of titanium minerals and some zircon and monazite are being recovered from dune sands about 10 miles west of Jacksonville Beach, Fla. The Mining Branch of the Bureau of Mines, Southern Experiment Station, has been interested in developing additional large deposits of similar sands in other areas of Florida. The results of a field study have been published1 concerning the sands occurring on Trail Ridge which runs north and south about 30 miles southwest of Jacksonville. This investigation was undertaken in order to identify the opaque titanium minerals occurring in Trail Ridge and because of the economic importance of Florida titanium minerals. Nature of the Problem The minerals present in the heavy fractions (sp gr > 2.94) of the sands are principally opaque minerals; staurolite, zircon, sillimanite, tourmaline, kyanite, rutile, a small amount of corundum, traces of the zinc spinel gahnite and garnet. Epidote, monazite, hornblende and titanite are present in other dune sands but these minerals were not noted in the samples collected on Trail Ridge. All of the minerals except those which are opaque can be readily identified by the usual petrographic methods. However, opaque minerals cannot be examined satisfactorily by transmitted light. Polished sections of the opaque-mineral grains were examined but these sections did not furnish useful information. Consequently, it was necessary to use means other than the usual petrographic methods to identify them. Previous Investigations of Heavy Minerals in Florida Sands Martens2 has described the heavy minerals in the Florida beach sands and has classified the opaque minerals as ilmenite with minor amounts of leucoxene. Miller3 studied a number of sands collected by Ross and Mertie in Florida. He states that the material from the Florida beach and dune sands that commonly has been called ilmenite has essentially the chemical composition of the material that has been called arizonite.4 The X ray diffraction patterns of several samples indicated that the supposed ilmenite is essentially amorphous, with only weak lines corresponding to ilmenite, and hence the material is unlike the type of arizonite from Arizona. Opaque Titanium Minerals Rutile is essentially titanium dioxide. However, as pointed out by Dana,5 important amounts of Fee and Fe3 as well as Cb and Ta are reported in some analyses.

Jan 1, 1947

By William Fink

MANY investigators have attempted to determine the true nature of the internal changes taking place during aging. Merica, Waltenberg and Scott1 were the first to propose a theory of age-hardening. They attributed the age-hardening of duralumin to the precipitation of minute particles of the compound CuA12. Later Zay Jeffries and R. S. Archer2 augmented the above theory by suggesting that the small CuA12 particles acted as "keys" causing "slip interference." Many other investi-gators3 have devoted much time to the mechanism of age-hardening, some corroborating the "precipitation" and "slip interference" theory, others coming to different conclusions because of effects that to them seemed unexplainable by the early theories; e.g., the increase of electrical resistance upon aging, the fact that no change in lattice parameter could be detected during the early stages of aging even at elevated tempera-tures, and the fact that the density did not change as would be predicted. In 1932, Merica revised4 his earlier precipitation theory to take care of these presumably anomalous effects. This revised theory, the "knot" theory, assumes that substantial age-hardening occurs before actual precipitation of solute as discrete particles. The assumed mechanism is one of diffusion of solute atones into groups forming distorted regions which act as "hard" spots and cause slip interference. These "knots" are assumed to have approximately the same lattice arrangement as the solvent.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. W. Raymond

Richard Pennefather Rothwell, was born May 1, 1836, at Oxford, Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario). His father, Rev. John Rothwell, was a native of County Meath, Ireland, where the family (originally, no doubt, a Scottish one) still holds large estates, under a grant from William and Mary. John Rothwell was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, and became a clergyman of the Established Church. He married Elizabeth Garnett, of Athearn Castle, Ireland, and subsequently came to Canada. It is said that he was a man of liberal views combined with sterling piety, an enthusiastic sportsman and yachtsman, and a pastor who refused for many years to accept any remuneration from his parishioners. After preliminary education, the subject of this sketch entered Trinity College, Toronto, with the intention of studying law; but a year later he resolved to become a civil engineer, and entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., where he was graduated, with high standing, as civil engineer, in 1858. He then went to Paris, and entered the Imperial School of Mines, where, by reason of the proficiency he had already acquired in civil engineering, he was able to finish in two years and a half the full three-year course, and to take the degree of Engineer of Mines. In 1861 he took the "practical courses" in mining and ore-dressing at the Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony. After traveling in Italy, etc., he went in 1862 to London, where, for the purpose of familiarizing himself with business methods, he entered the offices of W. T. Henley, a manufacturer of wire

Jan 1, 1902

By V. Runolinna, R. T. Hukki

Preliminary separation of precious metals by flotation can offer a simplification of the conventional method of treatment of anode slimes. Laboratory flotation experiments show that rich gold and silver concentrate can be obtained with excellent recoveries. THE purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation into the possibilities of separating precious metals from anode slimes by selective flotation. The work was carried out at the State Research Institute in Helsinki, Finland. The sample of anode slimes tested was submitted by the Outo-kumpu Co. in Finland. In 1947 the average assay of filtered and dried anode slimes in the Outokumpu refinery in Pori was as follows: Au, 0.50 pct; Ag, 9.38 pct; Cu, 11.02 pct; Ni, 45.21 pct; Pb, 2.62 pct; Fe, 0.60 pct; Sn, 1.00 pct; Sb, 0.04 pct; As, 0.70 pct; Se, 4.33 pct; S, 2.32 pct; SO,, 2.17 pct; SiO2, 2.25 pct. The daily assay naturally varies considerably from the figures presented above. The present conventional method of treatment of anode slimes consists of the steps shown in the flowsheet in fig. 1. As seen from this simplified flowsheet, the present method of treatment involves many steps by which the components of the anode slimes are removed one after another until the main products, gold and silver, may be separated. Due to the small scale of operations, the above procedure is carried out in small batches requiring considerable amount of manual labor. If, however, the anode slimes could be treated in

Jan 1, 1951

By V. Runolinna, R. T. Hukki

Preliminary separation of precious metals by flotation can offer a simplification of the conventional method of treatment of anode slimes. Laboratory flotation experiments show that rich gold and silver concentrate can be obtained with excellent recoveries. THE purpose of this paper is to present the results of an investigation into the possibilities of separating precious metals from anode slimes by selective flotation. The work was carried out at the State Research Institute in Helsinki, Finland. The sample of anode slimes tested was submitted by the Outo-kumpu Co. in Finland. In 1947 the average assay of filtered and dried anode slimes in the Outokumpu refinery in Pori was as follows: Au, 0.50 pct; Ag, 9.38 pct; Cu, 11.02 pct; Ni, 45.21 pct; Pb, 2.62 pct; Fe, 0.60 pct; Sn, 1.00 pct; Sb, 0.04 pct; As, 0.70 pct; Se, 4.33 pct; S, 2.32 pct; SO,, 2.17 pct; SiO2, 2.25 pct. The daily assay naturally varies considerably from the figures presented above. The present conventional method of treatment of anode slimes consists of the steps shown in the flowsheet in fig. 1. As seen from this simplified flowsheet, the present method of treatment involves many steps by which the components of the anode slimes are removed one after another until the main products, gold and silver, may be separated. Due to the small scale of operations, the above procedure is carried out in small batches requiring considerable amount of manual labor. If, however, the anode slimes could be treated in

Jan 1, 1951

By A. Brown

RAPIDLY rising world demand for mineral products has accelerated depletion of the more readily accessible ores, particularly those of premium grade. Operations must proceed at a faster rate to deeper horizons, where there are problems of ground control that restrict economic recovery of the mineral and introduce new hazards to mine personnel. For some of the new Canadian mining fields severe problems of ground stress are still in the future, but much of Canada's mineral output comes from well established mines that have reached considerable depths. It must also be anticipated that the depletion of premium grade ores will eventually necessitate mining low grade material at competitive cost, and unsolved problems of ground control can materially increase costs. Studies of ground stress phenomena in underground workings are therefore considered a present-day necessity, especially since these investigations must be a long-term effort owing to the highly complex nature of the problem and the difficulty of making full-scale observations. In recent years the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys in Canada has conducted such an investigation. This report of the work is primarily concerned with stress problems in some Canadian coal mines and, in particular, with mine bumps. Mines Branch investigations of this and related problems are carried out by a small team of mining engineers and physicists who, with assistance from geologists, pool their special skills in an integrated program. These Canadian investigations combine a field and laboratory approach. Since data obtained under contrasting mining conditions allow useful comparisons of ground behavior under stress, this article will present data gathered under a wide range of Canadian coal mining conditions. Two contrasting longwalls in eastern Canada will be discussed and two dissimilar pillar extraction operations in western Canada. Locale of Observations In eastern Canada observations are being made in the collieries at Springhill, Nova Scotia. The district's No. 2 mine, which has a history of bump occurrences dating back to 1917, is currently being worked at a depth of 4200 ft. The mining method is longwall retreating along the strike and the practice is to retreat three walls in line, each about 350 ft long. There is no machine cutting or shooting—the coal is hand-picked and hand-loaded onto face conveyors. There are three rows of hardwood chock block supports parallel to the coal face. These supports are built during the two daily coal loading shifts, and the rear line is withdrawn during the midnight shift. The goaves are partially packed by stone midwalls 12 ft wide which are built forward daily in step with the face advance. The seam dips at 15° and averages 9 ft of strong, well cleated bituminous coal enclosed in competent beds of shales, sandy shales, and sandstones of Carboniferous age. The bumps rarely disturb the retreating longwall faces but manifest themselves as violent upthrusts of pavement in the levels leading to the walls. Observations have also been made in Springhill's No. 6 mine, which operated in a 5-ft seam of coal at a depth of about 2500 ft. Although No. 6 mine was

Jan 1, 1959

THE shipments of high-grade manganese ore, con-taining 35 per cent or more of manganese, from the mines in the United States in 1926 were slightly less than half as large as similar shipments in 1925, accord-ing to the United States Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce. The shipments in 1926 by 45 producers amounted to 46,258 long tons as compared with 98,324 long tons by 42 producers in 1925. This decrease was due to the falling off of the shipments from Montana. The domestic production of metallurgical ore in 1926 was 26,530 tons; that of chemical ore, 19,728 tons. Montana was the largest shipper with 5713 tons of metallurgical ore and 17,904 tons of chemical ore. The largest individual shipper of metallurgical ore was the Crescent Mine in the Olympic Mountain Region, Clallam Co., Washington, from which the shipments for the year were 3162 tons. The mine was operated by lessees and reverted to the owners in July, and thereafter to the close of the year no .ore was shipped.

Jan 6, 1927

By H. Rumfelt

Surface excavators for mining coal and such non- metallic minerals as quarry stone, gypsum, phosphate and the like have advanced tremendously in the last 50 years, and their advancement has paralleled that of excavators used in the construction industry during the same period. Up to a certain stage, the construction industry led the way with this development and even pioneered in how the equipment was used. Afterwards, however, new mining machinery and related operating techniques progressed along a different path than their construction counterparts because of the different demands of the two industries. The word "stage" as used above quite generally connotes a transition period, possibly of several years' duration, during which mining development followed the construction industry. Later, mining branched out and responded to its own needs. Most readers are familiar with the events which led to the development of the power shovel. The first dredge was recorded as having been used in England in the latter 1700's and was no doubt developed along the lines of some notes written in the late 1400's by Leonardo da Vinci.

Jan 1, 1971

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 39,751,868 bbl. of oil in 1941 and ranked seventh among the oil-producing states. Its 1941 production established an annual record, exceeding the 1940 record year by 854,498 bbl. The average daily production for the year was 108,909 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for New Mexico on Jan. I, 1941, was 36 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 43 bbl. The average daily pipe-linc runs were approximately 3 per cent less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, which followed closely the recommendation of the United States Bureau of Mines in setting the daily outlet demand. The production in Lea County was 34,333,448 bbl.; Eddy County, 5,009,354 bbl.; and northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 406,306 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 402, of which 301 were oil wells, 19 gas wells, and 82 dry holes. Drilling during 1941 was 68 per cent of 1940, and the ratio of dry holes to producers, I to 4, was the greatest since 1935. Of these dry holes 43 were drilled in proven fields and 39 were wildcats. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered as a result of the 1941 wildcatting program. However, numerous extensions were made to the existing fields, which, although they were called extensions to proration areas, were in reality field discoveries, being on separate geologic structures. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 6,973,808 bbl. It was closely followed by the Eunice field, with 6,644,181 bbl.; Vacuum field, with 4,800,608 bbl. and Hobbs, with 3,624,159 bbl. Hobbs field, however, still has the largest total recovery, this being 97,407,929 bbl. at the end of 1941. The new oil-field discovery in Lea County during 1941 was the Salt Lake field, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. The discovery well was Leonard-Welch State No. I, NW. NW. of sec. 18, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. This well was drilled to a total depth of 3103 ft. and was completed for an initial production of 250 bbl. per day pumping. The oil is 26" gravity and the producing horizon is in the San Andres limestone of Permian age. The discovery well was completed on June 22, 1941, and since that date four more producers have been completed, with no failures. The area is about 10 miles north-west of the Lynch pool, to which the oil from this field is being trucked because there is no pipe-line connection. The greatest drilling activity during 1947 was in the Maljamar field of western Lea County, with 62 completions, 59 being oil wells and 3 dry holes. The limits of this pool are now being defined on the north and south but to date have not been defined either to the east or west. The total number of 40-acre oil-producing units in the field at the close of the year was 158. On April I, 1941, a pressure-maintenance project was installed at the southern end

Jan 1, 1942

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 39,751,868 bbl. of oil in 1941 and ranked seventh among the oil-producing states. Its 1941 production established an annual record, exceeding the 1940 record year by 854,498 bbl. The average daily production for the year was 108,909 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for New Mexico on Jan. I, 1941, was 36 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 43 bbl. The average daily pipe-linc runs were approximately 3 per cent less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, which followed closely the recommendation of the United States Bureau of Mines in setting the daily outlet demand. The production in Lea County was 34,333,448 bbl.; Eddy County, 5,009,354 bbl.; and northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 406,306 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 402, of which 301 were oil wells, 19 gas wells, and 82 dry holes. Drilling during 1941 was 68 per cent of 1940, and the ratio of dry holes to producers, I to 4, was the greatest since 1935. Of these dry holes 43 were drilled in proven fields and 39 were wildcats. One new oil field and one new gas field were discovered as a result of the 1941 wildcatting program. However, numerous extensions were made to the existing fields, which, although they were called extensions to proration areas, were in reality field discoveries, being on separate geologic structures. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 6,973,808 bbl. It was closely followed by the Eunice field, with 6,644,181 bbl.; Vacuum field, with 4,800,608 bbl. and Hobbs, with 3,624,159 bbl. Hobbs field, however, still has the largest total recovery, this being 97,407,929 bbl. at the end of 1941. The new oil-field discovery in Lea County during 1941 was the Salt Lake field, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. The discovery well was Leonard-Welch State No. I, NW. NW. of sec. 18, T. 20 S., R. 33 E. This well was drilled to a total depth of 3103 ft. and was completed for an initial production of 250 bbl. per day pumping. The oil is 26" gravity and the producing horizon is in the San Andres limestone of Permian age. The discovery well was completed on June 22, 1941, and since that date four more producers have been completed, with no failures. The area is about 10 miles north-west of the Lynch pool, to which the oil from this field is being trucked because there is no pipe-line connection. The greatest drilling activity during 1947 was in the Maljamar field of western Lea County, with 62 completions, 59 being oil wells and 3 dry holes. The limits of this pool are now being defined on the north and south but to date have not been defined either to the east or west. The total number of 40-acre oil-producing units in the field at the close of the year was 158. On April I, 1941, a pressure-maintenance project was installed at the southern end

Jan 1, 1942

Meeting of Dec. 19, 1913.-The President reported the appointment of the Committee on Junior Members and Affiliated Student Societies, and the Committee on Coal and Coke, which .appointments were approved. The President was authorized to appoint the members of a Committee on Safety and Sanitation. The President appointed the Finance Committee of the Institute as a Committee to audit the accounts of the Treasurer (By-Law V). On the recommendation of the Executive Committee, Charles F. Rand was appointed a representative of this Institute on the Board of Trustees of the United Engineering Society for a term of three years (By-Law XIV of the Institute, By-Law XI of the U.E.S.). The Executive Committee reported that it had passed the following resolutions: That the next summer meeting of the Institute be held at Salt. Lake City during Aug. 10 to 14, 1914, inclusive; That an exchange of .the Bulletin and Transactions be made with the Canadian Bureau of Mines; That a sum of $50 be contributed for the year 1914 to the Commission publishing the Annual Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; That the Secretary be given power to reduce at his discretion the number of exchanges between the Bulletin and other publications which are not retained as a permanent part of the Library; That the contract for binding Volume XLV of the Transactions be awarded to the Butler, Ward Co., in accordance with their bid of Nov. 21, 1913;

Jan 1, 1914

By N. J. Grant, R. Nordheim

An extensive study was made of the aging characteristics of alloys based on the 80 pct Ni-20 pct Cr composition hardened with aluminum and/or titanium, each up to 4 pct. Aging was followed by means of hardness and hot electrical resistance measurements as well as by X-ray and microscopy. Stress rupture tests at 1500°F were utilized as a check on the predicted behavior. THE titanium and aluminum hardened Ni-Cr alloys, exemplified by Nimonic 80 and Inconel X, constitute one of the more important groups of alloys developed to meet the demand for materials retaining their strength at elevated temperatures. For service in the temperature range 1200" to 1500°F, these alloys offer high creep resistance. With increasing service temperature, however, the strength of the simpler Ni-Cr base alloys falls off rapidly so that above 1500°F there is a significant loss of strength. The present investigation was undertaken with the hope that a better understanding of the factors controlling the precipitation hardening of these alloys would make it possible to increase the useful service temperature range. Primarily this investigation involved the study of the effects of titanium and aluminum on the hardening and the subsequent softening at elevated temperatures. The titanium and aluminum contents were each varied between 0 and 4 pct by weight at a constant nickel to chromium weight ratio of about 4:1. (Except when otherwise stated, all compositions are expressed on a weight basis.) The major part of the investigation was confined to alloys with less than 0.06 pct C. Recently several papers dealing with the identity of the microconstituents in the titanium and aluminum hardened Ni-Cr alloys have been published. Using X-ray analysis of the residues from anodic dissolution, Rosenbauml was only able to identify carbides and nitrides in Nimonic 80 and Inconel X. However, since Rosenbaum worked with alloys in the hot rolled rather than in the aged condition, his results are inconclusive. Recently Hignett' reported that the hardening of Nimonic 80 was due to the controlled precipitation of Ni,(TiAl) having the cubic Ni3A1 structure. Taylor and Floydv-" published the results of an investigation of the nickel-rich corner of the Ni-Cr-Ti, Ni-Cr-Al, and Ni-Ti-A1 systems. In the Ni-Ti and the Ni-A1 systems the hexagonal Ni,Ti phase, 7, and the cubic Ni3A1 phase, -y', respectively, exist in equilibrium with the nickel-rich solid solution. The interatomic distances in the basal plane of Ni,Ti and the octahedral planes of the matrix are almost equal, thus explaining the Wid-manstaetten type structure formed when Ni,Ti precipitates from solid solution. When Ni:,Al precipitates from solid solution, it appears usually in globular form, often dispersed along rows corresponding to definite crystallographic directions. The 7 and phases are also the only intermetallic compounds which occur in the nickel ternary alloys with up to 25 pct Cr and 10 pct Ti or Al. Taylor and Floyd found that Ni,Ti takes practically no nickel, chromium, or aluminum into solution. Nial, on the other hand, dissolves a considerable amount of chromium and titanium and some nickel. Up to three out of every five aluminum atoms could be replaced by titanium in Ni,Al. This substitution caused a slight increase (less than 1 pct) in the lattice parameter. With respect to the effect of variation in the titanium and aluminum contents on the high temperature strength of Nimonic 80 type alloys, Pfeil, Allen, and Conway" reported that an 80 pct Ni-20 pct Cr alloy containing 0.20 to 0.30 pct A1 had the highest creep resistance when the titanium content was kept between 1.65 and 2.75 pct. Experimental Procedure The materials used for this investigation were electrolytic nickel, electrolytic or low carbon chromium, sponge titanium and 2s aluminum. The alloys were melted in an indirect carbon arc furnace under

Jan 1, 1955