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By Marlin J. Veesaert

Urban quarries offer one of the greatest opportunities for profit in nonmetallic mining with limited financial risk-if properly evaluated, planned and developed to meet market needs. Location, with respect to market, is the prime consideration. Geologic considerations and quality of rock are nearly as important. Cost factors and return on investment (ROI) are the principal financial considerations.

Jan 8, 1979

By R. P. Rothwell

Instruction by correspondence is certainly one of the most important and useful of modern educational methods. The paper on the " Scranton International Schools," by Prof. Stoek (Buffalo meeting, October, 1898),* gives an elaborate description of a single private enterprise in this direction, ignoring all others, and cannot be said to present a fair or impartial view of

Jan 1, 1900

By James F. Watson, Jack L. Christian

The austenite to martensite solid state phase transformation in the 300 series austenitic stainless steels was studied over the temperature range of 788° to -423°F. The primary variables controlling this transformation are temperature, plastic strain, and chernical composition. Consequently, temperature effects were studied by measurements at 78", -100°, -320°, ad -423°F; plastic strain was controlled by cold-rolling the alloys varying amounts between 40 and 80 pet; and chemical compositions were varied by using 301, 302, 304 ELC, and 310 stainless steel alloys which exhibit varying degrees of austenite stability. The martensite contents of various alloys were correlated with several mechanical properties including yield and ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and notched tensile strength (Kt = 6.3). The yield and tensite strengths generally increased with increasing martensite content, but ) no correlation was observed between elongation and martensite content. The notched/un-notched ratio (Kt = 6.3) at -423°F exhibited a maximun at about 65 pct martensite. Attempts to correlate austenite stability (as measured by the Ms temperature) with both martensite content, and incremental increases in martensite content resulting from tensile testing were generally unsuccessful because the variable of cold Work could not be separated. As a result, only a general correlation of these variables was obtained. A (111) pole figure of austenite in a cold-rolled 301 stainless steel mas prepared an attempt to further investigate directionality as exhibited by mechan- ical properties. Yield strength was correlated with this pole figure, but ultimate and notched tensile strengths were not. 1 HE literature contains a wide variety of references pertaining to the austenite to martensite solid state phase transformation in austenitic stainless steel, see references 1 through 18. Discussions of the crystallography and kinetics of this transformation are given in references 2, 7, 8, 'and 11, while further discussions of austenite stability and hardening mechanisms are given in references 1, 3, and 10. Two important processing variables involved in this reaction are the degree of cold work and the temperature at which cold work is performed, and the nature of these effects are outlined in references 4 and 12, and 15 and 16 respectively. The latter two references deal primarily with cold rolling conducted at subzero temperatures. The effect of chemical composition on the austenite to martensite reaction was treated in detail by Eichelman and Hull, and they determined an equation for the M, temperature of this type of steel which included the effects of nickel, chromium, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and manganese.5 Previous studies have shown that austenitic stainless steels of AISI types 301, 302, 304ELC, 310, and 301-N exhibit mechanical properties between 78" and -423"~ that are microstructure dependent, and the dependence of this microstructure on chemistry, temperature, tensile stress, and prior deformation is in general accord with previous investigations which have measured the effects of each of these variables on structure, or more specifically, the austenite-to-martensite transformation.lg The behavior of fully stable alloys, such as ATST type 310, at cryogenic temperatures is

Jan 1, 1962

By C. Schlumberger

SINCE the beginning of .the year 1928 the senior authors and their associates have applied a series of procedures which makes possible the detailed study in situ of the formations traversed by a drill hole before the casing has been landed. They have given the name "electrical coring" to the ensemble of these processes, which now replace in a large measure the mechanical coring performed by the drillers, and permit the gathering of bottom-hole data hitherto unobtainable. Three years have elapsed since the technique and interpretation of these measurements emerged from the experimental stage and entered the field of industrial application on a large scale. The total length of drill holes so far surveyed by the authors and their associates, all over the world, amounts to several millions of feet. Practical and strongly built equipment has been evolved, which permits the examination in a short time of an open hole several thousand feet long. No comprehensive paper has yet been published discussing the essential principles of the processes applied and bringing into evidence their economic interest. This is the object of the present paper.1 Numerous examples of field work performed under varied geological conditions are given, constituting a concrete illustration of the services rendered by the new methods. The study in situ of the formations penetrated by a drill hole is based on the measurement of a given physical factor or parameter associated with these formations. Generally. the measurements are made syste-matically along the whole length of the open hole. The physical factors or parameters which are now utilized by us to this end are: (1) the resistivities of the rocks; (2) their porosity; (3) their electrical anisotropy; (4) their temperature; (5) the resistivity of the muds. In order to

Jan 1, 1932

By G. D. Rieck, G. H. G. Vaessen, D. L. Vogel

Both doped and undoped tungsten single crystals exhibit hardness anisotropy with respect to the direction of testing in each of the crystallographic phes investigated. The hardness anisotropy of undoped single-crystal tungsten is rather pronounced in (001) and (110) planes but very minor in (111) planes. The anisotropy in (122) planes of the doped and drawn tungsten after recrystallization is in accordance with a previously published concept of a stringlike distribution of the doping material in the metal. ANISOTROPY in mechanical properties of single-crystal tungsten was investigated by Rose et al., Garlick and Probst,2 and Beardmore and Hull. 3 Although data on the Vickers microhardness of tungsten have been published (see, e.g., Boosz 4 and the references cited by him), no data on the microhardness anisotropy are available. We report, therefore, some of our own results on the microhardness and its anisotropy. The microhardness has been determined of the following samples. A) Polycrystalline tungsten samples taken from: 1) powder metallurgical tungsten "normally" doped with potassium-silicon-aluminum oxides (final contents inppm: K, 100; Si, 100; Al, 20; Cr, 20; Fe, 50; Mo, 400; Ni, 10) and in the form of: a) a 10-mm-diam swaged ingot annealed at 1600°C, the grain sizes varying between 15 and 250 p; b) a sheet rolled at about 800°C and recrystallized at 2000°C7 the grain sizes varying between 15 and 150 p; c) a 2-mm-diam swaged rod, as-worked, with elongated grains (average diameter of about 25 , lengths up to 1 mm); 2) undoped electron-beam-melted tungsten with very large grains (contaminations in ppm: K < 10; Fe < 20; Cr < 10; Cu < 0.1; Ni not detectable; inter-stitial~ not determined). B) Single-crystal samples taken from: 1) pure tungsten grown on a Pintsch wire by the van Arkel procedure (main contaminations inppm: Mo, 100; Si < 10; Cu and Fe, 2; A1 < 2; interstitials not determined); 2) zone-melted undoped tungsten (analysis as under A2); 3) large crystals in secondary recrystallized tungsten

Jan 1, 1969

By Harold R. Wampler, John L. Bolles, Adrian J. Broderick

Phelps Dodge&apos;s 60,000 tpd Morenci Concentrator has been in operation since 1942. The integrating of process control applications into the concentrator began in 1972. A process control system is presently on-line controlling 30 primary grinding circuits and all reagent additions. The system consists of a centralized control room process control Computer, on-stream X-ray analyzer, on-stream particle size analyzers and an operator interface. This paper describes the process control system&apos;s development, control concepts and its influence on the concentrator performance.

Jan 1, 1978

By E. G. Leonardon, C. Schlumberger, M. Schlumberger

Since the beginning of the year 1928 the senior authors and their associates have applied a series of procedures which makes possible the detailed study in situ of the formations traversed by a drill hole before the casing has been landed. They have given the name "electrical coring" to the ensemble of these processes, which now replace in a large measure the mechanical coring performed by the drillers, and permit the gathering of bottom-hole data hitherto unobtainable. Three years have elapsed since the technique and interpretation of these measurements emerged from the experimental stage and entered the field of industrial application on a large scale. The total length of drill holes so far surveyed by the authors and their associates, all over the world, amounts to several millions of feet. Practical and strongly built equipment has been evolved, which permits the examination in a short time of an open hole several thousand feet long. No comprehensive paper has yet been published discussing the essential principles of the processes applied and bringing into evidence their economic interest. This is the object of the present paper.&apos; Numerous examples of field work performed under varied geological conditions are given, constituting a concrete illustration of the services rendered by the new methods. The study in situ of the formations penetrated by a drill hole is based on the measurement of a given physical factor or parameter associated with these formations. Generally the measurements are made systematically along the whole length of the open hole. The physical factors , or parameters which are now utilized by us to this end are: (1) the resistivities of the rocks; (2) their porosity; (3) their electrical anisotropy; (4) their temperature; (5) the resistivity of the muds. In order to

Jan 1, 1934

By W. B. Finkeldey, C. H. Mathewson, C. S. Trewin

This paper was prepared upon request as a contribution to a symposium covering the manufacture, properties, and uses of the important non-ferraus metals. In approaching a subject as broad as this, there is a natural desire to build up a comprehensive and finished production which shall constitute a dependable source of information on all questions properly belonging to this branch of metal technology. There are, however, a number of circumstances, apart from the mere routine of labor and thought involved, which operate rather effectively against the possibility of completing such .an ambitious program at the present time. First of all, as far as any public record of results is concerned, the commercial rolling, drawing, and forming of zinc with relation to changes of structure and properties—and this we consider to constitute the clement~ of metal technology—might as well be an unpractised art. We have never seen a published photomicrograph showing the structural characteristics of either hard or soft sheet or strip, although the structure of castings has been frequently described, and other coarse-grained structures resulting from hard-hammering and annealing have been reproduced. Thus, an author in this field must proceed to his task without much assistance from the literature, and the outcome can represent only a personal estimate of principles, facts, or findings, and not a summary or survey of progress in the entire field as determined by varied experience, practice, and settled opinion.

Jan 1, 1921

By Bruce Chalmers, D. C. Larson

Aluminum crystals with longitudinal-axis orientations of (111) . (110), and (100) were deforined in tension and annealed. The conditions of deformation were controlled so that the re crystallization nuclei originated in either the heavily deformed regions at saw cuts {artificial nucleation) or in the lightly deformed matrix (spontaneous nucleation). The artificial-nucleatioln experiments showed that in lightly deformed (110) and (100) crystals low-angle twist boundaries are most mobile, while in (111> crystals and heavily deformed (110) and (100) crystals high-angle tilt boundaries with near (111) rotations are favored. The spontaneous-nucleation experiments showed the existence of preferred orientations in the (111) crystals. The nonrandomness of the grain orientations is quantitatively determined through a comparison with the results which would he obtained from a randowl set of grain ovientations. PREVIOUS recrystallization studies have been performed on single crystals deformed in tension.1 7 The crystals used in these studies usually had random tensile-axis orientations and the extent of deformation was not a primary consideration. The present study concerns the recrystallization of single crystals with tensile-axis orientations of (Ill), (110), and (100). The emphasis of this work is on the influence of the tensile-axis orientation and the degree of deformation on both the nucleation and growth processes. The multiple-slip orientations were chosen because secondary slip or slip intersection promotes nucleation.1,5,8 These crystals recrystallize at lower strains than the crystals which are oriented for single slip. Also, the greatest variation in deformation behavior is exhibited by the multiple-slip orientations. The stress-strain curves for crystals with tensile-axis orientations of (111) are higher than the stress-strain curves for poly-crystals, and the stress-strain curves for crystals with tensile-axis orientations of (100) are lower (at large strains) than the stress-strain curves for the crystals which deform initially in single slip.g The recrystallization nuclei originated in either 1) the homogeneously* deformed matrix of the crys- tals or 2) the heavily and inhomogeneously deformed regions at saw cuts. The nuclei will be referred to hereafter as spontaneous and artificial nuclei, respectively. The two terms do not imply a difference in the nature of the nuclei; they imply simply a difference in the mode of introduction of the nuclei. During spontaneous nucleation very few (always less than ten) grains nucleate, while during artificial nucleation large numbers of grains nucleate. Only a fraction of the artificially nucleated grains penetrate very far into the deformed matrix during annealing. The grains that penetrate the farthest into the deformed matrix will be referred to as the dominant grains. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The thirty-five crystals used in this investigation were grown from the melt in milled graphite boats at a rate of 1.6 cm per hr. The crystals had dimensions of approximately 6 by 12 by 80 or 6 by 6 by 80 mm and the aluminum was of 99.992 pet purity. The as-grown crystals were annealed at 610°C for 24 hr and furnace-cooled. They were then heavily etched and electropolished in a solution of five parts methanol to one part perchloric acid. The crystal orientations were obtained by back-reflection Laue photographs and were accurate to ±2 deg. The tensile-axis orientations were (loo), (110), and (111). Two of the side faces of the (111) crystals were (110) lanes. The (110) crystals had both {100) and {110) side faces and the (100) crystals had (100) side faces. The crystals were deformed at a strain rate of 0.003 per min. Shear stress and shear strain were obtained by multiplying and dividing the tensile stress and strain, respectively, by the Schmid factor, m. For the (111) crystals m = 0.272 and for the (110) and the (100) crystals m = 0.408. The Schmid factor is effectively constant during deformation for all orientations. The deformed crystals were sawed into 1-in.-long specimens while the crystals were totally enclosed in a graphite boat. The sawing was performed very carefully in order to limit the plastic deformation to the sawed regions. The specimens were electropolished in the solution mentioned above to remove the sawed-end deformation as well as controlled amounts of surface material. A special stainless-steel grip was used to hold the specimens during the electropolishing treatment. The gripping faces were flat, with no teeth, to prevent the introduction of extraneous de-

Jan 1, 1964

WHEN geologists began probing the grayish rock mass, natives of Adams County, Pa., called soapstone, they were paid scant attention. However, the soapstone, at first misidentified as pyrophyllite, was in reality sericite schist, a hydrous aluminum silicate whose chemical analysis resembles pyrophyllite, except that it has a slightly higher iron and potash content. In addition to its grayish color, sericite schist is foliated and has a greasy feeling much like that of talc.

Jan 10, 1953

By Advisory Editorial Board

FOR many years there has been no book that adequately represented the present state of the art of coal preparation-an art that has been rapidly changing during the passing years, and particularly during the last ten or fifteen years. In fact, changes of preparation have been so rapid that no book could keep abreast of their progress, and even the Proceedings of the technical societies have not been able to do so. It has been the intention of this committee and of the editor to make this book as nearly up to date as possible and to make it one that would appeal primarily to operating men, while at the same time adequately showing the theory back of the many processes used. The start of the war and the increased calls upon the time of the authors selected for the various chapters have slightly dimmed the brightness of the ideal intended, but the result undoubtedly brings the practice of preparation and its literature closer together than they ever have been before. It is the hope of the committee that this book will be useful both to those whose daily work is concerned with preparation and to consumers who use the product produced at the many fine and up-to-date coal plants throughout the country, which are now producing, as they always have done, all the coal needed by this country in its greatest crisis. While the committee has exercised a general supervision over the preparation of the various chapters, all of the correspondence and edi¬torial work have been done by Prof. David R. Mitchell, and it has been his untiring interest and devotion that have made the book possible-the credit is all his. Advisory Editorial Board, B. M. Bird Cadwallader Evans, Jr. Thomas Fraser W. H. Lesser William C. Mcciilloch J. B. Morrow H. S. Salmon Raymond E. Salvati Kenneth A. Spencer H. F. Yancey Howard N. Eavenson, Chairman.

Jan 1, 1943

By V. F. Parry, S. P. Burke

The presence of gas in coal mines necessitates the use of costly ventilation arrangements and the use of expensive mining methods. On the other hand, the gas itself in many instances is of considerable intrinsic value, and its separate recovery might conceivably be a profitable undertaking. This paper is concerned with a study of the movement of gas in coal strata with the object of determining the laws governing gas movement and thus making at least a preliminary step toward the solution of the more practical problem of its control or recovery. Naturally, so important a subject has received much attention from scientists and engineers. In most cases, however, the studies have been concerned with the origin1$, the amount" the composition3 and the method of retention4 of the gas in coal; or, from the more practical side, have been concerned with the phenonlena and conditions associated with outbursts5 or explosions and their control. Numerous studies also have been made of the permeability of coal to gas" of gas pressures measured in coal seams, etc. The authors are unaware, however, of any attempt to present a consistent or complete picture of the laws governing the movement of gas through the coal. Study in West Virginia A recent study conducted at this University7 gives the first presentation of the distribution of pressures in a small section of a coal seam. Holes were drilled into the coal rib to various depths and at various distances from the coal face. The location selected for study was as remote as possible from disturbing influences of mining operations, faults, "wants," etc. The pipes extending into the coal that were used to determine pressures were grouted into the borehole for the entire depth of the hole, and great precaution was taken to insure accurate pressure readings. A map of the geology of the region, a map of the probable boundary and extent of the coal seam, a current map of the mine and a

Jan 1, 1936

By V. F. Parry, S. P. Burke

The presence of gas in coal mines necessitates the use of costly ventilation arrangements and the use of expensive mining methods. On the other hand, the gas itself in many instances is of considerable intrinsic value, and its separate recovery might conceivably be a profitable undertaking. This paper is concerned with a study of the movement of gas in coal strata with the object of determining the laws governing gas movement and thus making at least a preliminary step toward the solution of the more practical problem of its control or recovery. Naturally, so important a subject has received much attention from scientists and engineers. In most cases, however, the studies have been concerned with the origin1$, the amount" the composition3 and the method of retention4 of the gas in coal; or, from the more practical side, have been concerned with the phenonlena and conditions associated with outbursts5 or explosions and their control. Numerous studies also have been made of the permeability of coal to gas" of gas pressures measured in coal seams, etc. The authors are unaware, however, of any attempt to present a consistent or complete picture of the laws governing the movement of gas through the coal. Study in West Virginia A recent study conducted at this University7 gives the first presentation of the distribution of pressures in a small section of a coal seam. Holes were drilled into the coal rib to various depths and at various distances from the coal face. The location selected for study was as remote as possible from disturbing influences of mining operations, faults, "wants," etc. The pipes extending into the coal that were used to determine pressures were grouted into the borehole for the entire depth of the hole, and great precaution was taken to insure accurate pressure readings. A map of the geology of the region, a map of the probable boundary and extent of the coal seam, a current map of the mine and a

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS. Vii MEMBERS&apos; PRIVATE RECEPTION ROOM. A separate room in the suite occupied by the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the ninth floor of the United Engineering Society Building, has been equipped with furniture and telephone extension for the use of members of the Institute who desire temporary private office accommodations. In order that the benefit of this arrangement shall not be restricted to a few members only, the length of time of continued occupancy is limited, and applications will be considered in the order of their receipt. A small fee will be required for the use of this room.

Jan 9, 1907

THROUGH the courtesy of the Southern Appala-chian Coal Operators&apos; Association, a joint meeting of the Southern Appalachian Efficiency Associa-tion and local members of the A. I. M. E. and A. S. M. E. was held at Knoxville, Tenn., on Nov. 12. In introduc-ing the subject and stating the object of the meeting, H. Foster Bain, speaking for the. Institute members, said "Shoveling coal is the largest job of hand labor re-maining in this country, with the exception of the mis-cellaneous work on the farms, and even there nearly all the big jobs are now performed with the help of machines. The men in the coal mines, by hand labor, dig, each year, more cubic yards than were taken out of the Panama Canal. It has been a natural ambition of engineers, operators and men alike to follow here the characteristic lead of American industry and to substi-tute as far as possible the work of machines for the work of men; to promote the latter to the position of con-trolling and directing mechanical power rather than being themselves the machines that lift the coal from the floor of the room into the mine car. "Handling materials is one of the regular jobs of mechanical engineers, and the American Society of Me-chanical Engineers maintains a Materials Handling Division for discussion of the technical problems con-cerned. Having in mind the excellent results that had flowed from application of mechanical power and de-vices to these problems in factories, port terminals, warehouses, and other above-ground plants, the Me-chanical Engineers began to consider the possibility of introducing similar methods underground. Individual-ly, many were called upon to design, erect and operate machines for such use and at once they found them-selves faced by many novel conditions and difficulties. The Division thereupon planned a general meeting in New York in March, 1926, for consideration of problems and progress in this field. The Mining Engineers. and representative coal operators were invited to attend and

Jan 12, 1927

By Richard H. Olson

"Rarely in our technological society does the discovery of a new class of inorganic materials result in such a wide scientific interest and kaleidoscopic development of applications as has happened with the zeolite molecular sieves." That opening sentence in a landmark volume on zeolite molecular sieves by D. W. Breck (1974), is, if anything, an understatement. Zeolites were recognized as a new group of minerals in the 1750s, but it was not until 1930 that the first analysis of the crystal structure of a zeolite mineral was made. In the late 1940s research workers at Union Carbide Corp. began a program of zeolite synthesis and study which has resulted in one of the major research achievements of all time. Naturally, with the vast research and development efforts devoted to the synthetic molecular sieves, Union Carbide became concerned in the mid-1950s about its position should minable deposits of natural analogues be discovered. Zeolite minerals have diverse origins, and even a brief discussion of these is beyond the scope of this paper. The early work on zeolites was confined to igneous rock occurrences (e.g., amygdules and veins) which were formed by "space-filling;" these crystals tend to be euhedral, thereby rendering them appealing to both mineralogists and collectors. During the first year or so of Union Carbide&apos;s exploration (which began in mid-1957) attention was devoted solely to such igneous, occurrences. A landmark paper by Bramlette and Posnjak (1933) heralded the potential significance of the occurrence of zeolite minerals as alteration products of vitric ash and similar materials. In the summer of 1958, full attention was directed by Union Carbide to the search for deposits of this type in the western United States. Since then, such exploration has been continuous by both commercial firms and private parties. The future economic potential for natural zeolite deposits seems to be restricted to those of the "open-and-closed system" types as described by Sheppard (this chapter). Therefore, this and the following discussions will concentrate upon these types; the other types of zeolites in sedimentary rocks (e.g., deep-sea sediments, burial metamorphic, and hydrothermal) will be, for the most part, ignored. Despite the relative cheapness of natural zeolite deposits as compared with the cost of synthetic molecular sieves, there has been minimal development of zeolite mining in the US over the past 25 years or so. Mumpton (this chapter) discusses the present commercial utilization of natural zeolites and their future potential in detail, but perhaps the following will serve as useful background. In the early days of synthetic molecular sieve research and production, the efforts were concentrated largely upon such high-value applications as physical separation of components in a stream (based upon molecular size and geometry) and in catalysis. Due to a number of reasons (some of which are difficult for an outsider to understand), natural zeolite ores (beneficiated or not) have not made substantial inroads upon the use of the higher-priced synthetic molecular sieves for the foregoing applications, but this is not to say that such a condition will exist forever. Furthermore, in view of the many other uses which are now known, or which loom in the future, the competitive position of the natural zeolites vs. the more expensive

Jan 1, 1983

By R. J. Schilthuis

In 1929, Coleman, Wilde, and Moore1 undertook an investigation of the theoretical decline in reservoir pressure as related to the production of oil and gas. The most important part of this work was presented in an equation defining the relationship between the reservoir pressure, the quantities of oil and gas produced, the oil and gas content of the reservoir, and the properties of the reservoir fluids. With this equation, it appeared that, with sufficient data, it would be possible to calculate the oil content of the reservoir and predict quantitatively the effect of gas-oil ratio on the decline of reservoir pressure. Needless to say, such an expression would be highly important in evaluating fields and in arriving at a choice of production methods to be used. Unfortunately, at the time these investigators published their work, there were not sufficient data available to permit application of the equation. The technique of measuring reservoir pressures had not been developed, gas measurements were uncommon, oil and water production records were in most cases inadequate, and little was known of the properties of the complex hydrocarbon mixtures making up the oil and gas in the reservoirs. For these reasons, little additional work of a similar nature could be done. However, during the past four years many data have been systematically accumulated on reservoir pressures and the properties of oil and gas, and it is now possible to use these data in furthering the studies on the behavior of oil and gas reservoirs. It is the purpose here: first, to present the derivation of a modified form of the equation given by Coleman, Wilde and Moore, which will permit the calculation of what later will be defined as the "active oil" content of a reservoir; second, to derive formulas for calculating the reservoir-energy changes that occur during the course of production, and finally, to discuss the limitations and application of the equations developed.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. J. Schilthuis

In 1929, Coleman, Wilde, and Moore1 undertook an investigation of the theoretical decline in reservoir pressure as related to the production of oil and gas. The most important part of this work was presented in an equation defining the relationship between the reservoir pressure, the quantities of oil and gas produced, the oil and gas content of the reservoir, and the properties of the reservoir fluids. With this equation, it appeared that, with sufficient data, it would be possible to calculate the oil content of the reservoir and predict quantitatively the effect of gas-oil ratio on the decline of reservoir pressure. Needless to say, such an expression would be highly important in evaluating fields and in arriving at a choice of production methods to be used. Unfortunately, at the time these investigators published their work, there were not sufficient data available to permit application of the equation. The technique of measuring reservoir pressures had not been developed, gas measurements were uncommon, oil and water production records were in most cases inadequate, and little was known of the properties of the complex hydrocarbon mixtures making up the oil and gas in the reservoirs. For these reasons, little additional work of a similar nature could be done. However, during the past four years many data have been systematically accumulated on reservoir pressures and the properties of oil and gas, and it is now possible to use these data in furthering the studies on the behavior of oil and gas reservoirs. It is the purpose here: first, to present the derivation of a modified form of the equation given by Coleman, Wilde and Moore, which will permit the calculation of what later will be defined as the "active oil" content of a reservoir; second, to derive formulas for calculating the reservoir-energy changes that occur during the course of production, and finally, to discuss the limitations and application of the equations developed.

Jan 1, 1936

• Pellets of concentrated iron ore have been smelted in the blast furnace by Armco and the results proved satisfactory. Various percentages of pellet burdens were tried and it has been found that charges up to 70 pct pellets are workable. •In the reorganization of the Department of the Interior, two new assistant secretaries were appointed and the work divided between the four assistant secretaries. C. Girard Davidson will head a division of mineral resources including the Bureau of Mines, Geological Survey, Division of Oil and Gas and Division of Geography. •Germanium, one of the rarest of metals and a wartime strategic material, has been discovered almost in the shadow of the Capitol. The only catch is that the scattered nature of the deposits makes profitable recovery extremely doubtful. Nevertheless, experts have tabbed the concentration in the District of Columbia area the world&apos;s second richest known concentration of the element. • Cakes of mica, weighing up to 500 lb, have been formed at the Colorado School of Mines by a new "cool hearth" method. The process avoids use of crucibles and contains the molten mica in a basin of unmelted raw mixture from which the melt was derived. Crystallization takes place in this melting basin which forms a center pool surrounded by a solid cool mass of the unmelted raw mixture. • William 1. Baxter, of the International Economic Research Bureau, predicts a period of deflation because of war-essential restrictions on consumer credit and materials use. He stated; "the recent prosperity was based mainly on the sales boom in autos, homes, and household accessories." •Two subsidiaries of United States Steel have decided to build four new ships immediately to augment iron ore and limestone carrying capacity on the Great Lakes to meet demands created by the national defense emergency. •The Norfolk and Western Railway is making a complete change over to coal to drive its locomotives. •A national roster of scientific personnel similar to the one used in the last war will be established by the Office of Education, by agreement with the National Security Resources Board. The new unit, the National Scientific Register Project, will make studies of the Nation&apos;s scientific manpower supply and recommend steps to increase the numbers of skilled personnel where needed. •National Lead Co. will start construction immediately of new facilities at St. Louis, Mo., for production of titanium pigments for paints. Producers of titanium pigments have been under considerable pressure to meet all demands from paint manufacturers, particularly for titanium dioxide. •The basic criteria for deferment of reservists in civilian occupations are (1) the Department of Labor List of Critical Occupations, and (2) the Department of Commerce List of Essential Activities, both of which were announced Aug. 3. Fundamentally, the reservist deferred must be engaged in a critical occupation which is necessary to a highly essential activity, and he will be deferred only until he can be satisfactorily replaced in that occupation. A delay in call to active duty, it was emphasized, may not be considered as an indefinite exemption from military service.

Jan 9, 1950

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur. 1925 Austenite and Austenitic Steels. By John A. Mathews. 1926 Twenty-five Years of Metallography. By William Campbell.

Jan 1, 1940