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By J. T. Eash, N. B. Pilling

As a group, the alloys of iron, nickel and carbon are, in application, one of the most versatile of the ferrous alloy family, and while many investigations have been made of their properties and structure only a few attempts have been made to show the microstructural relation over a wide range of composition. It is neccssary at once to be clear about the kind of structural relation with which we are concerned. The equilibrium diagram provides quantitative data regarding structural make-up and its variation with temperature, but equilibrium structures often are far different from the technologically significant ones. This is particularly true of steels and cast irons, and some of the most important cornponents of their structure may have no place in the diagram of equilibrium. The fugitive phases that result from transFormation are dealt with in a highly detailed and descriptive manner in. the S-curves originated by Bain. The present effort lies in a still different field, which is to portray the relation between sweeping changes in composition and in resultant structure, under controlled but nonequilib-rium conditions of thermal treatment. The Guilletl diagram presented in 1903 was the initial attempt at such a correlation and frequent references to this diagram can be found in the literature even though later work has shown it to require considerable modification. Kase2 published in 1925 a diagram that was based upon observations of furnace-cooled melts: At low carbon contents this diagram agreed fairly well with experience in showing pearlite to exist in alloys containing up to 6 per cent nickel, and completely austenitic steels at 24 to 28 per cent nickel. At high carbon contents, however, irons were indicated as being martensitic at around 2 per cent nickel and austenitic at 12 per cent nickel; these interpretations are open to serious question. Based upon experience with steels and cast iron, Wickenden3 suggested a diagram that agreed fairly well with Kase's in the steel range but which presented a wide departure from it in the higher-carbon, high-nickel regions. In its broad picture, the Wickenden diagram is an approach to "practical" structures. Reference may be made at this point to the efforts of Marsh5 to construct an iron-nickel-carbon equilibrium diagram by the coordination of scattered data, which are described at length in the monograph cited. None of these preceding attempts has appeared to meet the need for an exposition of the structural sequence that is encountered in traversing the nickel-steel nickel-cast-iron range under what might be called ordinary departures from equilibrium. ExperimentaT. Conditions Since the intent has been to establish structures developed under arbitrary conditions, experimental details have perhaps more than usual importance. Three of these conditions should particularly be noticed: (I) the material was cast and not subjected

Jan 1, 1942

By Larsen. Edward P.

The principle of "bed blending" in the agglomeration of materials is about 56 years old, but de- spite all education via technical papers, operating reports and results from functioning installations, the concepts of blending are still somewhat vague. Confusion exists between "mixing", "blending," and the basic role of each. The terms "blending" and mixing" are often used interchangeably, yet they describe two different processes. As properly understood and applied, a blend is a combination of different varieties of material which produces a desired quality, or the mingling of different elements to form a harmonious whole. In other words, blending is a process of combining granular materials by mechanical means, wherein the final product, or a portion thereof, must contain an exact proportional amount of every one of the several different materials which contributed to the mass and wherein all particles are so thoroughly intermingled with each other as to have lost their individual identities and become a part of the whole so that when a portion of the blend is taken at any time it will be substantially identical, chemically and physically, to any other portion taken throughout.

Jan 1, 1962

OFFICIAL Washington is gravely concerned over the adverse military situation caused by the all-out intervention of the Chinese Communists in Korea. What the policies of the United Nations and the United States will be in the new crisis is unknown. However, Stuart Symington, chairman of the NSRB, set the general pattern for mobilization in the near future when he said that this country would move from a "light gray to a dark gray mobilization." The implications of accelerated mobilization for the mining industry are particularly apparent with respect to the manpower situation. Revised policies recently initiated for the recall of reservists may be abrogated, in which case key personnel in the mining industry may face calls to active duty with insufficient consideration given to their indispensability to national defense in their present positions.

Jan 1, 1951

No. 484.-A mining engineer and geologist of long and varied experience in North and South America is open for an engagement. Exploration and development work preferred. Rare minerals a specialty. No. 485.-Member, mining engineer, technical graduate, married, age 28, exempt, with 9 years experience at gold and silver, copper, lead, and coal mines, 4 years with present employers, is open for engagement as mine superintendent or foreman, or in charge of cyanide plant. Boston or New York interview after Oct. 10. Present position, day foreman at producing gold-silver mine in Montana. References. No. 486.-Member, age 34, married, varied experience in iron, copper, nickel, talc, etc., principally as surveyor, mine and surface geologist, and superintendent of explorations, is open for engagement. Preference, connection with some eastern consulting engineer or firm of engineers. No. 487.-Member, mine superintendent, 18 years' experience in the West and in the Lake Superior districts. Thorough business and technical training. Personal interview, preferably Chicago.

Jan 10, 1918

By G. L. Craig

COPPER containing a small amount of arsenic has been used extensively abroad, and a number of reports, particularly those by English workers, have indicated that such copper is better suited for certain uses than high-conductivity copper. Inasmuch as a large percentage of the copper fabricated is used for nonelectrical purposes where high conductivity is not at all essential, it has been suggested that arsenical copper might be at least as suitable as high-conductivity copper for many purposes. An investigation spon-sored by the Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. at Battelle Memorial Institute was therefore undertaken with the object of determin-ing the effect of small amounts of arsenic (up to 0.75 per cent) on the properties of copper. In this work the effect of arsenic on the basic properties of tough-pitch and of phosphorized copper have been critically studied and many data collected from laboratory experiments which have been supplemented by mill-scale tests. The results of these tests, with coppers of the type referred to, in the annealed condition and after various degrees of reduction, show that the basic properties of copper are not greatly affected by small amounts of arsenic, an increase in strength being observed with increasing arsenic with no corresponding decrease in ductility. It is well known that the evaluation of material for plastic deforma-tion, on the basis of laboratory tests, may not be directly comparable with its performance in commercial operations. In order, therefore, to substantiate the data obtained at the Institute, the cooperation of the Wolverine Tube Co. was obtained for a series of production tests on the fabrication characteristics of phosphorized arsenical copper in the manu-facture of seamless copper tubing. In these tests the behavior of the arsenical coppers was carefully observed in comparison with that of representative types of phosphorized arsenic-free copper, which were fabricated under the same conditions.

Jan 1, 1933

By Edward Walsh

The difficulty of securing for experimental research the actual conditions to be found in practice very frequently deters many from engaging in such work. Probably no metallurgical operation is more difficult to imitate in the laboratory than the blast-furnace process. So many complex reactions take place within the furnace, under such varied conditions of time and temperature, with innumerable mechanical, physical, and chemical mutations, that while the results reached may approximate those obtained in practice, there is always something wanting. Much work of this kind has, nevertheless, been done, and is now being undertaken. We are indebted to the bold minds who have attempted it for our present real knowledge of the blast-furnace process. Not that those who have performed series of experiments at a few given temperatures can claim the honor. It required more than this—the ability to make a summary of all preceding experiments, to supply those which were wanting, and to confirm those that were doubtful. Sir I. Lowthian Bell, whose able papers before the Chemical Society and the British Iron and Steel Institute (forming the basis of his great work, The Chemical Phenomena of Iron-Smelting) has

Jan 1, 1889

By J. H. McCarthy, J. M. Botbol, R. B. McCammon, G. H. Gott

Four areas have been identified as favorable drill site locations for determining whether a suspected porphyry copper deposit exists in Rowe Canyon, NV. Favorability is bated on the similarity to a deposit model constructed from geochemical data for the porphyry copper deposit near Ely. Favorability is defined as the coincident number of positive anomalies for zinc, silver, aresenic, antimony, and iron. The favorable areas coincide with an observed magnetic high and areas in proximity to major faults.

Jan 1, 1983

By M. R. Annis

Drilling mud rheological and gel property changes due to elevated temperatures frequently cause problems in drilling deep wells. A laboratory investigation of the effects of time, temperatures up to 3001; and mud composition on these properties was made with concentric-cylinder, rotational viscometers of the Farm type. The viscometers were sealed from the atmosphere to prevent dehydration of the sample. Gel strengths were found to be more sensitive than viscosities to changes in temperature and mud cornposition. The high-temperature gel strengths of bentonitic clay drilling fluids were not predictable from low-temper.atl4t-e measurements. At high temperatures, [lie clay flocculates. The floccu-lation temperature depends on the concentration and type of solids in the mud and the degree of chemical defloccula-tion. As the bentonite content of a mud increases, floccrrla-tion temperature decreases. Lignosulfonnte treatment raises the flocculation temperature. To minimize adverse high-temperatrrre effects on mud properties, the mud should be maintainted at minimum solids content, properly treated with. a defloccullant which is stable at the maximum ten?perature encountered and maintained at a pH high enough to insure activation of the deflocculant for the duration required. The Methylene Blue Test for cation exchange cnpacity of a clay was found to be a useful guide in deter.niinirig when a mud contains a dangerously high clay conWnt. INTRODUCTION In drilling a well it is desirable, for several reasons, to know the effects of time and temperature on the rheological and gel properties of the drilling fluid in the hole. Problems associated with drilling fluids normally occur down-hole: so it is reasonable to be interested in the properties of drilling fluids at the conditions which exist down-hole. It has long been observed that high pump pressures are often needed to start circulation after a trip and that the "bottom-up" mud that is circulated back to the surface is usually more viscous than it was before "cooking" at the bottom of the hole for several hours. Burk-hardt' showed that a knowledge of rheological proper-ties of muds under down-hole conditions is necessary to predict pressure surges. He showed that the viscosity of a mud greatly influences the magnitude of pressure surges and the likelihood of lost returns. McLean et aL~ showed that the rheological properties of a mud under down-hole conditions are very important to cementing operations. This paper presents data showing the effects of time and temperature on rheological and gel properties of water-base drilling fluids. Measurements of gel strengths and rheological properties were made with two different concentric-cylinder rotational viscometers of the Fann type. One was the conventional six-speed viscometer modified to operate at temperatures up to 350F and at the vapor pressure of the liquid at test temperature. The other viscometer was newly designed to operate at temperatures up to 500F and pressures up to 1,000 psi. Tests with both instruments were made under essentially the same operating conditions. The new viscometer is shown in Fig. I. In this investigation, great emphasis has been placed on the rheological properties of clay suspensions, since clays are largely responsible for a mud's thixotropic and gel-

By H. G. Schneider

The Smackover oil and gas field lies in Ouachita and Union Counties, Ark., in the south-central part of the state, in T.15 and 16S., R.15, 16, and 17W. It is 10 miles north of El Dorado, the principal business and railroad center in the south-central part of the state, and extends from the town of Smackover in all directions. Productive territory having an aggregate area of nearly 55 sq. mi. has been developed. It extends 6 miles from north to south and 12 miles from east to west. The field may be divided into two parts: the east district, which includes the area east of the town of Smackover, and the west district, which includes the area west of the town of Smackover. In relation to the neighboring productive fields of Arkansas, the Smackover field is 9 miles north of the El Dorado oil and gas field, 8 miles slightly west of north of the East El Dorado oil and gas field, and 16 miles east of the Stephens oil field. Smackover was discovered in May, 1922, when the Oil Operators Tnist drilled well No. 1 on the J. T. Murphy farm, in the southeast quarter of sec. 8, T.16S., R.15W. This well is located almost on the top of the Norphlet dome and was drilled to the Nacatoch sand. It had an initial open flow volume of 30,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas per day, and a rock pressure of 950 lb. per sq. in. In July, 1922, the V. K. F. Co. completed the first oil well in sec. 29, T.l5S., R.l5W., on the north side of the Norphlet dome, and 3 miles north of the first gas well. This well started the active development of the north and northwest sides of the dome.] The field was extended westwards, when oil was discovered in the Nacatoch sand, during October, 1922, in sec. 4, T.l6S., R.l6W., 51/2 miles west of the original gas well. This opened up the so-called "light oil district," which is located on a structural terrace, for which the name

Jan 1, 1924

Discussion of the paper of Godfrey T. Vivian, presented at the Cleveland meeting, October, 1912, and published in Bulletin No. 76, October, 1912, pp. 1103 to 1109. COURTENAY DEKALB, Tucson, Ariz. (communication to the Secretary*) :--Mr. Vivian's paper is interesting as an evidence of renewed attempts to solve the problem of adapting the centrifugal machine to the uses of the metallurgist. It would not seem that the Gee machine has solved the problem, because it is manifestly of use only with quite high-grade material, since low-grade pulp could not stand the cost of treatment by a discontinuous process. The mechanism, however, would seen to accomplish grading more perfectly than the ordinary centrifugal basket. This is an entirely different thing from concentration, which is intended to yield a finished marketable product. The real problem is to design a successful continuous centrifugal machine. Ten years or snore ago a machine, which might be described as having an inverted step-basket, offered much promise, and was constructed and tested at considerable cost, but it presented insuperable difficulties. The construction of a successful continuous centrifugal would be welcomed by the whole industrial world, since its uses would be most extensive. Mr. Vivian suggests the utilization of the centrifugal machine as a substitute for slime filters in the cyanide process, but he, has apparently not tried the experiment. I tested the efficiency of centrifugal machines for this purpose in 1897-8, having to extract the cyanide solution from a highly argillaceous slime of the sticky kind which the Mexican call ?lama." Our filter-presses yielded cakes containing usually :30 per cent. of moisture, and so dense as to preclude washing. The centrifugal machine readily Brought the moisture content down to 9 per cent. and permitted fairly successful washing. Despite these advantages, the cost of power, labor, and repairs, and the loss of time in discharging the cake, exceeded the costs and

Jan 5, 1913

By H. Kahata, I. Iwasaki, Y. Takahasi

A combined process of segregation roasting-flota-tion or magnetic separation was developed to recover nickel from lateritic iron ores and oxidized nickel ores. An ore was mixed with a halide, such as sodium or calcium chloride, and a solid reductant, and roasted, whereby the nickel content was segregated out as discrete metallic particles. Either by magnetic separation, or by flotation using a sulfhydryl collector together with a heavy metal salt as an activator, the metallic nickel could be concentrated, Effects of such variables as the types and amounts of the halide and solid reductant addition and of the roasting conditions were extensively investigated. The concentration results on several types of ores from Japan, the Philippines, and New Caledonia are presented. Laterite is a residual product of rock decay in tropical and subtropical regions, and consists mainly of hydrated oxides of iron and alumina. Those derived from serpentine sometimes become enriched in nickel, cobalt, and chromium contents. Oxidized nickel ores are of the similar origin, but their nickel as well as silica contents are higher due to gamierite-type silicates. Apparently, nickel enrichment is more pronounced in the transition region between the surface layer of iron laterite and the underlying serpentine. Iron laterites often contain over 50% iron, and their reserve is reported to exceed 22 billion tons, corresponding approximately to 20% of the world iron ore reserve.1 It is readily apparent, therefore, why the iron laterites have attracted much attention of the steel industry as a potential source of iron ores. Numerous attempts to remove nickel and chromium as byproducts, have been reported in literature.' Worldwide discoveries of high-grade iron ore deposits in recent years have inevitably lessened the interests in iron laterites. However, in view of the tremendous potential for their gross value and supplies of nickel, cobalt, chromium, and alumina along with iron, the problem remains as a challenge. Much of the chromium in laterites is present in the form of relatively coarse particles of chromite, and various classification methods have successfully been applied for its removal.2,3 The nickel, however, is intimately associated with limonite, and ordinary concentration techniques are totally ineffective. Much attention has, therefore, been given to hydro-metallurgical or pyrometallurgical means. Yet, all the known processes appear to have limitations either economically or for the use of products as iron raw materials due to a high residual content of nickel. Some attempts have been made to pre-roast laterites or oxidized nickel ores, particularly with sulfidizing agents, and to remove nickel either by magnetic separation,' or by flotation.4 It is apparent that any such concentration process would require grain growth of nickel during roasting for effective separation. Oxidized copper ores are reported to be concentrated by the segregation roasting-flotation process,5 in which the ores are roasted with a chloridizing agent and a carbonaceous reductant in order to promote the growth of metallic copper through repeated cycles of copper chloride volatilization and its reduction on the solid reductant surfaces. Examination of a vapor pressure-temperature diagram of various metal chlorides indicates that a separation of nickel from iron may be effected by a similar process. In fact, the segregation roasting of laterites was reported to increase the extraction of nickel by the ammonia leach process, as compared to the ordinary reduction roasting.6 In the present article some of the preliminary experimental results of the segregation roasting, followed by either flotation or magnetic separation, on laterites and oxidized nickel ores are reported. The effects of various parameters in the roasting as well as in the concentration steps are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An oxidized nickel ore from Thio, New Caledonia, and three laterites from Homonhon, the Philippines, Wakasa and Miyagawa, Japan, were selected for the

Jan 1, 1967

By W. P. Evans, R. W. Buenneke

Warren and Averbach's multiple order, Fourier method was applied to solid specimens of SAE 1045 steel. The material was hardened to three hardness levels and specimens of each hardness were shot peened to three intensities. Particle size, root-mem-square strain, mean strain, md macro residual stress were determined for each. Microstrains caused by either hardening or peening varied markedly over microregions. In general, increasing the hardness or peening intensity increased the rms strain and decreased the particle size. Similar effects were observed by varying hardness and peening intensity independently. At a Rockwell hardness of C 50, peening had little effect on line broadening, but both mean strain and macro residual stress increased. Mean strain was independent of column length. Induced macro residual stress by peening was affected most by initial hardness, but not by specific peening intensity. The purpose of this work is to establish the state of residual strain and particle size by X-ray diffraction in hardened and cold-worked plain carbon steel and attempt to relate these X-ray measured parameters to fatigue performance. X-ray line broadening (and its micro implications), along with X-ray residual stress (and its macro implications), may be basic indicators of the inherent fatigue resistance of the material. X-ray line broadening is caused by variable lattice strains and small particle size. Both are a result of plastic deformation which accompanies hardening or cold working processes. Therefore, X-ray line broadening is a good measure of both. warren1 has recently reviewed the Warren and Averbach2,3 Fourier analysis of line broadening. Strain and particle size effects can be separated because broadening due to particle size is independent of order of the diffraction peaks, while broadening due to strain is not. Microstrain is obtained as a root-mean-square strain averaged over discrete distances within the crystals causing diffraction. These distances are quite small, varying from 10 to 10081, and may be interpreted as the gage length over which the strains are averaged. Because of their variable nature, the X-ray line is broadened. The plot of rms strain vs distance (or column length) within the specimen gives a measure of their variability. Small particles also cause X-ray line broadening as already mentioned. A particle is interpreted as a region within a crystal or grain which diffracts X-rays coherently. This region is one of given orientation and may be bounded by a small angle grain boundary, dislocations, a twin boundary, or a stacking fault. The present work covers measurement of X-ray line broadening and macro residual stress on an SAE 1045 steel, quenched and tempered to various hardnesses. Various amounts of cold working were produced by shot peening the surfaces to various Almen intensities. Particle size, root-mean-square strain, and mean strain were calculated from the Fourier coefficients of the X-ray diffraction profiles in a direction normal to the peened surface. No effort was made to separate the various causes of particle size broadening. Macro residual stresses were reported in directions parallel to the peened surface. I) X-RAY METHOD The Fourier coefficients were determined for the 110 and 220 X-ray profiles. They were corrected for instrumental broadening by the method of Stokes,4 using an annealed reference specimen of similar geometry presumed to be free from broadening due to small particles and distortions. The nth Fourier cosine coefficient, A,, is related to a particle size coefficient, Ap, and a distortional coefficient, ADn, by the equation:

Jan 1, 1963

Prof. Frank H. Probert, dean of the College of Mining of the University of California, visited the mining areas in the devastated regions as a member of the Bureau of Mines committee, which is studying the problems presented in the rehabilitation of mines there. He says that the absolute destruction of the coal mines in the Pas de Calais section makes it-necessary to use either the Westphalia or the Saar valley coal. The Saar mines, however, produce a poor quality of coking coal: therefore, it will not be possible to operate blast furnaces very efficiently unless provision is made for the introduction of better coal. He believes

Jan 6, 1919

By G. Y. Chin, M. T. Dolan, W. L. Mammel

In the case of plastic deformation by slip, von Mises&apos; showed that an arbitrary shape change of a crystal generally requires the activation of five independent slip systems. The selection of the five active systems was worked out by Taylor ,&apos; who hypothesized that, among all combinations of equivalent slip systems which are capable of accommodating a given imposed strain, the active combination is that one for which the sum of the absolute values of the glide shears is a minimum. Taylor analyzed the case of {lll}( 110) slip for fcc metals and applied the analysis to crystals undergoing axisymmetric flow, which approximates the shape change of an embedded grain in a polycrystalline aggregate deformed in tension (or compression). For the twelve equivalent (111) (110) slip systems, there are 384 independent combinations of five slip systems that satisfy the imposed strain.&apos; Taylor laboriously calculated the value of M = ZjIyj /E for each combination (although some were missed) and obtained the minimum M, hence the active combination, for a number of axial orientations distributed throughout the stereographic triangle. (yj is shear from slip on the th system and e is the tensile strain). Detailed contours of constant minimum M were recently obtained by Hosford and Backofen using a simplified but equivalent Bishop and ill&apos; analysis. Due to the numerous combinations of slip systems involved in the calculations, however, the full potential of the powerful Taylor analysis has not been exploited. For this reason, we have recently utilized techniques of linear programming to obtain solutions of the Taylor analysis for axisymmetric flow, for slip on {110)(< 111), {112)(111), and {123)(111) systems as well as mixed slip composed of these three systems. These slip modes are of obvious importance in the deformation of bcc crystals. Some of the salient results are summarized below. 1) Stress-Strain Data for Polycrystal. The value of M averaged over all axial orientations is the ratio of the tensile flow strength of a randomly oriented aggregate to the critical resolved shear stress for slip. This value enters importantly in theoretical deductions of the polycrystalline stress-strain curve from single-crystal data.2&apos;3&apos;5 Table I lists the values of Ma,, for the several cases of slip, as obtained by the present computer work. 2) Texture Hardening. Since the value of M depends on the axial orientation, the (tensile) flow strength of a specimen may be increased through texture control.&apos; An example of the computer results is shown in Fig. 1, where contours of minimum M have been computer-plotted for the case of mixed slip on {110}(111), {112)(111),and {123}(11 1) systems. It may be seen that, under axisymmetric flow, wires of (111) and (110) axial orientations are 50 pct stronger than those oriented at (100) .

Jan 1, 1968

By L. I. Hewes, Joseph W. Roe

A graphic solution of Kutter&apos;s formula for the flow of water has been worked out by Dr. L. I. Hewes in connection with his course in Graphic Computations, given in the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, which may be of interest to those who deal with canals, flumes and streams. 1.811 0.002811 , 41.66+ -n+-S- I Kutter&apos;s formula, V= - n 0 .00281 78- 1+(41.66 + 0.00281)7B781 is probably the most accurate of those proposed determining the flow of water. But it is extremely cumbersome, and if many calculations are to be made their solution becomes drudgery. The purpose of this chart, Fig. 1, is to furnish a rapid solution, sufficiently accurate to be well within the limits of the observed data. The chart consists essentially of three parallel scales, one for the mean velocity, V, one for the hydraulic radius, R, and one for the slope; a diagonal line, not graduated ; and a set of curves for the various values of n, the factor which involves the na-

Jan 1, 1910

By R. C. Mahon

Operators concerned with the destruction of their piping by acid mine waters will be interested in the method by which this problem was solved at the Cardiff mine of the Homer group. Rubber lined, or acid resisting metal pipes were found too expensive. Casting concrete lining in pipe would have required a minimum thickness of one inch, thus excessively reducing the pipe&apos;s diameter, as well as taking twenty four hours per length of pipe. The Naylor Pipe Co. of Chicago, having experimented with centrifugal lining of pipe with concrete, provided information which eventually solved the problem. An experimental plant was constructed as shown, and the following procedure developed : (1) Kerosene is used to remove the interior oil coating of new pipe. Closed with blank flanges, the pipe is revolved for eight minutes at varying speeds. Stopping and starting the motor achieves a good washing action. The kerosene is then drained off, and similar washing action with caustic soda removes any excess. Swabbing in done with burlap fastened to a 1/2-in. pipe. (2) The aggregate, made of one. part quick-setting cement and two

Jan 1, 1949

By AIME AIME

ALTHOUGH the retiring Chairman of the Industrial Minerals Division, Charles Henry Behre, Jr., does not say "you all" he is a product of the deep South, since he was born at Atlanta, on March 16, 1896. At the Boy Scout age he moved to New Orleans, where his father owned an ice plant, which seems an intelligent business for that climate. Intelligence evidently runs in the family, for Charlie, as his friends call him, has one sister who is a professor of zoology and another who is a concert pianist. Charlie has no explanation of why, when he reached college age, he decided to go to the University of Wisconsin, other than something more than an ordinary boyish interest in science, and the reputation which Wisconsin then enjoyed. At Madison he fell under the influence of Eliot Blackwelder, chose paleontology as his objective, and transferred, at the end of his sophomore year, to the University of Chicago, where the paleontological panorama seemed more extensive. He took his B.S. there in 1918, and graduated into the U. S. Army, where he eventually became a Sergeant in the Medical Corps.

Jan 1, 1945

By Robert H. Richards

If one holds up a prism, or wedge of glass, with narrow angle, say l° to 2O, and compares the transmitted image with the image seen above or below the prism, the former will be found to be thrown to one side by an amount varying with the angle of the wedge. Speaking of the two rays as the direct ray and the bent ray, we may say, that when the bisecting plane of the prism is at right angles to the line of sight, the angle between the direct ray and the bent ray will be constant for any given prism. If now we place a prism or wedge of glass in such a position that it half-covers the objective of a telescope, we shall obtain on looking through it two images of every object seen—one image by the direct ray, which comes through the unaovered half of the objective, the other which comes through the prism, and is the image by the bent ray. The angle of divergence of these two raps will be constant and unalterable, whether the telescope is directed to a near object, with its eye-piece at increased distance from its objective, or upon a &apos; distant object, with eye-piece nearer to the objective. That is to say, if the " throw " or apparent dislocation of the image is one foot in one hundred feet it will be two feet in two hundred, ten feet in a thousand, and so on. The usual form of stadia-telescope has at the focal point of the objective two spider-lines, placed at a definite distance apart and intended, let us say, to represent a throw of one foot in one hundred feet. But as the distance between lines remains the same, while the distance from the objective to the webs diflers with every variation in the distance of observed objects, it follows that the angle between the lines of sight which these two spider-lines define cannot be con stant, but must vary with every increase or decrease of distance be tween the instrument and the object viewed. If in Fig. 1 we represent three positions of the spider-lines by W1, W2, W3, and three objects corresponding to those positions by 01, O2, 0, at near, medium and distant positions, we see at

Jan 1, 1892

D. J. DEMOREST,* Washington, D. C. (written discussion ?).-This paper is a real contribution to technical science; it will make it&apos; easier to think accurately about the inner workings of a blast furnace. I was rather surprised to read that the authors regarded as a new discovery the idea that a molten mixture of CaO, A1203, and Si02 is a molten solution of the compounds of these oxides rather than of the oxides in each other. Surely no. chemist with an active respect for the known facts of chemical affinity could believe that these oxides could be melted together without forming compounds, and that these compounds would then dissolve in one another. This work does, however, help to establish what it was supposed must be true. I think it is worth while, in the light of the work of the Geophysics Laboratory, this work of the Bureau of Mines, and that of previous investigators, to visualize what happens as a charge passes down through a blast furnace, thinking especially of the slag-forming materials. These are chiefly kaolin (Al203.2SiO2.2H2O), quartz, and limestone. These substances do not undergo much change until the limestone decomposes at about the middle of the furnace, whereupon the chemical affinities of CaO and SiO2 must begin to he active; especially if there is any amorphous Si02 present. This forms CaSiO3, and the SiO2, CaSi02 and Al2-032SiO2 then come together to form the binary and ternary eutectics so well located by the work of the Geophysics Laboratory. No matter how much lime has been charged into the furnace, the formation of this eutectic will start it about the same height in the furnace and the gangue will start to get pasty at the same height. If the charge is such that the

Jan 4, 1918

By AIME AIME

EVERETTE LEE DEGOLYER, past President of the Institute and Anthony F. Lucas Medalist, was presented with the John Fritz Medal at a dinner at the Wal-dorf-Astoria Hotel in New York, Jan. 14. Dr. DeGolyer is the third representative of the Institute in recent years to receive the John Fritz Medal which is awarded jointly by the four Founder Engineering Societies through a board composed of sixteen past presidents. In 1938 Paul D. Merica was given the award "for important contributions to the development of alloys for industrial uses" and in 1933 the distinction was given to D. C. Jackling "for notable industrial achievement in initiating mass production of copper from low-grade ores through application of engineering principles."

Jan 1, 1942