Search Documents

By Thomas Fraser, Abreu Alvaro

THE work described in this paper was carried out under the sponsorship of the Foreign Economics Administration and in cooperation with the Departamento Nacionál da Produção Mineral, Rio de Janeiro. The project was undertaken to obtain complete data on the variations in washability of coal to be used for coke manufacture in the steel industry and to determine the economy of preliminary hand-sorting operations. The coal-producing industry of Brazil is in that pioneering stage in which operat¬ing practices and methods are just being developed. Increased wartime demand for fuel, coincident with a drastic curtailment of foreign supplies due to lack of shipping facilities, has put a tremendous pressure on the national industry to furnish more coal. Under this incentive, production facilities are being expanded and new methods of operation are being tested. Such changes are being developed both by improvement of existing methods that originated in the field and by adaptation and modification of methods introduced from the United States and Europe. These mining condi¬tions and mining practices in Brazil are typical of what the American mining engineer will find in many instances when he goes pioneering into the developing coal fields of the Southern Hemisphere. The producing coal fields of Brazil are all in the southern states of that country. The coal measures are in a band roughly paralleling the coast and extending in a generally southwesterly direction from northern São Paulo through the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul to near the Uruguayan border in the vicinity of Bajé. The accompanying map1 (Fig. I shows the general location of these fields and also the principal routes of movement of both national and imported coal in a late pre-war year (1940). Statistical data on production by states up -to that year are given in Table I. Rio Grande do Sul is still the largest producer among the coal states; but wartime

Jan 1, 1946

By Thomas Fraser, Alvaro Abreu

The work described in this paper was carried out under the sponsorship of the Foreign Economics Administration and in cooperation with the Departamento Nacional da Produggo Mineral, Rio de Janeiro. The project was undertaken to obtain complete data on the variations in washability of coal to be used for coke manufacture in the steel industry and to determine the economy of preliminary hand-sorting operations. The coal-producing industry of Brazil is in that pioneering stage in which operating practices and methods are just being developed. Increased wartime demand for fuel, coincident with a drastic curtailment of foreign supplies due to lack of shipping facilities, has put a tremendous pressure on the national industry to furnish more coal. Under this incentive, production facilities are being -expanded- and new methods of operation are being tested. Such changes are being developed both by improvement of existing methods that originated in the field and by adaptation and modification of methods introduced from the United States and Europe. These mining conditions and mining practices in Brazil are typical of what the American mining engineer will find in many instances when he goes pioneering into the developing coal fields of the Southern Hemisphere. The producing coal fields of Brazil are all in the southern states of that country. The coal measures are in a band roughly paralleling the coast and extending in a generally southwesterly direction from northern Sao Paulo through the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul to near the Uruguayan border in the vicinity of Bajé. The accompanying map1 (Fig. I) shows the general location of these fields and also the principal routes of movement of both national and imported coal in a late pre-war year (1940). Statistical data on production by states up to that year are given in Table I. Rio Grande do Sul is still the largest producer among the coal states; but wartime

Jan 1, 1947

By Alvaro Abreu, Thomas Fraser

The work described in this paper was carried out under the sponsorship of the Foreign Economics Administration and in cooperation with the Departamento Nacional da Produggo Mineral, Rio de Janeiro. The project was undertaken to obtain complete data on the variations in washability of coal to be used for coke manufacture in the steel industry and to determine the economy of preliminary hand-sorting operations. The coal-producing industry of Brazil is in that pioneering stage in which operating practices and methods are just being developed. Increased wartime demand for fuel, coincident with a drastic curtailment of foreign supplies due to lack of shipping facilities, has put a tremendous pressure on the national industry to furnish more coal. Under this incentive, production facilities are being -expanded- and new methods of operation are being tested. Such changes are being developed both by improvement of existing methods that originated in the field and by adaptation and modification of methods introduced from the United States and Europe. These mining conditions and mining practices in Brazil are typical of what the American mining engineer will find in many instances when he goes pioneering into the developing coal fields of the Southern Hemisphere. The producing coal fields of Brazil are all in the southern states of that country. The coal measures are in a band roughly paralleling the coast and extending in a generally southwesterly direction from northern Sao Paulo through the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul to near the Uruguayan border in the vicinity of Bajé. The accompanying map1 (Fig. I) shows the general location of these fields and also the principal routes of movement of both national and imported coal in a late pre-war year (1940). Statistical data on production by states up to that year are given in Table I. Rio Grande do Sul is still the largest producer among the coal states; but wartime

Jan 1, 1947

By B. Tani, K. Anderson, I. Johnson, R. Schablaske

INVESTIGATION of the various rare earth-cadmium binary systems discloses the existence of a compound corresponding to the composition MCd6 in all systems save the La-Cd system. Lattice constants for all of the MCde compounds, except LaCd6 which apparently does not form, and PmCd6 whose synthesis was not attempted, are also recorded herein. Iandelli and Ferro 1 report the existence of the compound CeCd6. No additional information, structural details, and so forth are given. Elliott and Lemons2,3' have measured the vapor pressure of cadmium over CeCd6 and have calculated the activity of cadmium in solid CeCd6. These authors find that CeCd6 exists over a composition range from 5.967 to 6.098 (Cd:Ce ratio) at 584oC, and from 5.971 to 6.118 at 639°C. The following is an excerpt from the paper by Elliott and Lemons: 2 "Recently Mr. F. H. Ellinger of this laboratory has indexed an X-ray diffraction powder pattern of CeCd6.00 which we had prepared by gas phase reaction. The compound has a primitive cubic unit cell with a = 15.783 + 0.001A Based on the volume of the cubes surrounding an elemental cerium or an elemental cadmium atom, Mr. Ellinger finds room for 24.10 CeCd6 formula units in the CeCd6 unit cell; similar calculations based on CeCd2 and CeCd11 yield 24.18 formula units per unit cell. The presence of 24 CeCd6 units per unit cell seems probable with an X-ray density of 8.255 grams per cubic centimeter. The most one can say about in-terstitial~ is that there appears to be room in the crystal even at room temperature." Measurements of the solubility of the rare earths in liquid cadmium4 led to the discovery of GdCd6,

Jan 1, 1964

By A. J. Ardell

SASS and cohenl (S-C) have recently reported some transmission electron microscope observations of an interesting effect which they call "veining". They observed veining in thin foils of solution-treated and (in certain cases) aged samples of a Ni-10.3 at. pct Ti-0.6 at. pct A1 alloy (assumed equal to 10.9 at. pct Ti). S-C suggest that veining in solution-treated samples is due to the selective electrolytic etching of titanium-rich regions in alloys which are otherwise homogeneous. They associate the veins with the discrete titanium-rich regions detected in a magnetic study of aging in this system by Ben Israel and Fine,' and they also suggest that the initial strengthening of aged Ni-Ti alloys is due to these titanium-rich regions, rather than the formation of the coherent precipitate (Ni3Ti, L12 crystal structure).

Jan 1, 1970

By J. K. Lovrien

A Link-Belt roller-bearing conveyor system was in- stalled recently at the Gross-Marble mine of the Oliver Iron Mining Co. at Marble, Minn., for removal of overburden and lean ore. The material, consisting of clay, sand, gravel, and glacial boulders. is excavated by an electrically operated walking dragline equipped with a 10 cu yd bucket working from a boom approximately 150 ft long. This machine loads into a receiving hopper of a rail-mounted screening plant in 45 second cycles. A manganese steel apron feeder under the receiving hopper delivers to an elliptical grizzly, from which the oversize boulders and extraneous material, by way of an apron conveyor, arc loaded into refuse haulage trucks.

Jan 12, 1951

By Christer Danielsson, Sven Ivarsson

In 1951 the first ton of iron was shipped from West Africa; ten years later the total export exceeded 4 million tons, and an optimistic forecast for 1970 indicates a production capacity of something around 40 to 50 million tons. The quality of the ore varies from normal hematitic concentrates, through naturally enriched hematitic direct shipping ores with comparatively high content of ore fines, to dense, hard, rich lump ores of magmatic character. West Africa is largely composed of folded Pre-cambrian rocks trending generally northeast to southwest. They are exposed over about one third of West Africa and are part of the vast continental plateau which has an average elevation of about 1300 ft in this area.

Jan 3, 1963

By C. Kolm, E. P. Warekois, S. A. Kulin

MUCH insight has been gained into the nature of the cold-worked state of metals in recent years through the use of modern X-ray techniques. These methods have revealed the existence of stacking faults together with regions of high internal strain and have provided means of measuring the atomic perturbations in plastically deformed metals. In view of the recent increased interest in the solid state, it is desirable to extend these techniques to the study of lattice imperfections introduced into semiconductors during plastic deformation. It is of particular interest to compare the state of imperfection sustained by metallic bonding with that sustained by the covalent bonding found in semiconductors. A knowledge of the imperfections which can exist in semiconductors is important from both a theoretical and a practical point of view since they can greatly influence many of the physical properties. In order to determine the possible existence of stacking faults in covalently bonded structures, precise measurements were made of the diffracted peak positions of plastically deformed germanium, gallium antimonide, and indium antimonide. These measurements were based on the theoretical treatment of Paterson1 and are similar to those employed by Warren and warekois2 in their studies of deformed a brass. In addition, diffraction peak profiles were measured on the annealed and plastically deformed materials in order to obtain information concerning the distribution of internal strains through the use of the Fourier methods developed by Warren and Averbach.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES Because of the room-temperature brittleness of the semiconductors studied, it was necessary to plastically deform the materials at elevated temperatures. The brittle-ductile transition temperature ranges of GaSb and InSb are sufficiently low to permit hot-filing operations. Therefore, high-purity, polycrystalline GaSb and InSb were filed in an argon atmosphere at 400' and 300°C, respec-

Jan 1, 1959

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period May 10, 1919, to June 10, 1919. Victor C. Alderson, Golden, Colo. E. Fleming L'Engle, Joplin, Mo. H. Foster Bain, Washington, D. C. W. D. Mainwaring, Philadelphia, Pa. J. J. Beeson, Master Engr. Sr. Gr. W. G. Matteson, Fort Worth, Tex. Gunnar Bergstrom, Stockholm, Sweden. C. E. MacDonald, Toronto, Can. Corry T. Brown, Socorro, N. Met. Francis Nicholson, Charlotte, Va. Geo. W. Brymer, Scranton, Pa. Richard A. Parker, Denver, Colo. W. Burns, Santa Fe, N. Mex. S. B. Patteson, Jr., Allentown, Pa. H. C. Carlisle, The Pas, Manitoba, Can. G. W. Ponton, Ottawa, Canada. J. Carson Adkerson, Va. W. H. Reber, Ensign, Dallas, Tex. C. A. Cheney, Madison, Wis. T. C. Roberts, New York City. J. M. Clark, Toronto, Canada W. A. Rukeyser, Ensign, N. F. Corps. John J. Doyle, St. Louis, Mo. W. H. Staver, New York City. H. S. Emlaw, Grand Haven, Mich. D. B. Sterrett, Washington, D. C. E. Francis, Birmingham, Ala. T. V. Smirnoff, Russia. Rudolf Gahl, Denver, Colo. E. C. Templeton, New York City. Emit Gthmann, Baltimore, Md. H. A. Toblemann, Ajo, Ariz. A. B. Hardie, Philadelphia, Pa. Priestley Toulmin, Birmingham, Ala. Clarence M. Haight, Franklin, N. J. M. R. Walker, Baltimore, Md. N. V. Hansell, New York City. H. A. Wheeler, St. Louis, Mo. C. A. Heberlein, Nacosari, Mexico. D. B. Whitaker, Santiago, Cuba. Pierre Hines, Milwaukee, Wis. A. W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Can. J. S. Hollings, Brymoba, Wales. Oba Wiser, Hanover, N. Mex C. Vey Holman, Maine. Harry J. Wolf, Denver, Colo. H. H. Howry, Denver, Colo. F. H. Wood, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. J. P. Wood, New York, N. Y. W. B. Kunhardt, Reading, Pa. Lawrence Addicks sailed on May 17 for London; lie expects to be absent from this country for several months. Roy H. Allen has accepted a position in the research engineering department of the National Aniline & Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y. H. Foster Bain has gone to Shanghai, China, where he expects to remain for some time. Percy J. Bandy has accepted a position with the Cia. Minera del Mirasol S. A., at Cusihuiriachic, Chihuahua, Mexico. J. H. Batcheller is now with the North Midas Copper Co., St. Helena, Alaska.

Jan 7, 1919

By E. T. Turkdogan, P. Grieveson

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie lnstitute of Technology Sc hen ley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J.S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. 0. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. '4. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Chatrmon; M. E. Wodsworth, Vice Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Groce, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewls, Charles O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinkoskey, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T. V. Wainright, Choirman; H. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Dancy, C. W. Murphy, Johonnes M. Uys, J. B. Wagstaff, and R. G. Ward. lnstitute of Metols Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Chairman; P. A. Beck, J. J. Becker, G. F. Bolling, J. O. Brittain, J. 8. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifalco, J. C. Gurland, H. S. Kclish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, C. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, and R. Swolin. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17. N. Y. Telephone PLaza 2-6800. Subscription $30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $7.50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metollurgical. and Petroleum Engineers. Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AlME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, lndustriol Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 6.

Jan 1, 1962

F. E. BASH, Philadelphia, Pa.-In order to make a definite check on the emissivity of crucible steel under works conditions, a test was planned and executed by the plant of the Midvale Steel Co., by a Sub-committee, as follows: Five crucibles were put in a crucible furnace with-the normal charge and were treated in the same manner as a number of others that were charged at the same time; the only difference was that the five cur-cibles had lids with.2-in. holes in the center. It was thought that after the crucibles were removed from the furnace a reading could be made through the hole in the lid with the optical pyrometer and that such a reading would give the true temperature of the steel as black-body con-ditions should prevail inside the crucible. If after obtaining the true temperature, the crucible lid were removed and the steel poured into the ladle, the apparent temperature could be taken by sighting on the steel stream and the emissivity obtained from the two temperature values. Such a test was carried out with five crucibles. About a third of the crucibles charged into the furnace with the five experimental ones were first drawn from the furnace and poured into the ladle. The experimental crucibles were then drawn and readings of the true temperature were made

Jan 12, 1919

By E. R. Hoskins

Results of a primary stress measurement investigation conducted on the 1100 copper ore body of the Mt. Isa mine, Mt. Isa, Queens., Australia, are presented in this chapter. The investigation started in September 1965, after discussion with the engineering staff at Mt. Isa, and consisted of both underground or in-situ tests at Mt. Isa and laboratory tests on Mt. Isa rocks and stress measurement techniques at the Australian National University in Canberra. Underground stress measurements were made in and adjacent to the 1100 copper ore body. The primary stress measurement site was in J 32 west crosscut on 14 Level. Approximate coordinates on the mine grid are 3000 north, 1650 east. The vertical depth below ground surface at this point is approximately 2180 ft. Some preliminary measurements were made in M 30 west crosscut on 13 Level, coordinates 3000 north, 2000 east, depth beneath the surface approximately 1990 ft. Additional flatjacks were installed on 11 Level in L 30 west crosscut, coordinates 3000 north, 2200 east, and depth beneath the surface approximately 1580 ft. All of the sites were in rock that from a mining engineering viewpoint must be considered extremely sound. The 13 and 14 Level crosscuts were approximately 14 ft on a side and nearly square and the 11 Level crosscut was approximately 10 ft on a side. All of the crosscuts had been standing open for several years and no artificial support of any type was necessary. Extraction openings hundreds of feet on a side have been made in this mine in similar rock and these have remained open also without additional support (see Davies 1 for a recent summary of mining techniques and conditions). The geology of the Mt. Isa mine has been most recently described by Bennett.2 Briefly, Mt. Isa is a silver-lead-zinc and copper mine in a series of Precambrian siltstones, shales, and bedded carbonates that strike north-

Jan 1, 1972

COUNCIL OF EDUCATION OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division) Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman 0 Cutler Shepard, Vice-Chairman Thomas A Read, Secretary-Treasurer Dept of Mining & Metallurgical Engrg University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Economics Division) Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Louis C Raymond, Chairman Lorin A Cranson, Vice-Chairman Henry T Mudd, Vice-Chairman Adam K Stricker, Jr, Vice-Chairman Paul F Yopes, Secretary-Treasurer U S Bureau of Mines Albany, Oregon

Jan 1, 1957

The organization of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 75 years ago, parallels the beginning of present-day steel-producing methods in the United States. This early association with the industry is emphasized by the fact that the first open-hearth furnace constructed and operated in this country was then only three years old, and the first commercial bessemer converter was just seven years old. Total steel production in the year 1871, as recorded by the American Iron and Steel Institute, was 84,000 net tons, of which 2,000 tons was produced by the open-hearth process, 45,000 tons by the bessemer, and 37,000 tons by the crucible, puddled iron, and other processes. The bessemer process had thus become the major source of steel production. Its capacity expanded progressively during the following decade, and by 1880 was the source of approximately 86 pct of total steel production. Most of this tonnage was made in eastern Pennsylvania and used in rail manufacture. At about this time, however, important changes began to occur which gave impetus to the production of steel on a much larger scale. The development of Lake Superior ores from 1870 to 1890 and the exploitation of the Mesabi Range in 1892 provided the industry with great quantities of high-grade ores. The abundance of coking coals and limestone in the region adjoining western Pennsylvania and the development of cheap water transportation on the Great Lakes tended to shift the center of iron and steel manufacture to an area west of the Allegheny Mountains. Encouraging these new develop-

Jan 1, 1948

By F. M. Lewis, R. B. Bhappu

In 1977 a paper was presented which reviewed the cost trends in producing copper by conventional processes for five years, 1972 through 1976. In this paper these costs have been updated to include the years 1977 and 1978.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. R. Webster

SINCE the delivery of our paper on Some Comparative Properties of Tough-pitch and Phosphorized Copper,1 a new brand known as "oxygen-free high-conductivity copper" (brand OFHC) has become available to consumers. It was thought desirable to make a comparison between the properties of this material and those of the materials covered by our original paper and its discussion. FIG. 1.-CHARACTERISTIC ANNEALING CURVES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF COPPER. Preliminary tests had indicated some notable differences. A billet of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper was taken from regular production. A chemical analysis of the particular billet was not made, but the producer of the material has given as typical the analysis shown in Table 1. The

Jan 1, 1933

New York State Museum, Albany, N. Y. D H. Newland, State Geologist. A complete list of publications or the latest lists of available publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins on The Mining and Quarry Industry of New York are available as follows: Bulletin 51 (1910), 15 cents; 161 (1911), 20 cents; 166 (1912), 20 cents, 174 (1913), 20 cents; 190 (1915), 15 cents; 277 (1925-26), 50 cents; 295 (1927-1929), 40 cents. Another series discusses the Geology of the State by Quad¬rangles, available as follows: Bulletin 153, Broadalbin Quad (1911), 25 cents; 154, Sche¬nectady Quad. (1911), 20 cents, 170, North Creek Quad . (1914)

Jan 1, 1933

By E. C. Harder

HERBERT K. SCOTT, London, England (communication to the Secretary*).-I am acquainted with the manganese-ore deposits of Russia, India and Brazil, and agree generally with the statements contained in the paper regarding those deposits. The information given by Mr. Harder regarding the Chilean deposits is very welcome. When examining the Caucasian deposits, I endeavored to determine the quantity of ore originally contained in the deposit, and by deduction, the amount remaining for extraction. These calculations were rendered possible by the great extent of the outcrop and the extensive work that had been carried on in the deposit. In making the first estimate, the quantity of manganese ore and associated sterile material in the bed was measured in a large number of

Jan 12, 1916

By Malcolm D. Flavel

This article synopsizes the major conclusions of Allis-Chalmers research into crushing and screening plant design. The full text of the research findings, together with the supporting mathematical details, is expected to be made available to the industry within the next several months.

Jan 7, 1977

By Carl Samans

THE attention of physicists and metallurgists has been directed toward the study and explanation of the deformation textures in metals for the past 15 years. In 1920 N. Uspenski and S. Konobejewski1 were first able to show that the symmetrical X-ray diffraction effects that had been previously reported by E. Hupka2 and others in metal foils were caused by a directed arrangement of the crystallites. Since then, the systematic study of textures resulting from the application of the pure forces of tension or compression to polycrystalline materials hag been supple-mented by many investigations on deformed single crystals, which have greatly added to our knowledge of deformation. However, despite the valuable information secured from these comparative studies only four investigations upon cold-rolled single crystals of any of the face-centered cubic metals have been reported in the literature. This lack of quantita-tive data is especially unfortunate because of the much greater practical significance of rolling textures and their effects in both cold-rolled and annealed materials. This investigation was undertaken for the purpose of specifying the deformation of rolled single crystals in the hope that such information might later facilitate the explanation of polycrystal-line textures.

Jan 1, 1934