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By Meissner, C. A.

THE tendency all over Europe, just as it is with us, is to go to the use of turbines for new construction or replacement of old steam or even gas engines. 'The lower construction cost and the lower operating cost, when they can have high steam temperatures and pressures, together with their efficiency, is the cause of this change to turbines, both high and low pressure. The present trend is to equip plants with modern, efficient steam boilers, turbines, etc., and gradually work into high-pressure superheated steam equipment to accomplish a saving. One company has just completed a 375 to 400 lb., 700 deg. superheated steam installation and turbo-blowers with this end in view. Some of our new steam plants are using 350 lb. working pressure.

Jan 1, 1928

By O. M. TUPPER

REQUIRING a finer ground clay than that obtainable with a dry pan or hammer mill, the Clay Corporation of California installed a five-roller, low- side Raymond impact mill at its Lincoln plant in 1925 and since then has been economically grinding fire clay with a moisture content as high as 15 per cent. This was one of the first, if not the first, of this type of mill to be used in the grinding of clay on the Pacific coast. The pulverizer consists of a die-ring, lying in a horizontal plane, enclosed in a sheet-iron housing. A vertical shaft supports a spider from which five rolls are suspended in such a way as to always have them bearing on the die-ring. The vertical mill shaft is driven by means of beveled gear and pinion from a horizontal shaft which is connected by belt with a 60-hp. motor with suitable pulleys to give a speed of 175 r.p.m. A large fan which has a speed of 1100 r.p.m. and is belt connected to a 40-hp. motor is connected to the mill housing. The discharge end of the fan is in turn connected to a cyclone dust collector.

Jan 1, 1929

By F. F. Sharpless

ON Saturday evening, Sept. 9, a small party of Institute members, their wives and friends, left New York to attend the Fall Meeting of the Institute at San Francisco. In this party there were: President and Mrs. Arthur S. Dwight; Mr. and Mrs. George D. Barron; Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Stehli; N. S. Spencer and Miss Spencer; the Secretary and Mrs. F. F. Sharpless. They were joined at Chicago by E. F. Eurich, and by Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Baldwin and daughter. Our party was met at Chicago by Mr. and Mrs. L. V. Rice, Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Terrell and W. F. Boericke, who constituted themselves an impromptu entertainment committee and proceeded to carry out a delightful little program. We were taken to the Lake Shore drive, where a stiff wind off the lake refreshed us after a sultry day on the train, and on our return to the city saw Chicago illuminated with all its brilliance of electricity. We were entertained at dinner at the Drake Hotel. In spite of being two hours late getting into Omaha, we were right on the dot at Denver on Tuesday morn-ing. Horace F. Lunt came to the hotel soon after breakfast, and told us that a trip to the mountains had been planned. Having learned the number in the party, he began to gather up his automobiles for a 10 o'clock start.

Jan 10, 1922

By P. H. Fahlström

The Ebliden Company, originally entering the field of mining with the workings of the gold-copper-arsenic deposit at Ebliden, commenced zinc benificiation at Kristineberg in 1940 and lead mining at Laisvall in 1943. During the three last decades a number of mines has been developed for production, Today the Mining Division of BOLIDEN produces ore from 22 mines, operates 7 ore dressing plants and produces: [ ] Over two thirds of the lead contents are treated in the lead smelter of the company at Ri6nnskarsverken. The other part of it is sold abroad. The zinc content of the lead concentrates is recovered from the lead smelter at Ri6nnskarsverken. The zinc concentrates are shipped abroad to European smelters in Norway and Germany. Today BOLIDEN has its plants in the northern and the middle parts of Sweden. Figure 1. Straight lead ore, lead-zinc ores, lead-zinc-copper bearing ores and complex lead-zinc-copper and pyrite ores are treated in local and central plants with a capacity of 8.600 tpd. BOLIDEN also operates the low grade copper ore at Aitik at 7.000 tpd.

Jan 1, 1970

By John E. Greenawalt

IN view of the increasing importance of sintering in the beneficiation of iron ores preparatory to their reduction in the blast furnace, the writer believes the time is opportune for an up-to-date, though brief, discussion of the general principles of sintering, as well as a discussion of some of the recent improvements and mechanical developments that have been achieved in this industry, its present trend and future possibilities. Sintering may be defined as the agglomeration of fine mineral particles into a porous mass by incipient fusion caused by heat produced by combustion within the mass itself. Its first successful application, in connection with the treatment of lead sulphide ores, was known as blast roasting. In this process the lead ore was given a preliminary roasting in a reverberatory furnace, then the incandescent mass was placed in a pot with a grate and an updraft was applied. It was soon discovered that much better results were obtained by cooling the ore, moistening it, and placing it upon an incandescent layer of fuel previously placed upon a grate, and then applying the updraft blast of air until the charge was converted into a more or less agglomerated mass. The fuel was sulphur and the process one of desulphurization, which was the principal result desired. The application of downdraft to blast roasting brought about tremendous results; the principal one of which was that an air blast of high pressure could be passed through a layer of ore deposited on a grate, or on a grate covered by a layer of coarse porous material, without disturbing the particles of which the layer is composed. The air current is compelled to filter through the pores of the charge, whereas if the same pressure applied to the top surface of the charge with downdraft were applied to the bottom of the charge with updraft, the charge would be completely blown off the grate. Another result of reversing the draft was that a flame could readily be applied to the top surface of the charge for igniting purposes. Broadly speaking, sintering is an oxidizing or burning process, therefore the volume of air passing through the charge is the all-important factor. The air must pass through with sufficient rapidity to produce the necessary heat, and if sufficiently rapid the combustion will take place

Jan 1, 1938

By GEO M. FOWLER

AN appraisal of the activities of the mining geologists during 1936 clearly indicates the ever in- creasing utilization of geology in the search for ore. Few men with geo- logic training are idle at present; this is particularly true regarding recent graduates. Many have accepted employment in distant fields, such as the Philippines and South America, and greatly increased mineral production from these places reflects their activities. In North America, regions of intense mineralization formerly important are being restudied in greater de- tail and with better understanding; as a result, new mineral wealth is being found in many such districts. Much is being done by private companies and individuals, and it is to be hoped that mining companies will increasingly make available the purely scientific results of such studies by permitting their geologists to publish. On such generosity to a large extent will future advances in ore finding depend.

Jan 1, 1937

By Scott, Turner

MY whole life has been spent in the mining business, PO I naturally tend to address my remarks particularly to the newly-graduated mining and metallurgical engineers among you. To a certain extent, all forms of engineering principles are involved in the training of the mining engineer, and most sorts of engineering are certainly utilized by him, so every one of this graduatins class is concerned with the field I propose to discuss.

Jan 1, 1932

By Arthur F. Taggart, A. W. Thomas, T.C. Fitt

It was noticed early by operators that high recoveries and flocculation of the sulphide minerals were closely correlated in agitation-froth flotation. Later, this readily visible flocculation was found almost invariably to be due to the binding together of the oiled sulphides by minute air bubbles, and is now known to be characteristic of pulps in which at least one of the mineral species is coated with an insoluble collecting oil. In 1930 it was reported1 that in differential flotation a correlation exists between Brownian movement of particles in the pulp and their nonfloatability, and that Brownian movement and dispersion are likewise correlated, whence it would appear to follow that dispersion of a mineral particle in a flotation pulp denotes a particle condition unfavorable to flotation. In 1934 it was postulated2 that Brownian movement, dispersion and nonfloatability all flow from the condition of the surface of the dispersed particles. It was also postulated at that time that the surfaces of dispersed particles are ionized, the ionized compound being a product of reaction between a component of the particle and a component of the pulp, of a mass solubility of the general order of a fraction of a milligram to I 5 to 20 mg. per liter. It was then further asserted, and has since been confirmed by Bankoff,3 that sulphides so conditioned with soluble collectors as to be floatable flocculate without the intervention of air bubbles as binding media. The present paper comprises an inquiry into the nature of the bound and counter ions in zinc sulphide dispersed by sodium arsenate. A part of its findings was mentioned in the 1934 paper above cited.= The tests show that: I. When powdered granular zinc sulphide is immersed in aqueous solutions of sodium arsenate, arsenate ion is abstracted from solution and anchored to the solid surface, while sulphate and lower sulphoxy ions are concurrently displaced therefrom in substantially stoichiometric quantities. 2. The ion counterbalancing the anchored arsenate ion is zinc. 3. Dispersion and Brownian movement of zinc sulphide are concurrently maxima at an arsenate-ion concentration lying between 0.01 and 0.001-molar sodium arsenate. 4. Any condition or reaction that tends. to remove the zinc arsenate coating from the zinc sulphide particles decreases dispersion and Brownian movement concurrently. Experimental Three samples of zinc sulphide were used. Lot I was C.P. zinc sulphide, washed well be~ond absence of chloride, as shown by test with silver ion. Lot 2 was prepared by precipitation from hydrochloric acid solution of arsenic-free zinc, and was washed as lot I. Lot 3 was prepared by heating a portion of lot 2 in absence of air at 1200° to r300°C. for one hour."

Jan 1, 1943

By Arthur F. Taggart, T. C. Fitt, A. W. Thomas

It was noticed early by operators that high recoveries and flocculation of the sulphide minerals were closely correlated in agitation-froth flotation. Later, this readily visible flocculation was found almost invariably to be due to the binding together of the oiled sulphides by minute air bubbles, and is now known to be characteristic of pulps in which at least one of the mineral species is coated with an insoluble collecting oil. In 1930 it was reported1 that in differential flotation a correlation exists between Brownian movement of particles in the pulp and their nonfloatability, and that Brownian movement and dispersion are likewise correlated, whence it would appear to follow that dispersion of a mineral particle in a flotation pulp denotes a particle condition unfavorable to flotation. In 1934 it was postulated2 that Brownian movement, dispersion and nonfloatability all flow from the condition of the surface of the dispersed particles. It was also postulated at that time that the surfaces of dispersed particles are ionized, the ionized compound being a product of reaction between a component of the particle and a component of the pulp, of a mass solubility of the general order of a fraction of a milligram to I 5 to 20 mg. per liter. It was then further asserted, and has since been confirmed by Bankoff,3 that sulphides so conditioned with soluble collectors as to be floatable flocculate without the intervention of air bubbles as binding media. The present paper comprises an inquiry into the nature of the bound and counter ions in zinc sulphide dispersed by sodium arsenate. A part of its findings was mentioned in the 1934 paper above cited.= The tests show that: I. When powdered granular zinc sulphide is immersed in aqueous solutions of sodium arsenate, arsenate ion is abstracted from solution and anchored to the solid surface, while sulphate and lower sulphoxy ions are concurrently displaced therefrom in substantially stoichiometric quantities. 2. The ion counterbalancing the anchored arsenate ion is zinc. 3. Dispersion and Brownian movement of zinc sulphide are concurrently maxima at an arsenate-ion concentration lying between 0.01 and 0.001-molar sodium arsenate. 4. Any condition or reaction that tends. to remove the zinc arsenate coating from the zinc sulphide particles decreases dispersion and Brownian movement concurrently. Experimental Three samples of zinc sulphide were used. Lot I was C.P. zinc sulphide, washed well be~ond absence of chloride, as shown by test with silver ion. Lot 2 was prepared by precipitation from hydrochloric acid solution of arsenic-free zinc, and was washed as lot I. Lot 3 was prepared by heating a portion of lot 2 in absence of air at 1200° to r300°C. for one hour."

Jan 1, 1943

By Howard N. Eavenson

ALL of the matters so far taken up by the Institute Committee on Stabilization of the Coal Industry will be of help, but it seems to be that under present conditions not very much can be expected until the railroad situation has been improved. As an instance of this, I would cite the fact of our experience at our mines in West Virginia and Kentucky. During 1917 and 1918 at our West Virginia plants we produced for our own consumption, practically entirely in the Chicago district, about 4,750,000 net tons of coal. In 1919 our output was reduced to 3,500,000 tons, this being caused partly by the shortage of orders in the few months following the armistice, but more particularly by The car shortage which began last September and continued throughout the remainder of the year, with the exception of December. This car shortage has been more acute since the first of the year, and while we now have an actual capacity here of 20,000 tons daily and have the equipment to produce it, with the possible exception of a few houses, we are able to average only about 12,000 tons, and in consequence, about 30 per cent. of our by-product ovens in the Chicago district are idle, and a number of blast furnaces are down for the want of coke. These figures, of course, refer to conditions before the strike of switchmen in April was started.

Jan 1, 1920

By G. A. Reinhardt

THE Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. has produced a large tonnage of 0.35 to 0.45 carbon forging steel, the acceptance of which was based on the physical properties of test specimens obtained by forging the original 5 3/4 in. (14.5 cm.) square bloom to a ¾ in. (1.9 cm.) round. Annealed and tempered specimens were required. The test bars were annealed by heating from 900 ° to 950° C. and cooling slowly in mica. The test bars were tempered by heating to 825° to 875° C., quenching in water, and drawing to 515° to 535° C. Immediately after heat treatment, the test pieces were machined to a diameter of 0.534 in. (1.38 cm.) and tested. Very good physical properties were obtained and no difficulty was experienced in meeting the specifications called for. ULTIMATE STRENGTH, ELONGATION, LB. PER SQ. IN. PER CENT. IN 4 IN. NOT LESS THAN Annealed specimens 78,230 to 92,450 18 Tempered 120,000 to 149,350 9 After experience oil this material, production of slightly higher carbon forging steel was started. The method of testing this material required that test blooms be either normalized or annealed. The normalizing consisted in heating to 850° to 900° C. and cooling in still air; the annealing, in heating to 850° to 900° C. and cooling in the furnace or in mica. From the treated bloom, the test pieces were taken either by core drilling or by sawing from points midway between the edges and the intersection of the diagonals. The cores or blocks were turned to a standard 2-in. test piece with a diameter of 0.564 in. and tested without further treatment. The physical requirements of the test pieces were:

Jan 7, 1919

By John H. Hollomon

A REVIEW of the steps which have been made to increase knowledge in the field of ferrous physical metallurgy during the closing period of World War II brings both pleasure and disappointment. Contributions of great value have been made, to be sure. However, due partly to the stress of the times, researchers in this field have been in the main directing their attention toward the short-range problems involved in the development and production of materiel for war. Furthermore, publication of the results of a great number of studies has had to be delayed. Much of the German work may, indeed, be lost entirely, owing to the efficiency of our bombers, which managed to account for most of the famous Kaiser Wilhelm Institut of Dusseldorf, not to mention the other large laboratories and manufacturing plants throughout that country. It would seem safe to assume, however, that fundamental research in Germany had been forced to give way to the shallow, but more pressing, engineering problems of a country trying to avoid defeat. In Russia the picture has been clouded by the limitations imposed upon comunication; but this much does seem clear: Russia alone among the great nations of the world has maintained her long-range view and has continued to foster research of the most fundamental type. English workers; on the other hand, appear to have been able only to meet the demands of the pressing problems of war, and their studies have been of the short-range variety. That metallurgical research of any sort should have continued in France during this chaotic period in her history would seem impossible, but, amazingly, a small handful of scientists did manage to carry on their work, and it is to be hoped that more will be heard from them in the future.

Jan 1, 1946

By W. P. Frey

THE briquet plant of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., at Lansford, Pa., has previously been referred to.1 It has passed. the stage of experiment and now rests,, on a foundation practically and financially sound. The purpose of this paper is to explain how success has been attained, and to set standards for the development of hard-coal briquetting which may eliminate future failures. All the conclusions are based on actual results, avoiding speculation and theory. Up to three years ago, the L. C. & N. Co. used coal-tar pitch as a binder in making hard-coal briquets. The plant operated with a monthly output of 300 to 600 tons and was unable to meet its own expenses. Naturally, no one was satisfied, especially as the ideals of a smokeless briquet were still unrealized. Then came the Dutch oil process, introduced in this country by the General Briquetting Co. of New York. This process uses as binder a small percentage of heavy residue of petroleum, which, being liquid, permits great economy of handling; it also did away with the most objectionable fumes of the former briquets. This oil2 is not absolutely smokeless; heating the fresh fuel to red heat liberates some low-volatile hydrocarbons, yielding a white smoke which is not objectionable. On the other hand, this oil adds to the briquet about 7 per cent. of volatile matter, giving the product a heating capacity equal to that of the best free-burning anthracite coal. The average silt used in the manufacture of these boulets averages 16.5 per cent. chemical ash, corresponding to 12,000 B.t.u. per pound of coal. The Hydrolene used as binder runs about 17,500 B.t.u. per pound, and approximately 7 per cent. of it enters into the mixture, hence 12,000 X 0.93 11,160 B.t.u. 17,500 X 0.07 1,125 B.t.u. Total 12,355 B.t.u. per pound of briquets

Jan 1, 1918

By L. G. Huntley

In view of the recent advance made in the knowledge of the nature and conditions accompanying the occurrence of oil and gas, and of the recent activity in drilling in Wyoming, Montana, and western Canada, a discussion of the probabilities of obtaining production in such a reservoir as the Dakota sand in general, and in particular districts, is thought by the author to be timely and likely to result in more intelligent operating in certain parts of the territory underlain by this sand. In Canada particularly it is thought that these general considerations have equal if not more significance in a consideration of the oil and gas possibilities of the formations than have the various local conditions. Age and Nature of Deposition of the Dakota Sand The Dakota is distinctive in that it is known to form a generally continuous sheet of sand underlying the greater part of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, North and South Dakota, Montana, and large areas in Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. It does not seem to have been laid down in more or less isolated lenses, as has been the case with most oil-sand horizons. Except in northern Alberta, the Dakota sand contains fresh-water fauna, having been deposited very uniformly over these wide areas in shallow water with prevailing strong currents. In northern Alberta marine and brackish water conditions prevailed. In this district it forms the basal member of the Cretaceous sediments, directly overlying beds of Devonian limestone along a great unconformity in the Athabasca River valley and eastward. In southern and western Alberta it is underlain unconformably by the Kootenay shales (Lower Cretaceous), and by Jurassic and Carboniferous rocks. In the United States in South Dakota it was in places deposited upon Cambrian quartzites, and in other places directly upon the granite. In the State of Dakota, and in the

Jan 1, 1916

By Fred H. Brooks

INTRODUCTION The toughest job for any mining company, large or small, is to locate and identify a property which it feels has the potential for development and which can be tied up through location, lease or option under terms within their means. In the case of a small company, this precludes grass-roots exploration with its attendant high costs and the extended time required to develop a prospect to the point of being a project. The small mining company, therefore must limit its search to known properties which, for various reasons, have been shut down or were never thoroughly developed at the time of discovery. These types of prospects are located either through literature search, familiarity with many mining areas in general, or through contacts and submittals from a variety of sources. In order to develop a marketable presentation to any investor, the basic requirements are the same: - the property must demonstrate the potential to provide a satisfactory return on investment - the evaluation study must be thorough and professionally developed. In order to promote any mining property, it is first necessary to know what you have. INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT We normally begin with a detailed literature search of the district, assembling all available data on the basic geology, production records, and old reports of this or neighboring properties and any other information which can be found. This will aid in the general understanding of the basic geology and hopefully allow a fairly detailed knowledge of the specific occurrence. With this information one can begin to speculate on the reserve potential and develop some high and low figures for estimating purposes as to mining method, production rate, metallurgy and begin developing estimated capital and operating costs. Cashflow runs are developed for varying tonnages (high and low), estimated high and low grades of metal and at differing market prices for the product. FINANCE CONTACTS Brooks Minerals, from its inception, has been an operating company and we have been able to assemble a small but experienced operating staff. For this reason we try to put together projects and joint ventures where we can be the operator and maintain a certain degree of control. Whether due to familiarity with many colleagues in the mining industry or due to unfamiliarity with the banking houses and securities markets, the approach to raising finance has generally been to contact the established mining companies. This requires a familiarity with the corporate philosophies of these companies with respect to their development goals and financial capabilities. A common mistake is to shotgun the proposal to many companies of different sizes and goals in hopes that one might be interested. It is more beneficial, when possible, to tailor a proposal to each company, stressing the positive points where the specific proposal best meets their interests. One company may be more interested in a development program with fairly certain and conservative return potential. The property may well contain both possibilities but a lack of understanding of the individual company's method of operation could spoil the deal. In another instance, one company may look at a property as a moderate income producer over an extended life, yet a second may elect to high-grade the deposit over a shorter period in order to provide early cash flow or take advantage of a favorable market situation. MAKING THE DEAL There are as many types of deals as there

Jan 1, 1985

By G. A. Vissac

O. R. LYONS *—I wish to thank Mr. Vissac for his compliment. I hope that his paper is not only well received, but that it will serve to bring forth more papers on the subject of thermal drying. One of the primary purposes of the work performed by Battelle for Bituminous Coal Research in investigating the thermal drying of coal was to stimulate other investigators and to get them to contribute their knowledge in the form of papers such as this one. We at Battelle and the personnel of Bituminous Coal Research are very gratified that Mr. Vissac and other persons have responded in this matter of the thermal drying of coal. I wish to state that I think that Mr. Vissac's paper is a very clear and easily understood description of a method of calculating the design requirements for a screen type drier, and I think that it would be exceedingly valuable to operators and to those who intend to purchase any type of thermal drier and use it in the future, if the manufacturers or operators who have such information for other types of driers would provide the same type of information for the other makes of driers now on the market. 1 also wish to point out—an idea that is new to me, and I know is new to most of the operators of driers in the United States-—the idea of recovering the heat that is normally lost in the coal and in the exhaust gases. This heat is not being recovered at most (of the thermal drying operations in the United States, and the possibility of recovering it should be called to the attention of every single one of those operators. I know many of them have never given any thought to the matter, but they will be interested once they realize the ease with which it could be done and the savings that could be realized. I also wish to compliment Mr. Vissac for presenting the method of analysis that he uses to determine the difficulty of drying any particular coal. It is a very simple method, and yet it seems to me that it should be a very effective, very efficient method for determining the difficulty of drying for his particular problems. C. Y. HEINER*—I do not know that I can add anything very illuminating to what Mr. Vissac has said. I think anything that Mr. Vissac said in regard to coal drying is a contribution because, to my personal knowledge, he has studied the matter carefully for many years and made many valuable contributions. I am not too familiar with coal drying problems in the east, but I know in the west we have not made enough coal drying studies. I think coal operators too often just take the coal as it is and make more or less the best of it. There are relatively few washing plants in the west now, and so the problem has not come to the front as much as it probably will in the future. In this connection, it seems to me that this matter of drying the raw coal, as Mr. Vissac brings up, is an extremely important one. We have not a continuous miner ourselves, yet, but we expect to get some this year, and we think the percentage of fine coal-—that is, minus 3/16 in.—will double. We have about 20 pct minus 3/16 in. in the 8 in. by 0 size now, and we think we will likely have 40 pct, which will have a surface moisture of the order of 8 pct. To wash it satisfactorily, we will have to dry the raw coal first in order to screen it, and after that, I suppose, there will have to be dry cleaning of some sort. We have not really used dry cleaning on fines in the west yet to my knowledge, but it is a matter that has to be faced by the industry, and I am very hopeful that Mr. Vissac's study will assist us in that connection. W. L. McMORRIS*-In my company we are preparing largely metallurgical coal for a great number of byproduct coke plants. The most outstanding thing to me about the requirements of moisture in the finished product is that there is a different requirement for almost every coke plant. Each operator has a different set of factors on which he establishes his coking costs where they involve moisture. For our corporation operations in Birmingham, my company does not produce the coal, but in Birmingham they are getting away with moistures very much higher than our plant at Clairton, Pa., would tolerate. The moisture that we have to produce for the plants along the lakefront where they are subject to much more severe weather is something else again. We have not tackled heat drying, primarily because our customers do not know what heat drying will do to the coking characteristics of the coal. If the temperature of drying can be held down

Jan 1, 1950

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who. called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1917 to Jan. 10, , 1918: A. A. Arluck, Camp Merritt, N. J. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. C. L. Bruns, Santiago de Cuba. William F. Jahn, New York, N. Y. Henry C. Carr, New York, N. Y. C. H. James, Tucson, Ariz. L. J. Charles, Santa Fe, N. M. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. W. A. Deane, Waxhaw, N. C. Joseph T. Kupferstein, Shreveport, Pa. P. St. John Dixon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Richard Lamb, New York, N. Y. M. C. Drake, Marquette, Mich. Walter R. Malm, San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Draper, Petrograd, Russia. W. H. Nash, Buffalo, N. Y. Paul W. Gaebelein, Boise, Idaho. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Guy C. Riddell, Port Pirie, South Australia. C. A. Grabill, El Paso, Tex. Williams A. Simkins, San Francisco, Cal. William H. Hampton, New York, N. Y. Henry B. Smith, Northampton, Mass. R. M. Henderson, Brackenridge, Colo. H. E. Smith, Chicago, Ill. Geo. B. Holderer, Northpines, Ont., H: C. Spaulding, Washington, D. C. Canada. Y. Wakabayashi, Tokyo, Japan. H. H. Howry, Camp Upton. N. Y. A. P. Watt, Mine La Motte, Mo. L. Douglas Anderson", superintendent of the Midvale, Utah, smeltery of the United States Smelting Co., has been appointed manager of smelteries for the company at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

By H. O. Hofman

Lime-roasting is a term proposed by Ingalls' for the operation of forcing air under pressure through a mixture of galena and lime at the kindling-temperature with the object of oxidizing lead and sulphur and of fritting or fusing the charge. If finely-divided galena were treated in this manner without the addition of lime, the heat set free by the oxidation of part of the lead and the sulphur would be sufficiently great to fuse un-decomposed sulphide, and thus stop desulphurization. Besides the chemical action that the addition of lime, limestone or gypsum to the charge may have, the admixture has the physical effect that it keeps the particles of galena separated from one another and accessible to the oxidizing effect of the air. At present, three methods of lime-roasting are carried out on a working-scale,—the Huntington-Heberlein, the Carmichael-Bradford and the Savelsberg2 processes. In the last, which interests us here, an 8-ton charge is made up of galena, limestone and perhaps some siliceous or ferruginous flux; the whole is crushed to pass a screen with 3-mm. holes and moistened with 5 per cent. of water. It is fed gradually into a bowl-shaped converter, 6.56 ft. in diameter, supported by trunnions attached to a truck. On the bottom the converter has a grate with blast-inlet beneath. In starting, the truck with the converter

Jan 1, 1908

By AIME AIME

THE list of deaths reported during the year 1904 comprises the following names (the figures in parentheses indicate the year in which the persons named were elected to membership). Honorary Members.-Sir Lowthian Bell, Dr. Thomas M. Drown. Members and Associates.-Jacob Neff Barr (1884), John Walter Best (1899), A. Poyntz Blandy (1903), A. Cass Canfield (1876), William E. Carroll (1901), William E. C. Coxe (1874), Russell W. Davenport (1877), Isidor Davidov (1893), Louis M. Davis (1884), Edward Doerr (1897), Edward M. Ferguson (1878), C. Le Neve Foster (1893), Geo. Clinton Gardner (1878), Wm. J. Harris (1871), Richard P. Heckscher (1893), H. D. Hoskold (1.894), Wm. S. Hungerford (1882), Edwd. K. Landis, (1882), August Lengemann (1902), Wm. M. Lippitt (1900), Henry McCalley (1888), Robert J. McCartney (1897), Arthur McClellan (1871), Arthur S. Mahony (1888), Philip W. Moen (1888), Henry G. Morse (1881), Charles Parkin (1875), Clarence V. Page (1900), Rubens P. Patterson (1886), Henry Paul (1889), W. H. Pettee (1871), James B. Randol (1879), Irving H. Sevier (1904), Win. J. Sims (1902), John H. Slavens (1901), Chas. B. Squier (1886), Chas. W. Stickney (1891), Homer H. Swaney (1903), Walter B. Wilson (1892), Whittaker Wright, The following paragraphs, constituting the concluding portion of the Annual Report of the Council for 1904, have been withheld from publication until now, in order to make them as accurate and complete as possible. Jacob Neff Barr, a mechanical engineer of note, died on May 5, 1904. Being especially interested in railroad work, he invented the Barr contracting-chill process of casting car-wheels,

Jul 1, 1905

By Arnold Hoffman

A RESPONSIBLE steel executive recently declared that scrap shortages, despite fantastic prices reaching up to $50 per ton, are responsible for the loss of 140,000 tons of steel a month and that in March 1947 alone 25 more steel furnaces could have been operating were it not for scrap scarcities. His answer to this serious situation was to ask for a speedier flow of scrap and also abolition of Government control over pig iron distribution. It would be more logical, perhaps, if an answer to this growing problem of scrap deficiency were sought within the steel industry itself. As long ago as 1933, L. B. Lindemuth, a consulting steel metallurgist, warned the steel industry that a shortage of scrap was inevitable and that beyond 1938, adequate supplies for open-hearth furnaces could not be expected. The outbreak of war, with consequent phenomenal demands on the industry, accelerated production of steel and further worsened the scrap situation. Today we are suffering from a condition which could have been prevented had the industry been more far-seeing and provided for an inevitable contingency. However, better late than never, and measures can now be taken to alleviate permanently scrap shortages in the future. This can be done by greater utilization of heavy sinter which experience proved is an excellent substitute for scrao and lump ore.

Jan 1, 1947