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It is doubtful if the far-reaching sociological influence and effects of the last few years will be fully appreciated within the present generation, but there are certain lessons and morals already apparent from which we should profit immediately. One of these has been an insistent, though vague, feeling among engineers and men of technical training and experience, that their worth as political and economic factors is not recognized by society. This feeling has found expression first in a tendency on the part of these men to organize for the purpose of securing recognition, or to demand greater activity in their interest on the part of societies already organized. However it may be accomplished, the demand for some means of binding engineers together for purposes of self-interest and public good is in the air and will not be denied. In other words, the time is' propitious for two things: vastly increasing the membership of engineering societies, and serving that membership according to its desires. There are particular reasons why every mining and metallurgical engineer, in the United States at least, should hold membership in the

Jan 6, 1919

By G. R. Fitterer

NonmEtallic inclusions in steel have received much attention by metallurgists during the past few years. Many investigators have been emphatic in stating their belief that these impurities are the chief causes of steel failures, while others think that their effects are negligible. One of the main reasons that definite information on the effects of these impurities is lacking is that no reliable method has been developed for the exact determination of the amounts of these different impurities in steel. Some valuable new information has been brought out by a reliable method for nonmetallic inclusions which has been developed at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Metallurgical Advisory Board. This procedure satisfactorily extracts some of the more common inclusions from steels, thus enabling the investigator to correlate steel failures with inclusion content. Although the data given herein are the first to be published on the subject of the electrolytic extraction method, the interest in the subject is evidenced by the fact that it is already being used by some 20 to 30 steel companies for their various purposes. Some of the comments received from these laboratories indicate that the method is highly satisfactory: the unfavorable comments, when traced to their sources, have been found to be based on some small mistake made in either installation or operation. The chief discrepancy seems to have occurred in attempts to apply the method to the extraction of inclusions from alloy steels. The procedure can be used only for the plain carbon steels and for such low alloy steels as those containing the usual amount of copper (0.2 to 0.3 per cent). Steels containing the carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, tungsten, etc., present far too many difficulties for the accurate determination of inclusions. Luckily, the iron and manganese carbides do not offer any difficulties and no contamination of the oxide-sulfide residue results, It is highly probable that some modification of the following

Jan 1, 1931

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) THE Committee on a Standard Gauge have been constantly engaged, since their appointment, in the duties assigned to them.§ They have corresponded with different persons interested in the manufacture and use of gauges in this country, and have received from several of them important information. They have also entered into correspondence with the governments of England, France, Germany, and Russia through their Consuls, and with Austria directly. The Consuls of Germany and France * Transactions, Vol. V, p. 575. t Transactions, Vol. III, p. 43. + Transactions, Vol. II, p. 224. §See Transactions, Vol. V, p.,48.

Jan 1, 1878

By William P. Roe, James F. Ellis, W. P. Fishel

This paper reports the distribution of sulphur between iron and titanium in Fe-Ti-S alloys and in Fe-Ti-C-S alloys. The compound TiS was found, which exists as a separate phase at temperatures below 1200°C. Titanium in steels reacts with sulphur in preference to carbon. THE general relationship between sulphides and oxides suggests that titanium should form a sulphide having properties similar to those of titanium oxide. Specifically, titanium should form a sulphide having a high melting point, indicating a stable compound of low solubility in iron. In order for titanium to function as a desulphurizer or sulphur-fixing agent, it must form a stable sulphide. In order for titanium to be useful in steels as a sulphur-fixing agent, it must react with sulphur in preference to carbon; and to prevent red shortness, the sulphide formed must have solubility characteristics such that grain-boundary precipitation of a low melting phase be prevented. The terms desulphurizer and sulphur-fixing agent when used in this paper mean that titanium effectively ties up the sulphur as a stable sulphide of titanium and prevents the formation of FeS. The partition of sulphur between iron and titanium was studied first in a series of Fe-Ti-S alloys with carbon absent, and then in similar alloys with carbon present. It has been established1 a that titanium forms in Fe-Ti-S alloys a sulphide of undetermined composition which can be identified microscopically, and that the titanium-sulphur compound does not respond to sulphur printing. It has been suggested" that titanium acts as a sulphur-fixing agent, although little proof has been given. A report% f The Advisory Committee on Metals and Minerals summarizes the existing knowledge concerning substitutes for manganese in steels. Distribution of Sulphur Between lron and Titanium with Carbon Absent The alloys for this investigation were made by -melting Armco iron, metallic titanium, and iron sulphide in alundum crucibles in an induction furnace. The titanium was added after the other ingredients had melted. In these alloys it is recognized that some TiO, is present, since the melts were made in the air and since no other deoxidizing agent was used; therefore, some of the titanium was not available for union with sulphur. Thirteen ingots were made. Ingots 2 to 8 were cast in baked-sand molds; ingots 12 and 13 were cast in metal molds; and ingot 9 was allowed to cool in the crucible in which it was melted. All ingots were annealed at 900°C for 3 hr and were cooled slowly in the furnace. Subsequent information indicates that this anneal had no effect upon the titanium sulphide particle size, since the sulphide does not go into solution at this temperature. The ingots as-cast were approximately 8 in. long and % in. diam. The compositions of the eight ingots and the results of the partition of sulphur are recorded in Table I. Total titanium and total sulphur were determined by standard gravimetric methods. Sulphur, as iron sulphide, was determined by the evolution method. Boiling HC1 (1:4) liberates the sulphur from iron sulphide, but leaves the titanium sulphide practically undecomposed. A complete separation of titanium sulphide and iron sulphide cannot be made by digesting these compounds in dilute HC1 since titanium sulphide was found to dissolve slowly. The amount of titanium sulphide decomposed will depend upon the time in contact with the acid and upon the particle size of the sulphide. The point

Jan 1, 1952

Discussion of the paper of L. O. HOWARD, presented at the Salt Lake meeting, August, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 91, July, 1914, pp. 1785 to 1790. E. P. MATHEWSON, Anaconda, Mont.-I would like to add a few words of praise on Mr. Howard's work at the Old Dominion. Mr. Howard has given this particular converter shell his personal attention, and the results are shown in the figures given. Similar converter shells, a little different in shape and of about the same size, have been tried in many plants throughout the United States. The results have been highly satisfactory, but there is no shell of the size of the one described by Mr. Howard that has given anything like the results that Mr. Howard's shell has given. I know of larger shells that have given very good service, and are still in operation, and require very little repair. The main thing about the whole process of using the basic lining in copper converting is to keep the temperature within reasonable bounds, particularly not to get the furnace too hot. If it is overheated a little bit, for say half an hour, an entire lining may be ruined. It is very easy to keep the temperature regulated 'if the mass is large. If you have a large mass in your converter you can easily prevent it from getting over-heated, and that is the big argument in favor of the extra large converters. Of course, there is a limit to what a plant can turn out in the way of matte. Very few plants can supply matte sufficient to keep a converter of 20 ft. in diameter in operation constantly, but the 20-ft. converter is very much superior to the 12-ft. converter in easy handling and absolute control of the temperature. I think Mr. Howard is to be congratulated on the excellent showing he has made.

Jan 12, 1914

By T. J. Woodside

Prior to 1927 the lead blast furnace charge at El Paso consisted principally of direct-smelting carbonate ores, very low in zinc, and the resulting slag seldom carried more than 4.0 pct. With the exhaustion of the mines in Northern Mexico which supplied these ores, they were supplanted with a much smaller tonnage of sulphide concentrates containing appreciable amounts of zinc, and the zinc content of the slag rose to 10.0 pct. The Anaconda Company's slag fuming plant at East Helena, Montana, had then been in successful operation for several years, and it was immediately recognized that, while at that time the production of high zinc slag was small, if the grade held, a plant for the recovery of zinc from the accumulated slag might some day be practical. The grade not only held but became increasingly higher so that by 1946 suffcient slag had been accumulated to warrant the construction of a fuming plant regardless of future slag production from the blast furnaces, and with the removal of Government restrictions on construction at the end of the war the project was undertaken. The general design of the plant follows that at Bunker Hill, with waste heat boiler, unit coal pulverizers and even more extensive instrumentation and automatic control. The area around the lead blast furnaces is rather congested, being cut off from the nearest feasible site for the fuming plant by the copper plant, so that the most practical route for hot slag transfer is through the converter aisle. For this reason and also to make use of the existing converter cranes to serve the fuming furnace, an unused reverberatory at the north end of the converter building was dismantled and the fuming furnace and boiler located in its place. A flue at right angles to the furnace and boiler runs northward to the U-tube coolers and baghouse (Fig 1). From the bag-house a steel flue runs eastward to an existing and long unused 300 ft con- Crete stack. The coal handling system and de-leading plant lie north of the furnace and east of the cooling tubes and baghouse. The furnace is conventional, 8 X 21 X 33 ft high inside and completely water jacketed (Fig 2). There are 21

Jan 1, 1950

By J. Wade Watkins, E. S. Mardock

The accurate evaluation of reservoir-performance characteristics in the secondary recovery of petroleum by water flooding requires use of a water tracer that may be injected into water-input wells and detected at oil-production wells to supplement data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, and subsurface measurements. Radioactive iodine has been used successfully as a water tracer in field tests to determine: (I) relative rates and patterns of flow of injected water between water-input and oil-production wells and (2) zones of excessive water entry into oil-production wells. Laboratory evaluations of potential water tracers, previous tracer studies, the value of using a radioactive tracer, general field procedures, and the use of surface and subsurface instruments for the detection of the emitted gamma radiation, are summarized. Data from the field tests are presented graphically and discussed in detail. It is concluded that the radioactive-tracer method, using radioactive iodine, may be used successfully to measure either the relative rates and patterns of flow or zones of excessive water entry into wells under conditions of comparatively rapid transit time between wells. INTRODUCTION Extensive use is made of data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, fluid characteristics, and subsurface measurements in evaluating the sweep efficiency of water injected into oil sands for the recovery of oil. Theoretical flow rates and patterns may be calculated from those data using radial-flow formulas, if it is assumed that the physical conditions in the productive formation are homogeneous. Unfortunately, homogeneous conditions rarely, if ever, exist in oil-productive formations. The use of a tracer that may be injected into an oil sand and detected quantitatively, or even qualitatively, at offsetting oil-production wells provides basic data that may be used in determining more accurately the subsurface rates and patterns of flow of injected water between wells than is possible by theoretical calculations based on assumed conditions. Consideration of the data obtained by using a water tracer assists in the application of remedial measures to water-input wells, such as plugging of channels, or selective plugging of highly permeable zones, thereby effecting a more uniform flood and a greater ultimate oil recovery. A water tracer should have the following characteristics: (1) low adsorption on solid reservoir material; (2) high solubility in water; (3) low or negligible solubility in crude petroleum; (4) a wide range of solubility of compounds that may be formed by chemical reactions with ions present in reservoir rocks or waters; (5) high detectability in low concentrations by portable apparatus; and (6) general availability at low cost. Additional desirable characteristics are that the tracer should be nonhazardous in nature under normal working conditions and quantitatively detectable in the well bore, as well as at the surface. Review of Previous Tracer Studies The need for a water tracer has been recognized for many years. As far back as 1906, Dole1 described the use of fluorescein in flow-rate studies made in France in 1901. In 1921, Ambrose" discussed in detail the use of organic and inorganic dyes, chlorides, nitrates, and other anions, lithium salts, and the Slichter electrical

Jan 1, 1955

By A. E. Jenkins, O. C. Roberts, D. G. C. Robertson

Using an inverted-cone coil at 450 kHz, it has been possible to levitate iron (FeS), cobalt (CoS), and nickel (NiS) sulfides. Important nontransition metal sulfides such as ZnS, PbS, and Cu2S have proven impossible to levitate although Cu-Fe-S ternary alloys containing 30 wt pct S and up to 10 wt pct Cu, and Cu-Co-S and Cu-Ni-S ternary alloys containing 30 wt pct Cu have been levitated. The levitation technique has been used in preliminary experiments on the vaporization from liquid sulfides and the reaction of liquid metal-sulfur alloys with oxidizing atmospheres. The course of the reactions with pure oxygen were followed using highspeed photography and two-color pyrometry. ELECTROMAGNETIC levitation is now established as a basic laboratory technique in high-temperature research but its application has been restricted mainly to metals and alloys. Applications have included alloy preparation,' metal purification,2'3 determination of liquid metal densities and emissivities,4,5 and studies of metal supercooling,4 alloy thermodynamics,6 and vaporization phenomena.7-9 The application of the technique to compounds has not been considered previously. The successful investigation of the reactions between dilute iron alloys and oxidizing atmospheres10'1 has prompted the current physico-chemical studies involving levitated metal sulfide drops and flowing inert or oxidizing atmospheres. This paper presents the results of such a study and provides a basis for future studies involving a wide range of other compounds of metallurgical interest. The successful levitation of many metal sulfides and mattes provides a method of studying the oxidation reactions fundamental to flash-smelting and similar pyrometallurgi-cal operations under closely controlled laboratory conditions. In addition the system allows the use of a controlled atmosphere (e.g., a gas stream of a certain H2/H2S ratio) with a particular chemical potential to study the relevant thermodynamic equilibria or the mass transfer processes between the atmosphere and the levitated drop under conditions where the hydrodynamics of the system can be closely defined. The optimum frequency for the levitation melting of metals in an inverted-cone coil type inductor is within the radio frequency range 400 to 500 kHz. At frequencies lower than 10 kHz the rate of heat generation is usually insufficient to melt the levitated charge' or where melting is achieved, "dripping" from the charge is encountered.'' At frequencies above 2 mHz the levitation force decreases. Metals, alloys and preheated elemental semiconductors such as germanium and silicon, have been levitated but the levitation of only a few metal compounds has been reported. Jostsons13 and the authors have levitated liquid titanium-oxygen alloys containing 50 at. pct 0 while clark14 has reported the levitation of mixtures of FeS and MnS for short periods. With a "cold crucible" inductor sterling15 has melted ferrites by preheating them by induction in a 4 mHz field and melting at a lower frequency. However this second type of inductor has been designed purely for the melting of materials without contamination; there is only a small gas film between the charge and the inductor and the electromagnetic levitation effect is of secondary importance. For this reason further discussion will be restricted to the use of the coil type inductor. The assessment of the suitability of a particular metal compound for levitation is based upon the following two criteria: i) thermal stability, and ii) physical "levitability". In this paper these two criteria will be considered separately. The thermal stability of a solid or liquid metal compound with respect to a gaseous environment depends upon its chemical reactivity with that environment or, in the case of an inert atmosphere considered here, its volatility. The physical criterion as to whether or not a particular compound can be levitated is based upon a comparison between those physical properties of the compound determining "levitability" which are defined by the fundamental equations of levitation theory as developed by Okress et a1.,16 and the properties of the metals. Since it is not practical to cover the vast field of metal compounds, further discussion will concentrate on the metal sulfides but the treatment would be applicable to any metal compound. THE THERMAL STABILITY OF METAL SULFIDES The temperatures usually encountered during levitation in inert atmospheres cover the range 1400" to 2000°C. The stabilities of the condensed states of the sulfides under these conditions are considered in relation to the periodic classification by reference to Table I. Two general classes of sulfides emerge. The solid sulfides of elements of group IIB and of groups further to the right are volatile while those sulfides of group IB and of groups further to the left are nonvolatile solids. The sulfides described as volatile may be dismissed as unsuitable for levitation. The stabilities of the more favorable nonvolatile sulfides under the anticipated conditions must be studied more closely From Table I it is seen that the alkali metal sulfides exist as liquids in the temperature range of in-

Jan 1, 1970

By John Chipman

RECENT developments in iron alloys containing nitrogen have indi-cated that this element may exert a considerable influence on the proper-ties of the metal. This influence is not always in an undesirable direction and the indications are that nitrogen should be regarded as an alloying element, the amount of which should be subject to control, rather than as an inherently deleterious impurity. In controlling this element in liquid iron to the best advantage, it is necessary to have a reliable background of fundamental data pertaining to solubilities, rates of solution and chemical reactions of nitrogen in liquid iron. Obviously, the first step in such an investigation is the determination of the solubility of nitrogen in pure iron, and this has been the object of the experiments described in this paper. The solubility of nitrogen in solid iron has been measured by Jurich,1 Sieverts,2 Martin,3 and Iwasé4 and the agreement among the first three inspires confidence in their results. No accurate determinations of its solubility in liquid iron have been recorded though several investigators have obtained approximate results. Strauss5 was able to introduce 0.03 to 0.04 per cent nitrogen into steel by the action of either ammonia or nitrogen on the liquid metal. This was accomplished by Eilender and

Jan 1, 1935

By E. H. Bunce

CONTINUED progress in zinc metallurgy has been shown during 1933 by the adoption of new methods as well as the modernization of old processes and equipment, and by the initiation of new fields of activity for future advancement. The use of suspension roasting continued to grow as its advantages and adaptability became increasingly, apparent. The process developed by the National Smelting Co., Ltd., several years ago, of completely roasting on large sintering machines with utilization of the gas for acid manufacture has worked so successfully that an additional machine was installed during the year. At both the Swansea and the Avonmouth Works all of the ore for smelting is now roasted on the large sintering machines, thereby completely eliminating the old hearth-roasting furnaces. Work continued on obtaining partial purification of zinc ores from lead and cadmium by close control of conditions on the sintering machine, and in a few instances by chlorine additions to the ore before sintering. Ores so treated were either partially roasted or com-

Jan 1, 1934

By Gealy W. Wallwork

INTRODUCTION The administrative processes of coal mines are becoming increasingly complex. As society evolves into a more complicated structure with greater emphasis on individuality, government regulations reach deeply into every activity in an effort to force individuals into a standardized mold. These contradictory pressures add an extra burden to the administration of a mining operation. Recent years have brought a substantial change in the skills needed by mine supervisors and managers. As a result, a better understanding of the administrative functions is necessary. The mine superintendent has the overall responsibility for the mine; for effective operation he must be sufficiently knowledgeable to oversee all the complex functions that make up the mine. This chapter does not cover all the administrative requirements because of the variation in mine operation and in company policies and organizational structure. It does attempt to identify the administrative functions that would be required at a large mine with a preparation plant. It is assumed that the mine operation is decentralized with very little duplication of functions at the organizational levels above the mine. Thus each function is assumed to be relatively complete at the mine and under the general supervision of the mine superintendent. EMPLOYMENT PROCEDURES Throughout the mining industry, in deep or surface mining, in union or nonunion companies, the success or failure of an organization is directly related to the caliber of employees who make up the organization. A company is nothing more than a group of people working together with

Jan 1, 1981

By C. S. Chang

PEARL starch, a corn starch prepared with a minimum of alteration, is a good selective depressant for iron oxide minerals.1 From what is known of the complex chemistry of corn starch, there is evidence that it consists of a mixture of saturated giant polymeric molecules, both straight and branch- chained, the constituents consisting of glucose units with hydroxyl radicals as active or polar groups. To add to the existing knowledge of the chemistry of the flotation process, it is desirable to ascertain the effects on the corn starch as an iron oxide depressant when some of the hydroxyl radicals are replaced by other active groups that are common to flotation reagents. The ideal way to carry out this investigation would be to test reagents containing different active groups derived from corn starch. The preparation should be such that the reagents possess the same degree and location of substitution and are ac- companied by little or no degradation of the starch molecules. This, of course, is almost impossible to realize, as it is difficult to control the degree and location of substitution as well as to prevent degradation of the starch molecule during preparation.

Jan 9, 1954

By M. S. King, B. N. P. Paulsson

Four vertical boreholes in the vicinity of an electrical heater simulating a canister of nuclear waste in a granitic rock mass have been logged with an acoustic borehole sonde before and after thirteen months' heating. Excellent control of the structural geology and fractures present in the rock mass was provided by the considerable amount of oriented core recovered from the four boreholes used for acoustic logging and the large number of others used for a variety of rock mechanics instrumentation. Compressional and shear-wave velocities were measured as a function of stress on some twenty core samples, water-saturated and dry, which were recovered from the four acoustic logging boreholes. Further control was provided by a cross- hole acoustic monitoring program conducted before, during and after heating between the same four boreholes, and by measurements of acoustic velocities in an isolated block of granite in the same heater drift, which was subjected to an increase in temperature and to changes in uniaxial stress. It is concluded from the acoustic logging tests, taken in conjunction with the acoustic cross-hole and heated block experiments, that acoustic techniques: 1. Provide a means for locating and delineating systems of weakly- bonded or open fractures within the rock mass; 2. Provide a sensitive means for monitoring a rock mass for changes in moisture content or structural damage to the rock fabric induced by thermal or mechanical loading; 3. Together with the rock bulk density yield the elastic constants of the rock mass.

Jan 1, 1982

By M. Semchyshen, A. P. Coldren, W. G. Scholz

A survey of the Fe-Mo-B system was made to determine the extent to which boron might affect the microstructure and strength properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys. Seventeen vacuum-induc tion melted ingots were prepared with approximate mo-lybednum contents 01 2, 4, 9, and 19 wt pct and approximate boron contents of 5, 14,50, and 630 ppm by weight. Phases extracted from annealed specimens and identified by X-ray diffraction analysis included E Fe3MO2, Mo2FeB2, and an oxide hazling a diffraction pattern practically identical to that of MnFez04. Three types of alloy strengthening were observed: a) Fe-2 pct Mo-B alloys were hardenable by a bainitic-type transformtion of austenite to ferrile; b) Fe-4 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by the solid-solution mechanism; and C) Fe-9 pct Mo-B and Fe-19 pct Mo-B alloys were hardened by precipitation of the E Fe3Moz phase. Boron was observed to have a very strong hardening effect in the Fe-2 pct Mo alloys and a mild strengthening effect on the 1200°F properties of the Fe-4 pct Mo alloys. In the Fe-9 pct Mo alloys there was no consistent effect of boron on strength at either room temperature or 1200° F. The Fe-19 pct Mo alloys were so brittle that meaningful tensile or creep-rupture data could not he obtained. No dispersion hardening from borides was recognized in any of the alloys. THE high-temperature properties of iron-rich Fe-Mo alloys were studied by Reiter and Hibbard.' They found that the strength of the alloys increased markedly as the molybdenum content was raised from 0 to 15.9 pct by weight. The authors explained the various degrees of strengthening in terms of a) solid-solution strengthening, b) strengthening from a martensitic-type transformation, and C) precipitation strengthening. The objective of the present investigation was to conduct a survey of the iron-rich portion of the Fe-Mo-B system to determine whether the beneficial effects of molybdenum on the strength of iron can be enhanced by the presence of boron. It was thought that perhaps fine dispersions of molybdenum- rich borides would be found which could improve the high-temperature strength of ferritic alloys beyond the strengths attainable by molybdenum additions alone. Also, it was considered worthwhile to study the effects of boron in alloys which are essentially free of carbon. Most, if not all, of our present knowledge about boron in high-temperature alloys pertains to alloys containing carbon and carbides. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Alloy Preparation. Seventeen 8-lb ingots were prepared from electrolytic Plastiron, unalloyed molybdenum chips, and boron powder by a vacuum-induction melting procedure employing hydrogen as the main deoxidizer. The alloys were melted in alumina crucibles using 35-lb melts, with each melt being split four ways to achieve varying boron contents within four Fe-Mo base compositions. The results of chemical analyses conducted on chips machined from the chilled ends of the ingots are presented in Table I. The boron analyses were performed by a spectrographic method utilizing primary standards prepared from boric acid. They indicated that in ingots to which no boron was

Jan 1, 1964

By George W. Doffing

Numerous contradictory statements have been made in the past regarding the importance of the seasonal influence of demand for motor fuel on prices of oil securities. It has often been said that the time to buy oil securities is in the spring, or just prior to the heavy consuming season for gasoline. The fallacy of this argument is brought out in the following paragraphs. Seasonality of Oil-security Prices The indexes used in this paper as indicators of prices of oil securities and general industrials are those compiled by Standard Statistics Co. The oil producing and refining stock index includes 14 representative petroleum companies, while the all-industrials index is made up of 347 issues. All figures are stated as relatives, with 1926 = 100. The primary basis of the index, and one that gives a good weighting of the relative importance of the company within the industry, is the total market value of the stock issue outstanding; i.e., the market price times the number of shares outstanding. Adjustments are made for the addition or elimination of issues from the group index, for stock dividends, split-ups, stock rights, et cetera. At the present time the oil producing and refining index includes the following companies: Atlantic Refining Co., Consolidated Oil Corporation, Continental Oil Co., Gulf Oil Corporation, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Ohio Oil Co., Royal Dutch Co., Shell Union Oil Corporation, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Standard Oil Company of California, Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey), Texas Corporation, Union Oil Company of California. In calculating the seasonal for oil-security prices several periods have been selected as indicat,ive of major changes in the industry, as follows: 1. 1918 through 1936. This gives an over-all picture of the industry during the motor-vehicle, motor-fuel era. 2. 1927 through 1936. This period includes the control stages, both voluntary and coercive. 3. 1927 to September, 1933. This is the pre-code period of control.

Jan 1, 1937

THE Institute met on Wednesday evening, May 22d, in the parlor of the Stanton House, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, President, in the chair. The President delivered an introductory address on the Brown Hematite Deposits of the Great Valley, after which the following papers were read and discussed : Note on the Result of an Experiment with the Wheeler Process of Combining Iron and Steel in the Head of a Rail, by W. E. C. Coxe, of Reading, Pa. On the Jenks Corundum Mine, Macon County, N. C., by Dr. R. W. Raymond, of New York City. On Wednesday afternoon, previous to the opening session, the members who had already arrived in Chattanooga, were taken by the Local Committee to the works of the Roane Iron Company, and Chattanooga Iron Company, and then to the top of Lookout Mountain, where, at the request of the members present, Dr. Hunt described the geological and geographical features of the Chattanooga region, with the magnificent panorama spread out before them as a map. On Thursday morning an excursion was made by steamboat down the Tennessee River as far as Shellmound. Here cars were taken to the coal mines of the Dade Coal Company, where the members were courteously received by Mr. E. B. Wells, the Superintendent. After a trip through the mines the party partook of a collation provided by the company. South Pittsburgh, on the Tennessee River, was next visited, where the Southern States Coal, Iron and Land Company have a large blast-furnace plant in the course of erection. After conducting the party through the works, shops, etc., Mr. James Bowron, the manager, entertained the members with graceful hospitality at dinner. The second session was held on Thursday evening for the transaction of business. The President, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, appointed Messrs. W. E. C. Coxe, R. H. Richards, and F. J. Slade, scrutineers, to examine the ballots for officers for the ensuing year.

Jan 1, 1879

By Charles H. White

Methods in colorimetry are based on the assumption that the intensity of the' color of a definite volume .of solution is directly proportional to the quantity of the color-producing substance present. In the preparation and examination of colored solutions there are three ways in which the depth of color may be varied. These variables are : (1) the quantity of' the coloring matter; (2) the quantity of the solvent, or the dilution ; and (3) the thickness or depth of that portion of the solution examined. With these three variables as a basis, three general methods in colorimetry have been devised, all of which have been used in the determination of carbon in steel. In the first method, the quantity of the solution is kept the same for both the unknown steel and the standard, and the sections compared are of equal thickness, while the quantity of the standard is varied until the color obtained is of the same intensity as that produced by a definite quantity of the unknown steel. In laboratories where this method is used there is prepared and kept for permanent use a series of solutions with varying amounts of the standard, representing the percentages of carbon from the lowest to the highest demanded in that laboratory. These standard solutions are kept in bottles or test-tubes of equal diameter, and are arranged in series from the faintest to the most intense color, so that it is a simple matter to find the place of the unknown steel in the series, when the solution is of a definite volume and is contained in a tube of the same diameter as the standard tubes. In the second method, equal quantities of the standard and of the unknown steel are dissolved, the standard is diluted to a definite volume, and the solution of the unknown steel is di-

Jan 1, 1907

By Raymond Wilson

Grinding costs are an important item in cement manufacture, and the cost of power is one of the large items in grinding costs. Even where power is of secondary importance, cost items dependent on mill capacity are influenced by the efficiency with which the mill uses power. Tube mills typify the grinding mills most generally used in cement plants, though other types are in use. Tube mills have been widely criticized as being extremely inefficient, and this feeling regarding them has led to many attempts to design more efficient grinding equipment. Other types may be an improvement over tube mills, but the improvement has certainly not been revolutionatry, at least as applied to clinker grinding. The very fact that there is doubt regarding the relative efficacy of various types of mills is an indication that an adequate basis for an analysis of performance is lacking. The development of methods of analyzing mill performance has been hampered by the lack of a suitable method for measuring the work actually done in pulverizing. There has been no acceptable standard to which mill performance might be compared. As a consequence, it was not known whether the margin of possible improvement in pulverizing operations was large or small. Even direct comparison of different types of mills was seldom possible because most plants had only one type of mill for each type of service. Comparisons between plants were difficult because of differences in the grinding characteristics of various clinkers. Some recent developments complete a chain of circumstances that place the cement industry in a particularly fortunate position for the study of its clinker-pulverizing operations. Modern investigators of grinding phenomena have generally agreed that the best measure of mill performance is the production of new surface. For most materials this measure of performance is largely theoretical and has a rather remote connection with the practical aims of the grinding operation. In clinker grinding, on the other hand, surface area is intimately connected with the properties conferred on the cement by grinding. Morcover, the determination of surface area is rapidly coming into routine use as a tost

Jan 1, 1938

By Raymond Wilson

Grinding costs are an important item in cement manufacture, and the cost of power is one of the large items in grinding costs. Even where power is of secondary importance, cost items dependent on mill capacity are influenced by the efficiency with which the mill uses power. Tube mills typify the grinding mills most generally used in cement plants, though other types are in use. Tube mills have been widely criticized as being extremely inefficient, and this feeling regarding them has led to many attempts to design more efficient grinding equipment. Other types may be an improvement over tube mills, but the improvement has certainly not been revolutionatry, at least as applied to clinker grinding. The very fact that there is doubt regarding the relative efficacy of various types of mills is an indication that an adequate basis for an analysis of performance is lacking. The development of methods of analyzing mill performance has been hampered by the lack of a suitable method for measuring the work actually done in pulverizing. There has been no acceptable standard to which mill performance might be compared. As a consequence, it was not known whether the margin of possible improvement in pulverizing operations was large or small. Even direct comparison of different types of mills was seldom possible because most plants had only one type of mill for each type of service. Comparisons between plants were difficult because of differences in the grinding characteristics of various clinkers. Some recent developments complete a chain of circumstances that place the cement industry in a particularly fortunate position for the study of its clinker-pulverizing operations. Modern investigators of grinding phenomena have generally agreed that the best measure of mill performance is the production of new surface. For most materials this measure of performance is largely theoretical and has a rather remote connection with the practical aims of the grinding operation. In clinker grinding, on the other hand, surface area is intimately connected with the properties conferred on the cement by grinding. Morcover, the determination of surface area is rapidly coming into routine use as a tost

Jan 1, 1938

By C. R. Dale

The need for instruments to measure the movement of fluids and gas in wells has been recognized by engineers for many years. Information regarding flow in the producing interval has a direct bearing on completion practices in new wells and also provides information on the production characteristics of the well. Many hours of engineering time are spent in planning and completing wells but knowledge as to whether or not the original planning has produced the desired results has not always been complete. Many questions such as the following often arise: Why is it that two wells are completed under supposedly identical conditions, yet one well is a good one and the other is a poor one? Are the sands that look the best on the electric log contributing to the production? These and many other conditions in the producing well need to be under- stood in order to develop more efficient production practices and to improve on methods of completing new wells. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly describe one type of instrument, outline the methods of running the equipment and show the results of surveys made under various conditions. With an understanding of the use of this type of survey its importance can be evaluated in relation to the problems encountered by the operator. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT The instrument is a velocity recorder employing a clock-controlled 16mm film for recording the rpm of an extremely sensitive rotor which is rotated by the flow of fluids or gas in a well. The helical-vaned rotor and shaft, weighing one-half of one ounce are an integral unit exposed to the well fluids and are the only moving parts not enclosed in the fluid-tight housing. No packing or fluid seal of these parts is necessary and the shaft is mounted top and bottom on special jeweled bearings. Fig. A is the lower part of the instrument showing rotor and shaft with the protecting housing sleeve removed. The rpm of the rotor is recorded on the moving film by a combination electrical and optical system. The record is a series of dashes on the film, each dash and space representing twenty (20) revolutions of the rotor. (Film record of survey made in California well showing station recordings at various depths.) As the movement of the film is controlled by the clock the number of dashes and spaces in one minute of film travel represents the rpm of the rotor. The range of the instrument is from 0 to 2,500 rprn. The barrel or housing is 1-11/16 in. OD and seven feet long. Various types of expanding fluid traps are attached to the lower end of the instrument to direct the flow through the 1 in. orifice containing the rotor. The fluid trap for upward flow is shown in Figs. B and C. This assembly consists of eight arms with light spring

Jan 1, 1949