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By EDBIUND U. NORTH

IN making a glass model of mine-workings, each mine will present some little individualities, to meet which will call for the exercise of special ingenuity. Having made several models, I offer the following details of the model of the Montana-Tonopah mine-workings, believing that with small changes for different conditions the method described can be successfully used in making a glass model of the workings of any mine. The model, Fig. 1, has the top, one end, and the front removed. The case is made of kiln-dried pine, painted with several coats of dead-white paint. It is made to take sheets of glass 24 by 42 in. in size, and is 18 in. high, the workings shown being on a scale of 1 in. = 40 ft., or 4800 : 1 scale. The base is made of four pieces of 2-in. material, well pinned and glued together. The back, of material 1 in. thick, is secured rigidly to the base by screws and countersinking. The four posts, 1.5 in. square, are so cut that. the front and two ends of the model fit in flush with the outside edges of the posts. The top rails, 1 in. square, are fastened rigidly to the front and back posts by means of small iron braces. The ends, front, and top of the case are of 0.5-in. material; the ends and front are held in place at the bottom by pegs fitting into the base ; at the top the ends are held by buttons and the front by cupboard-hooks on the inside. Hinged hasps on the cover, fitting over staples in the end-pieces, make it easy to lock the entire case. Before the back is fastened to the base, it is cut with horizontal and vertical grooves to receive the horizontal and vertical sheets of glass, shown clearly in Figs. 1 and 2. The horizontal grooves, spaced to scale, represent the vertical distances between the levels at the shaft. The vertical grooves are placed wherever cross-sections of the workings are desired.

Jan 1, 1910

By L. V. Pirela, S. M. Farouq Ali

Some interest has been expressed recently in the application of solvents in conjunction with a thermal drive, such as a steamflood. At least one field project of this type has been reported. This paper makes the first attempt to provide some of the basic information necessary for choosing a solvent for such an application. Results of displacements conducted at elevated temperatures are also discussed. This paper shows that, in the case of alcohol-hydrocarbon-water or brine ternary systems, the system miscibility may increase, decrease, or both increase and decrease within the same system when the temperature increases. The distribution coefficient was consistently found to increase in favor of the oleic phase with an increase in temperature, which is advantageous from the standpoint of oil recovery. Results of solvent displacements in a sandstone core showed that even a relatively small temperature effect in the favorable direction (increase in miscibility and distribution coefficient) can lead to a 50 percent increase in oil recovery. On the other hand, if the system miscibility decreases with the temperature, even though the distribution coefficient increases, the oil recovery at the higher temperature may not increase. INTRODUCTION Miscible displacement has been the subject of many investigations. Miscible-phase solvent flooding, employing solvents such as alcohols that are miscible with both oil and water, has received considerable attention. Investigations conducted by Gatlin and Slobod,l Taber, Kamath and Reed,2 Holm and Csaszar,3 and Farouq Ali and Stah14 have helped in understanding the mechanism of solvent flooding. While the use of alcohols and similar solvents as oil recovery agents is economically unattractive, these solvents nevertheless provide a means of understanding the mechanistic aspects of important miscible-phase oil recovery processes such as the Maraflood process (discussed by Gogarty5). As shown by Taber et a1.,2 the phase behavior of a solvent-oil-water system is of .utmost importance in determining the efficiency of the oil displacement. This paper makes the first attempt to obtain the ternary phase behavior data for nine alcohol-hydrocarbon-water/brine systems at elevated temperatures. Results of core tests at elevated temperatures are also presented which corroborate the effect of temperature on oil recovery, as judged on the basis of phase-behavior data. The use of solvents at elevated temperatures has been suggested earlier by Farouq Ali.6 At least one field test of this type has been reportedO7 With the widespread use of thermal recovery techniques, it is possible in some situations (especially in steamflooding) that the use of a suitable solvent in conjunction with the heat carrier may be economically feasible. This paper attempts to provide some of the basic information needed for judging such feasibility. LOCATION OF THE PLAIT POINT The phase behavior of a typical ternary system consisting of a solvent, hydrocarbon and brine (or water) can be represented by a triangular diagram such as the one shown in Fig. 1 (for temperature TI). Point Pon the binodal curve represents the plait point, being the limit of tie lines such as Y1 Y2 The compositions of the coexisting oleic and aqueous phases are given by points Y2 and Y1, respectively, for any mixture composition along Y1Y2. The characteristics of ternary diagrams have been discussed by Findlay8 and others. Taber et aL3 have shown that the position of the plait point in a particular ternary system plays the decisive role in determining whether or not theoleic phase would be displaced in a continuous manner during an alcohol displacement. The area above the binodal curve also is important, since it represents

Jan 1, 1969

By R. H. Jamison

A relatively new haulage system is described. Employed by the Delmant Fuel Co.. the "Full Dimension" system provides an uninterrupted flow of coal from a loader or continuous miner at the face to the main line transportation system. This system is said to provide a higher percentage of recovery as well as additional safety and production. Delmont Fuel Co. is employing a comparatively new system of transportation known as a Full Dimension system. Cne of these systems has been in operation for a year at the company's 10-B Mine as a part of a conventional section. A second was installed at the No. 10 mine in late 1960 to handle the production of a Colmol in a pillar section. SYSTEM COMPONENTS A Full Dimension system is a haulage system that provides an uninterrupted flow of coal from a loader or continuous miner at the face to the main line transportation system. The equipment required for this system consists of a series of interconnected chain conveyors that are mobile and articulated. They will retract or extend a sufficient distance for the development of a five-entry system; or, in the Colmol pillar section, it provides reach of 210 ft in all directions from the section belt. The components of this system are: l)One 160-ft chain line placed in tandem with the belt conveyor. It has a self-propelled drive, is 20 in. wide and 9 in. deep. Moving this conveyor requires the assistance of a loading machine or cutting machine. 2) One 40-ft piggyback that discharges along the entire length of the 160 ft chain conveyor. 3) A mobile bridge carrier, which is a self-propelled conveyor with four wheel steer and four wheel drive, twenty-eight feet long, it delivers coal to the receiving end of the piggyback. Axles steer individually making possible almost lateral movement. 4) Another 40-ft piggyback, duplicate of item 2 that delivers coal along the entire length of item 3 (mobile bridge carrier). 5) A second mobile bridge carrier, similar to the first, which deliver coal to the piggyback (item 4). 6) A third 40-ft piggyback, duplicate of items 2 and 4. This pig is attached to the loading machine and delivers its coal along the length of the second mobile bridge conveyor. Since the original preparation of this paper, the Delmot Fuel Co. has been able to eliminate the 160-ft chain conveyor. This was accomplished by connecting the outby piggyback directly to a loading machine with an extended boom. The loading machine loads directly onto the belt. This change has resulted in a substantial reduction in moving time and greatly increased flexability. A single trailing cable powers the entire string of equipment. It is attached to the side of the equipment in such a way as to keep it off the ground and afford maximum protection. The tramming rate of this equipment is 90 fpm. The conveyor capacity in a conventional section at Delmont's mines is 7.5 tpm and in the Colmol section is 5.5 tpm. This regulation is a simple function of conveyor speed. To visualize operation of this equipment, it would be well for me to touch briefly on local conditions in the Upper Freeport seam in which we mine. (Also, see the photographs of some of the equipment in use.) DELMONT'S TOPOGRAPHY The Delmont Fuel Co. operates two mines in this seam in Westmoreland County, Pa. The No. 10 mine, which was opened in about 1912, is now almost worked out. Depending on economics in the industry, it has a life of two to four years on a declining production basis. A year ago a new drift mine was opened which is called No. 10-B. It is about two miles from the cleaning plant and is connected thereto by an overland belt conveyor. The new mine is being developed at a rate calculated to take up the slack as the old mine plays out. The Upper Freeport seam averages 4.2 ft in thickness in the area of the Delmont mines. It carries 4 in. of boney coal at the top of the seam and a middle man of from 2 to 4 in. We mine just above a 1-in. slate parting which has 4 to 6 in. of highly laminated coal beneath it. This material normally makes a very firm bottom. The roof varies from dark shale to sand rock and 36-in. bolts are placed on 4-ft centers for roof support. All working places are driven 20 ft wide on development and 25 ft wide on retreat. Selection of mobile chain conveyor equipment when it became available, was a very natural move for Delmont Fuel to make, because chain conveyors and piggybacks had been in use at the company's mines for about 12 years. Grades in the new mine

Jan 1, 1961

By Herbert D. Drechsler

Mining Finance-is the interrelated aspects of "determining the total amount of funds to employ in a mining firm; allocating these funds efficiently to various assets; and, obtaining the best mix of financing in relation to the overall valuation of the firm". The first section is an overview of the financing problem through examination and discussion of the Balance Sheet and Income Statement. The next section is a discussion of the nature of the criteria developed in feasibility study. The third section describes type of capital funds, and the final section describes case studies of mining finance.

Jan 1, 1978

By Herbert D. Drechsler

Mining Finance is the interrelated aspects of "determining the total amount of funds to employ in a mining firm; allocating these funds efficiently to various assets; and, obtaining the best mix of financing in relation to the overall valuation of the firm." The first section is an overview of the financing problem through examination and discussion of the Balance Sheet and Income Statement. The next section is a discussion of the nature of the criteria developed in feasibility study. The third section describes type of capital funds, and the final section describes case studies of mining finance

Jan 1, 1985

By Wallace W. Wilson

This DaoerAA calls to attention for the first time, to the writer's knowledge, a purported recovery of oil by substantially horizontal gas cycling that is considerably in excess of 50 per cent of the oil originally in place. The average angle of dip along the path of travel of the gas is less than one degree of arc. The best recovery by gas cycling previously brought to the writer's attention1 occurred in the case of the Mile Six Field in Peru, where about 68 per cent of the original oil in place has so far been recovered. In this case, however. the recovery was greatly aided 1)y the high dip angle of about 17.5". An approximate estimate of recovery was made by the method developed by the writer' for the case of the Cook Ranch Field, using an average relative permeability ratio function dictated by past experience with a number of good quality sandstones. A result of about 40 per cent recovery of the original oil in place wa* obtained after the 8.5 pore volumes of cumulative gas cycling undergone by the Cook Ranch Field. Tile writer desires to emphasize what appears to him as the sound engineering practiced at Cook Ranch, and also the care attending the taking of data and the high quality of the calculations made. It is impossible to take issue on factual grounds with any of the conclusions drawn in the paper. It is, however, desired to point out the difficulty of explaining the unexpectedly favorable oil recovery on ordinary theoretical grounds. It would be of interest to know whether relative permeability ratios have been measured on the Cook sand. The operator is inclined to attribute some of the excess benefit to settling of the oil across the bedding planes into the lower part of the sand. It is difficult for the writer to appreciate the importance of such an effect, inasmuch as the concomitant opening of excessive vacated pore space in the upper part of the sand would he expected to cause excessive bypassing of the gas. REFERENCE 1. Welge. H. J.: "A Simplified Method for Computing Oil Recovery by (Gas or Water Drive." Trans. AIME, (1952), 195, 91. AUTHOR'S REPLY TO MR. WELGE Welge has poined out clearly the difficulty of applying material-balance procedures in calculating the Performance of low-pressure, dispersed gas injection operations. There can be no argument that even with the most favorable assumptions of K,/K,, and with cumulative gas cycling in excess of normal expectations, the calculated oil recovery will be considerably less than the 72.5 per cent recovery realized from this project to Jan. 1, 1951. There probably are at least two reasons for the unusually high recovery from this reservoir, the effects of which would be difficult or impossible to calculate by known methods: 1. The operator did not use the same injection wells for the entire operation, and exercised considerable control over producing GOR by changing the locations of injection wells whenever well performance indicated excessive bypassing. Fifty-six wells were used for injection, not over 29 of which were in use simultaneously. This procedure resulted in frequent shifting of the fluid movement patterns in the reservoir and undoubtedly increased the ultimate recovery. The writer knows of no satisfactory procedure for calculating the effect of this practice. 2. Vertical movement of oil across the bedding planes of the reservoir rock hy gravity drainage tended to maintain a relatively high oil saturation, and hence a favorable K,/K, ratio, in the lower sections of the reservoir. As pointed out by Welge, this condition has aggravated the tendency for high producing GOR, but at the same time it has resulted in increased oil recovery. As may be seen from the performance charts for the various battery areas, operating (GOR'S have been quite high for the last several years of reported history.

Jan 1, 1952

By W. D. Keller

THE high-alumina clays of Missouri are interesting for several reasons. They are the only sedimentary deposits in North America of first grade (over 70 pct A1,0,) diaspore and boehmite sufficiently large to be mined commercially. Mineralogically, they are composed of diaspore and boehmite in intimate coexistence, but gibbsite, the common hydrated alumina mineral in bauxite and laterite, is absent, or is exceedingly scanty if present.* Therefore, the Missouri high-alumina clays do not represent typical laterization. The physical chemistry leading to their mineral genesis, and the geolbgical setting for their formation, present important problems for scientific study. The origin of the Missouri high-alumina clays has been discussed in earlier reports by Allen1 (1935) and McQueen 8, 9 (1929, 1943). These investigations were made under difficult conditions, however, because no diaspore deposit had been opened where a Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian) rock cover lay undisturbed over the high-alumina clay. The relationship of the clay to only the underlying rocks could actually be observed. Lacking the guidance of critical postdepositional geologic evidence, undue and erroneous emphasis was placed on the postdepositional leaching of the deposits in the theories on the origin of diaspore and boehmite from clay (hydrous aluminosilicates) . With new geologic evidence at hand, a clearer picture can be made for the origin of the Missouri high-alumina deposits. In this paper the geology of a diaspore deposit whose original Paleozoic cover had not been eroded will be described and interpreted genetically. The close relationship of boehmite and diaspore (also with kaolinite and a chloritic mineral), will be established. A theory of origin for the high-alumina clays, consistent with the new data, will be postulated.

Jan 1, 1952

By Renato G. Bautista, Robert A. Hard

A comparative study has been made of the ex-tractability of several of the transitim metals from thiocyanate sohtions using methyl isobutyl ketone as the organic solvent. Extractions were made of scandium (III), chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), and cobalt (II), of which only the scandium , iron, and cobalt were readily extracted. All extractions were made at pH 2 and at 25.5 °C. A series of extraction experiments was made on scandium, iron, and cobalt to determine the effect of thiocyanate cmcentration added as the ammonium and also as the calcium salt. Also determined was the effect of metal ion concentratim and ionic strength on the distribution ratio. Analyses of the organic extracts indicated the scandium and iron were extracted principally in the uncharged trithiocyanate form, while the extractable form of the cobalt contained the cobaltotetrathiocyanate anion. THE chemical separation of metal complexes in solution by solvent extraction has in recent years been developed for large scale separation as well as bench scale work in the laboratory. It has also found increased application in analytical chemistry. Its extension to extractive metallurgy as a unit operation is best illustrated in the recovery of uranium and vanadium from their leached liquor.5-8 The extractability of some thiocyanate systems have been extensively investigated. The rate earths have been separated from one another using butanol as a olvent. Scandium was effectively extracted in ethyl ether using ammonium thiocyanate as the com-plexing agent.'' Similarly, the separation of hafnium from zirconium has been reported using ether""' or hexone13 as the organic solvent. The extractability of various metal thiocyanates in ethyl ether is given by 0ck.l Sharp and Wilkinson15 prepared nickel-free cobalt slats by thiocyanate extraction. The mechanism of extraction of titanium (IV) thiocyanate with methyl isobutyl ketone was determined by elafosse.''" The characterization of cobalt (TI) thiocyanate complex using methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent at near neutral aqueous solution and the spectrometric studies of the ex-tractable cobalt complex has been made by Hard." It is noteworthy to mention at this point that the fundamental characteristic of ketone (oxonium) solvent extraction is that the extractable species are uncharged ion pairs solvated by the ketone molecules, but probably still partially hydrated.

Jan 1, 1963

The Sub-committee on Coal Mining, since its appointment, has been collecting data about subsidences in coal mines in this country, and thinks that almost all of the available data about occurrences of this sort in bituminous mines has been collected. Similar data is being compiled for the anthracite regions, which it is hoped will be ready for the 1927 meeting. As most of the bituminous seams are nearly level, the records obtained give the problem in its simplest form, without complications due to the pitch of the seam. Copies of the questionnaire, Appendix A, were mailed to all of the coal operators' associations, to most of the large operating companies and to many engineers, with the request that any data on the subject be returned to the committee, or that advice of any subsidences known be given: the replies to most of the questionnaires were general, although some specific cases were given. Many of the companies were unable to reply to all questions, as they lacked the necessary data, but in nearly every case where accuratc data was available, it was cheerfully furnished, and any additional information requested was secured. All specific cases of subsidence were followed up by correspondence, and in several cases by personal inspection. Figs. 1 to 31 were made from the information furnished. Table 1 gives measurements of elevations taken in one case at intervals from October, 1913, to May, 1918. With one exception, where the evidence cannot be released on account of a lawsuit, it is believed that the cases submitted with this report include practically all that have happened in bituminous coal mining in this country of which actual measurements were secured. Some of these have been published by Young and Stoek,l and some have been secured from other publications. In collecting these data, the subcommittee had the Engineering Societies Library extend its bibliography to date; this list is given in Appendix B. To assist in the study of the problem, all of the subsidence literature in English was examined for cases in which spccific measurements were given, and the essential data for each case are shown in Appendix C.

Jan 1, 1927

By R. D. Nelson, F. E. Bowman

Evidence has been found for a (010)a?(111)B[102]a /,11[341]/B crystallographic relationship between the monoclinic a and B phases of plutonium during the a?B transformation. The results of an X-ray diffraction study, where [010] fiber textured a samples were used in the absence of suitable single crystals indicate that the (OIO)a planes become (111)B planes upon transformation under near-equilibrium conditions. The transformation strain along the fiber axis, which was the [010] direction, was measured dila-tomekically; the measured 8.5 pct expansion compares favorably with the 8.44 pct expansion in the in-terplanar spacing represented by the (010)a?(111)B relationship. From plots of the atom positions in each of the related planes, a correspondence was deduced between the [102]a, direction and the [341]B direction. Further analysis of the two lattice structures in the light of this relationship revealed a rotation about the [102] direction of 1 deg 43 min and a slight shearing in this same direction of about 30 min. THIS paper discusses the (B crystal structure of plutonium and the orientation relationship existing between the monoclinic a and B phases during the a?ß transformation. The kinetics of the a?ß and (3 — a transformations have received extensive consideration, and because of the crystallographic complexity of these phases, the question of the mechanisms by which these transformations occur is especially intriguing. Nelson and Shyne1 evaluated the existing experimental evidence and concluded, from the indirect evidence available, that both the ß ? a and a ? ß transformations occur by a martensitic process. Their data reveal the anisotropic nature of these transformations which suggests the existence of specific crystallographic relationships between the parent and product phases. In this paper, we are concerned with the confirmation of the existence of such a relationship resulting from the a ? ß transformation and the derivation of the crystallographic details necessary to specify it. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS X-ray diffraction and dilatometric data were obtained from samples of a plutonium having a [010] fiber texture. These cylindrical specimens, approximately 1 cm in diam, were prepared by transforming the ß phase to a under the influence of a uniaxially applied compressive load.' The [0l0] direction is parallel to the direction of applied stress; it is also perpendicular to the (010) planes. This correspondence between the plane normal and the direction having the same indices is, in the monoclinic a plutonium structure, restricted solely to this (010)[010] combination. Such a specimen was mounted in an evacuated, elevated temperature specimen holder on an X-ray dif-fractometer so that the diffracting surface was perpendicular to the fiber axis. The a diffraction pattern, Fig. 1, taken at about 115ºC, revealed the predominance of the (020) reflection. This monoclinic, P 21/rn space group yields no (0k0) reflections when k is odd. The temperature was raised slowly to 160°C to effect the complete transformation to the phase; then it was lowered to 120°C so that a diffraction pattern of the ß could be obtained near the a = ß equilibrium temperature for direct comparison with the a at the same temperature. The (3 diffraction pattern, Fig. 2, obtained under these conditions showed a (222) reflection relatively much more intense than in the random pattern. The other reflections appearing with sig-

Jan 1, 1970

By H. M. Chance

Within the last 10 years the subject of mine taxation in its relation to coal-mining interests has come to have growing importance, not only to those engaged in the mining of coal, but also to the owners of land underlain by coal.

Jan 1, 1915

By R. G. Garlick, M. Garfinkle

It was observed for several bcc metal crystals that the Knoop hardness anisotropy was dependent essentially on the direction of the lung axis of the indentor alone and not on the plane of indentation. The generality of this observation was tested for an fcc md an hcp metal and an ionic crystal. For cubic crystals, this observation was valid; for the hcp structure, however, the planes of indentation did have an effect on the hardness anisotropy, although this was not nearly as significant as the direction of indentation. Because the direction of indentation is the only significant crystal-lographic parameter necessary to describe the hardness anisotropy, it is possible to represent the anisotropy of single crystals on the standard stereographic triangle. THE commonly observed1, 2 periodic variation of indentation hardness with crystallographic direction on the high-symmetry planes of various single crystals has been inadequately related to the physical or mechanical properties of the crystals examined. In fact, the hardness anisotropy curves for the various planes of a particular metal crystal, as is illustrated in Fig. 1, are uncorrelated and appear in the literature3, 4 as unrelated observations. Attempts to correlate hardness anisotropy curves with specific physical properties can be generally divided into either mechanistic or nonmechanistic approaches. A nonmechanistic approach would be to devise a mathematical expression that could describe the various hardness anisotropy curves. Such a relation could then be compared with the known anisotropy of various physical properties to determine which contribute to the observed hardness anisotropy. No such mathematical expression has been found in the literature.

Jan 1, 1969

By A Guinier

RECIPITATION in alloys is undoubtedly one of the most essential phase transformations in metallurgy and, besides, it is a phenomenon of great interest to physicists. It seems then that it can be chosen as a topic for an Annual IMD Lecture. Of course, the subject is a very wide one and I shall discuss here only a very restricted part of it. I should like to show why it is now considered that there is, at the beginning of the process, a stage distinct from the real precipitation, which is the pre-precipitation. We shall be chiefly interested in the atomic structure of the metal in this preprecipi-tation stage. Numerous reviews on this subject have been published recently.', ' The latest was given by H. K. Hardyh t the last meeting of the Institute of Metals in London. One of the most complete articles has been written by the late Dr. Geisler." I should like, at the beginning of this lecture, to pay a tribute to the memory of our friend Arthur Geisler. Some of the ideas which will be developed here are different from those advocated by him. But everybody knows the considerable progress in experiment and in theory which we owe to him and, personally, I deeply feel how fruitful have been the long discussions which we have had during many years. Experimental Basis of the Precipitation Problems Let us recall the essential facts pertaining to the problem of the precipitation. The starting point and the final one are well known. The initial stage is the supersaturated solid solution before quenching. The dissolved atoms replace some of the atoms of the solvent at the points of a definite lattice. It is generally considered that the distribution of the atoms is completely random, and that the lattice distortions are relatively weak. These assumptions are only an approximation. It has now beenproven", that, in some cases, the dissolved atoms have a tendency to segregate to form very small nuclei. These fluctuations of composition are greater than the normal statistical fluctuations in a purely random alloy. We shall see the role played by these nuclei later. The final state is obtained by a very long annealing at such a temperature that an equilibrium is reached in a reasonable time. The alloy is then composed of a matrix which is a saturated solid solution, much poorer than the initial one. Imbedded

Jan 1, 1957

By T. S. Washburn

Deoxidation is one of the most complex metallurgical operations in the basic open-hearth process. The necessity for deoxidation arises from the fact that the refining operations that precede it require the oxidation of the steel bath. when the refining is completed and the desired composition of the bath has been obtained with respect to the elements subject to control by 'oxidation. there is usually an excess of oxygen present in the bath from the standpoint of the amount desired in the finished steel. The objectives of deoxidation are to control the amount and type of oxides and, although not directly ilnp1it.d by the term or always considered as a Part of the process, to control the amounts of gases such as hydrogen or nitrogen that will be present in the finished steel. There are other aspects to be consideretl in connection with deoxidizing procedures. In addition to the primary objectives of oxide and gas control. the composition of the steel is affected by the elements introduced during the deoxidizing process. Factors in furnace operations are likewise involved, such as slag composition, temperature control. arid heat time. .ill of these should be considered in establishing the most satisfactory deoxidizing procedure for each grade of steel. The purpose of this paper is to outline the objectives of deoxidation as related to steel characteristics, and to summarize the factors in furnace practice and the economic aspects to be considered in connection with deoxidation procedures. Objectives of Deoxidation The primary objectives of deoxidation are the formation and elimination of oxides. The amount of oxygen present in the bath prior to deoxidation is an important factor, since it is the basis of any deoxidation procedure. The oxygen content of the bath is primarily a function of the carbon content, although it is affected also by the temperature, the oxidation of the slag, and transient conditions within the furnace. The relation of oxygen to carbon in the bath is shown in Table I. Table I shows that under actual operating conditions, the amount of oxygen present in the bath is higher than the theoretical amount. This relation would be expected, since the bath is in a state of metastablc equilibrium during the period that the carbon is being eliminated. The most important feature demonstrated by this table, however, is the rapid increase

Jan 1, 1945

By Howard Eavenson

EARLY in 1917, the United States Coal & Coke Co. secured options on several tracts in Harlan County, Ky., aggregating about 1.9,000 acres in area, and after careful prospecting by outcrop openings and diamond drilling, completed the purchase late in July of that year. This property is situated in the eastern end of Harlan County, south of the Poor Fork f Cumberland River, and extending across Big Black Mountain to the Clover Fork of Cumberland River, a distance of about 7 mi. (11.3 kg.). It extends from the Kentucky-Virginia line westward for about 6 mi. Looney Creek, which empties into Poor Fork, crosses the property for about 4 mi. (6.4 kg.), and as several of the seams within the property outcrop along this stream, it afforded an easy, and the logical, place for development. The property is on the northern side of the geological trough formed by the uplifting of Stone Mountain, on the southern, and Pine Mountain, on the northern side; the northern boundary along Poor Fork is practically at the base of Pine Mountain. This, area has been described in various geological reports.1 The main seam on this property is the one known variously as the "C," Benham, Keokee, Taggart, and Roda; it is, also called, by the Kentucky Geological Survey, the Kellioka seam of the western portion of Harlan County. This seam averages, in this property, about 5 ft. (1.5 m.) in thickness, although local rolls reduce this thickness considerably over small areas; and at the extreme western end of the property the seam splits. It is usually clean, although occasionally a small parting occurs within a few inches f the bottom f the seam; it is one f the best

Jan 9, 1921

By Frank Firmstone

. In the early decades of the past century the method of starting iron blast-furnaces by " scatlolding-down" seems to have been in universal use for coke-furnaces and, at least in this country, for charcoal-furnaces also. It was likewise used at some of the early anthracite-furnaces, as is stated in the important " Reminiscences" printed by the late Samuel Thomas.' It had been generally superseded in Great Britain as early as 1850, by some variations of the plan now used, and was rarely used when Percy wrote.2 On the Continent it was still followed ill the 60's; and was elaborately described by Valerius in 1852. I have never read any statement as to when and by whom " scaffolding " was first dispensed with, but the following extracts from journals of my father seem to fix an authentic date for an instance in this country: " [Pittsburg] July 12, 1838.—Went with Major Wade to his foundry,etc., and he gave me a letter to D. Tyler, Esq., Farrandsville, Agent Boston Coke & Iron Co." " [Lockhaven, Pa.] July 18, 1838.—Heard there was a flat-boat going to take some gentlemen up to Farrandsville. Got on boat and to Farrandsville, 5 or 6 miles, in 1 hr. 30 min. Dined, and then delivered my letter to Ma Tyler, who showed me much attention, and everything belonging to the furnace, and had the water turned on the wheel that I might see the blowing-cylinders at work. There are two cylinders, 6-ft. stroke, -56 in. in diameter, but they find that one makes more than enough blast for the furnace. The furnace has 16-ft. boshes, 7-ft. tunnel-head, and is 47 ft. high, 3 tuyeres, and 3 heating-ovens [hot blast-ovens]. A

Jan 1, 1908

By John M. Kelly

New Mexico produced 39,475,388 bbl. of oil in 1944, the greatest amount in one year in the oil history of the state. This production was 593,046 bbl. or 1.25 per cent more than in 1943. New Mexico retained its position as the seventh largest oil-producing state. The maximum per well allowable on Jan. I, 1944 was 48 bbl. daily and at the end of the year it was 45 bbl. daily. Allocations as set by the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission closely followed the recommendations made by the' Petroleum Administrator for War. The average daily pipe-line runs were within 4 per cent of the allocation. Production by counties was as fol1ows;Lea County, 33,509,548 bbl.; Eddy County, 5,504,498; Northwestern New Mexico 461, 342. Drilling activity for New Mexico in 1944 was well above that of 1943, with 362 completions. Of these, 283 were oil wells, 12 gas wells and 67 dry holes. The ratio of dry holes to producers, about I to 4, was an improvement over 1943. Wildcat drilling during 1944 was responsible for the discovery of six new fields and the extension of two present producing areas. Drilling records were established in New Mexico during 1944 with the deepest producer ever completed, the Humble Leonard Oil Company's No. I at 11,969 ft., in the Ellenburger section of Ordovician age near Jal, Lea County. The discoveries in Lea County during 1944 were as follows: West Lovington field, where Fred Turner, Jr. drilled his No. I State B .in C SE SW sec. 4-17-36 and completed it for 122 bbl. of oil in 8 1/2 hr., in the San Andreas section of Permian age. The Tonto field, where the T-exas Company completed its No. I Baskin at a total depth of 3586 ft. in Seven Rivers lime of Permian age, with an initial production of 254 bbl. of oil in 21 hours. The Drinkard area, where the Gulf Oil Corporation's Drinkard No. I flowed 782 bbl. of oil in 14 hr. from the Yeso section of lower Permian age, thus opening the first lower Permian production in the state. The total depth of this discovery was 6508 ft. and oil was 38.8" A.P.I. gravity. The Dublin area, where the Humble Oil and Refining Co. established a drilling depth record of 11,969 ft. drilling and completing its No. I Leonard Oil Co. well in the Ellenburger lime of Ordovician age. This well flowed 221 bbl. of oil per day, of 48.9º A.P.I. gravity oil. It is in sec. 12-26-37. The new pay horizon discovery of the Continental Oil Co. in the Skaggs area, where the company completed its Skaggs B-23 No. 2 in sec. 23-20-37 for 236 bbl. of oil in 21 hr. from the Wolfcamp section of lower Permian age, at a total depth of 7725 ft. This well was drilled to granite at 10,465 ft. and plugged back to the Wolf-camp for a new pay zone completion.

Jan 1, 1945

Abadilla, Quirico A., Geol.. Lago Pet. Corp Box 172 Maracaiho, Venezuela. IIAbbw. Robert Graham. The W. W. Sly Mfg. Co.Train Ave.. Cleveland. Ohio. Abbotf A. N., Mines Supt., Maznpil Copper Co.. Ltd..Conception del Oro, Zac., Mexico. Abbotf Clarence E, Mgr.. Mines & Quarries, Tenn. Coal. Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. Abbott. Louis Benjamin. Chief Engr.. Consolidation Coal Co. ... .Elkhorn Div., Jenkins, Ky. Abeel, George 8.. Jr., Cons. Min. Engr...4612 West 17th St., Los Angeles, Cal. Abel. Albert E.. Asst. to Pres.. Valley Mould & Iron Corp..Hubbard, Ohio. Abel. Raymond L Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin.. Univ. of Pittsburgh. .. .Pittsburgh. Pa. Abernathy. George Elmer. Prof. of Geol. & Min.. Kansas State Teachers College. Pittahurg. Kans. Abernethy, D. Carl, Jr. Min. Engr., Hudson Coal Co. .Scranton, Pa. Abw, Hirouhi. Min. & Met. Engr., Min. & Met. Dept., The Higher Technical School, Osaka, Japan. Aborn. Robert H.. Research Assoc.. Mass. Inst. of Tech..Cambridge, Mass. Abouchar. Bylvain Sley. Min. Engr. & Geol., c/o S. H. Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr, Cairo, Egypt. tAbozeid. Mahmood. Pet. Min. Engr., Marland Oil Co. of California, Subway Terminal Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Abraham. Arthur W.A. pt. 40, Barcelona. Anzoatmui, Venezuela. Abrahams. Alexander I.. Gen'l Mgr., Racon Electrical Co.. ..... .Slough, London, England. tAbrahamuon, C. W., Min. Engr.. The Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.. ..... .Levack. Ont., Canada. Abstein, Henry T.. Engr. & Mgr.. Profile-Tamarack Mines Co.. ...... .Yellow Pine, Idaho. tAcker, E. WC.. Met.. ........ .I28 East Washington Lane. Germantuwn. Philadelphia, Pa. IlAckerman, D. E.. Research Engr.. Research Lab., International Nickel Co., Bayonne, N. J. tAckerman. Ernest R., Pres., Lawrence Portland Cement Co.. . .Plainfield, Union Co., N. J. Adachi. Jinzoo.A..d dress Wanted Adachi, Yuichi, Chief Engr.. Anzan Steel Works, South Manchuria RY. Co., Anzan, South Manchuria. China. (Via Dairen). Adair, Arthur C, Valuation Engr., Internal Revenue. Treasury Dept.. . .Washington, D. C. Adami. Arthur E., Prof. of Min. Engrg., Montana State School of Mines. Butte, Mont. Adami. Charles J.. Min. Engr., Gen'l Mnr., St. Jos~ph Lead Co.. ....... .Bonne Terre, Mo. Adama, C. W., Pres. Adams Pacific Corp .I66 Montgomery St., San Francisco. Cal. Adams. Cuyler .Dee rwood, Minn. Adams, David T, 514 Wrigley Bldg.. Chicago, Ill. ADAMS, FRANK DAWSON, Logan Prof. of Geology and Dean, Faculty of Applied Science. McGiU Univ., Montreal. Que.. Canada. Adams. Gale L, Research Engr.. General Pet. Corp...Los Angeles. Cal. Adams. George I.. Prof. of Geol. & Mineralogy. Univ. of Alabama. .Tuscalmsa, Ala. Adams. H. H.. Cons. Gml..Room 415, W. T. Waggoner Bldg., Fort Worth. Tex. Adams, Henry, Cons. Min. Engr. . 934 Park Ave., Plainfield, N. J. Adame, Henry H. 285 Madison Ave., New York. N. Y. Adams. Henry Farnum. Engr.. Charge Experimental Work, Inspiration Concentrator. Inspiration Cons. Copper Co.. Box 364, Inspiration. Ariz. Adams, Huntington, Min. Engr, 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Adams. Leland D, V.P.. Leslie-California Salt Co., 166 Montgomery St.. San Francisco. Cal. Adams. Louie W.. Illinois Steel Co Gary, Ind. Adama, XL L. Min. Engr.. Old Ben Coal Corp., Mine 12.. Christopher. IU. Adams, Robert M. Robert M. Adam Co. .I201 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth, Minn. Adams. Sidney F.. Geol., Empire Zinc Co .Gilman, Colo. tAdams, Waldo Peck..P ittsfield, Pike Co.. Ill. Addams. Charles 1. Min. Engr.. Bo x 663. Phoenix, Ariz. Addicka, Lawrence. Cons. Enar..... .61 Maiden Lane. New York. N. Y. Addison, Herbert, V.P.. Big Horn Collieries Co ,412 Colorado Bldg., Denver, Colo. Adkemn. J. Carson. Min. Engr.. HY Grade Manganese Co., Inc..Woodstock, Va. Ady. Joseph Wesley. Jr.. Min. Enar., 314 Mining Exchange Blda., Colorado Springs, Colo. Affelder. William Lewis. Asst. to Pres., Hillman Coal & Coke Co. & Allied Companies. 2006 First National Bank Bldg.. Pittshurgh, Pa. Ameck, B. F.. Pres.. Universal Portland Cement Co. .. .210 South La Salle St., Chicago. Ill. Agabeg, Edgar C.. Cons. Min. Engr.. ..... .Evelyn Lodae. Asansol, E. I. R. Bengal, India. tAsar. William M.. Aest. Prof. of Geol.. Kirtland Hall, Yale Univ.. ... .New Haven, Conn. Agaeniz. Rodolphe L, Pres.. Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. ...... .Boston, Mass. tAgens, William Holmes. District Mgr.. Traylor Engrg. & Mfg. Co., 362 I. W. Hellman Blda.. Los Aneeles. Cal.

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1932